Juan Nicolás Leguizamón Russi

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Juan Nicolás Leguizamón Russi El concepto de Das Geistige en la obra de Vasili Kandinsky Posmedievalismo como posmodernismo Juan Nicolás Leguizamón Russi TESIS DOCTORAL UPF / 2019 DIRECTOR DE LA TESIS Dr. Fernando Pérez-Borbujo Álvarez DEPARTAMENTO DE HUMANIDADES ii Alana iii iv Agradecimientos El desarrollo y conclusión de esta investigación no hubiera sido posible sin dos formas de apoyo fundamental, para las cuales, aprovechando este espacio, expreso mi mayor reconocimiento y agradecimiento. En primer lugar, quiero agradecer el apoyo del programa de Becas para Doctorado en el Exterior de COLCIENCIAS, en su convocatoria emitida en el año 2014, gracias al cual, he logrado ocupar convenientemente mi tiempo en la investigación y revisión de fuentes. En segundo lugar, aprovecho para agradecer la guía del Profesor Fernando Pérez-Borbujo Álvarez, quien acogió y siguió la intuición que motivó la investigación en su inicio, concibiendo a partir de ella un proyecto viable con la posibilidad de hacer un aporte original al estudio de las Humanidades. Le agradezco especialmente por haberme orientado hacia la definición del problema investigativo sobre el que se indaga a lo largo de estas páginas. Sin duda, esta tesis encontró en su entusiasmo por las preguntas profundas y por la intensidad de sus reflexiones la brújula que dio rumbo a este proceso. v vi Resumen Lo “espiritual” comparece hoy como un concepto sobreentendido, lo cual conduce a una frecuente subutilización de la expresión. En buena medida, el equívoco se deriva a partir de la sistemática que planteó la metafísica del Idealismo alemán en la que lo espiritual convoca al perfeccionamiento humano como su contenido, y cuyo objeto axiológico se identifica con el modelo de la razón como entelequia. En vista del aspecto determinante de ese modelo para la Filosofía posterior, la conceptualización actual de “espiritual” desconoce una parte de su historia, la cual atraviesa tradiciones culturales y religiosas. El caso de Kandinsky funciona aquí como un nodo en el que convergen las implicaciones filosóficas del Idealismo alemán y las del Idealismo religioso ruso, de manera que lo estético post- kantiano se enmarca dentro del dominio del influjo de lo religioso cristiano en la personalidad del artista moscovita. Un análisis fenomenológico-hermenéutico del caso resulta en la formación de un concepto de das Geistige que convoca la noción de espiritual relativa a lo numinoso. Palabras clave: Kandinsky, espiritual, Idealismo Alemán, Idealismo religioso ruso, estética post-kantiana, das Geistige, numinoso. Abstract The “spiritual” appears today as a hypothecated concept, which leads to a frequent underuse of the expression. To an extent, the equivocal derives from the systematics granted by the German Idealism metaphysics, in which the spiritual calls for human perfecting as its own content, and of which the axiological object is identified as the model of Reason as entelechy. Observing at the determining aspect of such a model for later Philosophy, the valid conceptualization of vii the “spiritual” disavows a part of its history, which undergoes through the development of cultural and religious traditions. The case of Kandinsky works here as a node to which the philosophical implications of both, German Idealism and Russian religious Idealism, arrive, therefore the post-kantian aesthetical enters the frame of the Christian religious influence over the personality of the moscovian artist. A phaenomenological-hermeneutical analysis of the case succeeds informing a concept of das Geistige that calls that notion of “spiritual” which is relative to the numinous. Key words: Kandinsky, spiritual, German Idealism, Russian religious Idealism, post-kantian Aesthetics, das Geistige, numinous. viii Lista de abreviaciones DEA: Kandinsky, V. De lo espiritual en el arte. Traducción del alemán al castellano por Dieterich, G. Paidós, Edición conmemorativa numerada 1911-2011 (Barcelona: 2011) PLP: Kandinsky, V. Punto y línea sobre el plano. Traducción del alemán al castellano por Echavarren, R. Paidós (Barcelona: 2000) Mirada: Kandinsky, V. Mirada Retrospectiva. Bouillon J-P (Ed.), Bixio, A. N. (traducción al Castellano) Emecé, (Buenos Aires:1979) CWA: Kandinsky, V. Kandinsky: Complete Writings on Art (CWA), LINDSAY, K y Vergo, P. (eds.) Da Capo Press (Boston MA: 1994) ix x Prólogo La edad en la que el mundo se encuentra en determinado momento histórico presenta el estado de desarrollo conceptual con el que el hombre de ese tiempo contó para dar sentido a su relación y la de su género con el proceso de existir. Podría mejor decir ‘para sentir el sentido que tuvo tal relación’. Sin embargo, comprendido de este modo, cada edad es el testimonio de la maduración de unos procesos categorizantes particulares, en sentido kantiano, que corresponden a la posibilidad de acoplar el sentido de dicha relación con la existencia al sentir del hombre. Asimismo, presenta el testimonio de su caducidad y decaimiento, es decir, de la pérdida de vigor de las categorías. Ahora bien, el sentir sigue también la curva de un proceso. Con lo cual, resulta excepcional el que la relación dialógica entre el proceso de existir y el proceso de sentir produzca un acuerdo en armonía que arroje la identificación plena del sentimiento con la existencia. Es así que hablo del ‘desarrollo conceptual con el que el hombre contó para dar sentido a la relación con el proceso de existir’, señalando ahora sí la conjugación en pasado, puesto que ésta porta una gran ambigüedad si se reconoce, y debe hacerse, que el presentar el desarrollo del mundo en edades suele ser un trabajo del hombre de hoy, y no un problema del hombre que vivió el momento histórico enmarcado en la edad de la que se habla. Volviendo pues a la definición de edad, el estado del desarrollo conceptual no es precisamente el del momento particular. Los conceptos que usa el hombre de hoy son realmente las herramientas tecnológicas con las que cuenta para suponer el sentido de la relación entre aquel hombre y el proceso de existir entonces, para hacer una abstracción del sentir de aquel hombre, para elaborar una idea del sentir de aquel hombre y, tal vez, virtualmente sentir a través de los conceptos, que es lo mismo que vivir los conceptos que desarrolla. Y, es por eso que, realmente no siente lo que sintió el hombre de esa edad, sino que da, que ofrece en sentido hoy. La conjugación en pasado ‘contó’ que usé aquí en beneficio de la precisión y remite a los términos y conceptos que el hombre de aquel momento usó. Kandinsky usó, sobre todo en un momento temprano de su carrera, la expresión ‘das Geistige’ queriendo expresar algo muy específico de su sentir, pero pienso, como lo acabo de decir, que xi darle sentido a la relación entre su propio sentir y su existir por medio de herramientas conceptuales no fue su problema y, por lo tanto, no me parece apropiado adecuar la imagen de Kandinsky al perfil de un filósofo, ni siquiera decir que el ejercicio de su escritura exhibe la forma de la labor filosófica. Diría yo que, más bien, como escritor, deja mucho que desear y que de sus textos rezuma una característica muy modernista, aquella por la que el artista mismo tendría que encargarse, a partir de la coyuntura que extravía las figuras del ‘mecenazgo’ y del ‘encargo’, de gestionar estratégicamente la llegada al público (¡y el éxito!) de su producción. Por esta razón, en este estudio no se alaba la virtud de Kandinsky como escritor. En general, tampoco contribuye este estudio a acentuar la imagen mítica a la que el mismo artista procuró dar base en textos como el de Über das Geistige in der Kunst y el de Rückblicke. En realidad, la intención de desvirtuar tal imagen mítica, con la que no convengo, yace en el impulso inicial de la tesis que se presenta a continuación. Afín con la deriva que toma la impronta dejada por el Idealismo alemán en el contexto germano y que se desarrolla en el ámbito artístico alemán en el que se sumerge relativamente tarde, Kandinsky adopta la voz ‘das Geistige’ para aludir a la posibilidad de un salto más allá de la comunicación lingüística. La voz ‘das Geistige’ rubrica su entrada en el contexto que le forma como artista: no incorpora con exactitud los conceptos como herramientas tecnológicas con las que contó el artista moscovita en sus primeros años en Alemania para dar sentido a su reflexión sobre la pintura, sino que se constituye en un recurso léxico, aquí sí como un verdadero instrumento tecnológico, para dar a conocer su obra y enfrentar la crítica de arte del momento. Dado el impacto que tiene todavía el celebrado texto de Über das Geistige in der Kunst, a poco más de cien años desde la fecha de su publicación, y contando con que en la actualidad la forma del arte contemporáneo ha integrado a sí misma aspectos que Kandinsky no pudo siquiera sospechar, desde mi escepticismo al respecto me planteé una pregunta, ejecutivamente desglosada a su vez en una serie de preguntas que me resultó lo suficientemente arriesgada. Suponiendo que ‘das Geistige’ fue para Kandinsky su voz modernista, su estrategia panfletaria y propagandística, ¿es posible que haga referencia a algo que no pudo ser dicho de otra manera en aquel momento pero que hoy haya un camino –conceptual– para su descubrimiento, contando aún con el riesgo de que ese camino se corte definitivamente en la referencia a la esperanza de comunicar ‘lo xii que jamás puede ser dicho’? ¿Habría realmente algo detrás de la expresión ‘das Geistige’ kandinskiana que superara la fórmula interrogativa sobre la imposibilidad de responder con palabras al enigma de lo indecible? ¿Llega la herencia de la voz modernista de Kandinsky desde más allá de los planteamientos románticos? Como se puede observar, la investigación en este estudio plantea el desarrollo de una aventura cuya andadura sólo promete avanzar a tientas, perseguido de cerca por el fantasma de encontrar prematuramente el final del camino.
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