© Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without priorCONTENTS written permission of the publisher.

Foreword by Michael J. Goulding...... 7 Anguilliformes Preface by Luiz R. Malabarba...... 8 Ophichthidae—Snake Eels ...... 73 Acknowledgments...... 9 Osteoglossiformes Contributors ...... 11 Arapaimidae—Bonytongues...... 73 General Introduction...... 13 Osteoglossidae—Arowanas ...... 74 Evolutionary History of Amazonian Fishes . . 14 Clupeiformes Amazonian Fish Diversity...... 15 Clupeidae—Herrings...... 74 Amazonian Fish Ecology...... 17 Engraulidae—Anchovies...... 75 Conservation of Amazonian Fishes. . . . . 22 Pristigasteridae—Longfin Herrings. . . . . 79 Further Reading...... 22 Characiformes How to Use This Book ...... 23 Acestrorhynchidae—Freshwater Barracudas. 81 Concept...... 23 Anostomidae—Toothed Headstanders. . . 82 Structure ...... 23 Bryconidae—Dorados or Jaw Characins. . . 90 Using Taxonomic Keys...... 23 Chalceidae—Tucanfishes...... 91 The Genus Accounts...... 23 Characidae—Tetras and Relatives. . . . . 92 Distribution Maps ...... 24 Aphyocharacinae—Bloodfin Tetras. . . . . 93 Drawings...... 24 Aphyoditeinae—Aphyoditeine Tetras...... 97 Photographic Plates...... 24 Characinae—Characine Tetras...... 102 Limitations of This Book ...... 25 Cheirodontinae—Cheirodontine Tetras. . .106 Heterocharacinae—Heterocharacine Tetras . 110 Identification Key to Fish Families. . . . 26 Stevardiinae—Stevardiine Tetras. . . . . 113 Photographic Guide to Fish Families. . . 35 Characidae incertae sedis Including Subfamilies Tetragonopterinae and The Fish Families...... 69 Stethaprioninae...... 128 Carcharhiniformes Chilodontidae—Headstanders ...... 141 Crenuchidae—South American Darters . . 142 Carcharhinidae—Requiem Sharks. . . . . 69 Ctenoluciidae—Pike-characins ...... 148 Pristiformes Curimatidae—Toothless Characins. . . . 148 Pristidae—Sawfishes or Carpenter Sharks. . 69 Cynodontidae—Dogtooth Characiforms . . 154 Myliobatiformes Erythrinidae—Wolf-fishes and Yarrows. . . 156 Potamotrygonidae—River Stingrays. . . . 70 Gasteropelecidae—Freshwater Lepidosireniformes Hatchetfishes...... 158 Hemiodontidae—Halftooths...... 161 Lepidosirenidae—South American Lungfish. .72 Iguanodectidae—Iguanodectid Characiforms...... 163 For general queries, contact [email protected]

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Lebiasinidae—Pencilfishes...... 165 Rhamphichthyidae—Painted Knifefishes, Parodontidae—Scrapetooths ...... 169 Sand Knifefishes, and Trumpet Knifefishes...... 337 Prochilodontidae—Flannel Mouth Characiforms...... 170 Sternopygidae—Glass Knifefishes, Rattail Knifefishes...... 341 Serrasalmidae—Piranhas and Pacus. . . . . 172 Triportheidae—Elongate Hatchetfishes Cyprinodontiformes and Relatives...... 196 Anablepidae—Four-eyed Fishes...... 345 Siluriformes Cyprinodontidae—Pupfishes...... 346 Ariidae—Sea Catfishes ...... 198 Poeciliidae—Livebearers...... 346 Aspredinidae—Banjo Catfishes...... 202 Rivulidae—Rivuline Killifishes...... 350 Astroblepidae—Andean Hillstream or Perciformes Climbing Catfishes...... 207 Cichlidae—Cichlids...... 359 Auchenipteridae—Driftwood Catfishes. . . 208 Polycentridae—New World Leaf-Fishes. . . 385 Callichthyidae—Callichthyid Armored Sciaenidae—Drums or Croakers...... 386 Catfishes ...... 216 Cetopsidae—Whale Catfishes...... 220 Gobiiformes Doradidae—Thorny Catfishes...... 222 Eleotridae—Sleepers...... 388 Heptapteridae—Three-barbeled Catfishes. . 233 Gobiidae—Gobies...... 392 Loricariidae—Suckermouth Armored Batrachoidiformes Catfishes ...... 253 Batrachoididae—Toadfishes...... 396 Hypoptopomatinae—Otos and Relatives. . . . 254 Beloniformes Hypostominae—Plecos and Relatives. . . . . 259 Belonidae—Needlefishes ...... 397 Lithogeninae—Climbing Armored Catfishes .286 Hemirhamphidae—Halfbeaks...... 398 Loricariinae—Loricariine Armored Catfishes .287 Rhinelepinae—Rhinelepine Plecos...... 298 Synbranchiformes Pimelodidae—Long-whiskered Catfishes . . . 299 Synbranchidae—Swamp Eels ...... 399 Pseudopimelodidae—Bumblebee Syngnathiformes Catfishes, Dwarf-marbled Catfishes. . . 308 Syngnathidae—Pipefishes...... 399 Scoloplacidae—Spiny Dwarf Catfishes. . . . 310 Pleuronectiformes Trichomycteridae—Pencil Catfishes, Torrent Catfishes, and Parasitic Achiridae—American Soles...... 400 Catfishes (Candirús)...... 311 Tetraodontiformes Siluriform Phreatobius incertae sedis . . . . 322 Tetraodontidae—Pufferfishes...... 402 Gymnotiformes Glossary of Technical Terms ...... 403 Apteronotidae—Ghost Knifefishes. . . . . 322 Literature Cited...... 413 Gymnotidae—Electric Eel and Banded Photo Credits ...... 459 Knifefishes...... 330 Index...... 460 Hypopomidae—Grass Knifefishes...... 334 For general queries, contact [email protected]

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