DOCSLIB.ORG

Structural Modification of Kaisi04 Minerals

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Structural Modification of Kaisi04 Minerals View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Okayama University Scientific Achievement Repository OKAYAMA University Earth Science Reports, Vol. 4, No. 1,4172, (1997) Structural Modification of KAISi04 Minerals Yasuhiko OKAMOTO The board of education of Okayama Prefecture Uchisange 24 6, Okayama 700-8570, Japan Kalsilite, a polymorph of KAlSi04 is an end member of nepheline-kalsilite series and the mineral was syn­ t hesized by hydort hermal methods. The synthetic kalsili te is hexagonal, P6 3 , with a = .5.151 (5), c = 8.690(8) A. The structure was refmed by full-matrix least-squares methods to a R-value 0.084, using 373 observed reflections. The obtained structure agrees well with those of the natural and the alkali-exchanged specimens reported in the previous literatures. The oxygen atoms are disordered at two mirror-equivalent sites, const.ruct.ing t.he domain structure. The average domain structure shows P63 me symmetry and the structural relation between the two P6 3 structun: corresponds to the twinning by merohedry. The domain structure was considered to be caused accompanied with the high-low inversion of the kalslite structure. Heatinp, experiments of kalsilite reveal that the X-ray powder pattern changes at 865°C, and that cell dimensions vary discontinuously at this temperature. It was confirmed that kalsilite underwent a displacive transition like those observed in qnartz or tridymite. The high-form is refered as 'high-kalsilite', and a possible simnlate model is proposed. The struct nre of the high-kalsilite at 9.50°C was refined byfull-matrix least-squares methods to a R­ value IUl9'"i. nsing 11.5 observed reflections. The high-kalsilite is also hexagonal, P63mc or P63/mmc, with a = 5.288( 1). c = 8.628(5) A at 950°(:. The structure almost prefedly coincides with that of the simulated model. Based on the interatomic distances, the distribution of silicon and aluminum atoms is found to be or­ dered and the space p,ronp is determined to be P6;>.mc. l\:aliophilite and the related orthorhombic form, polymorphs of KAISi04 , were synthesized by dry method. The synthetic kaliophilik (kaliophilite-1I2) is hexagonal with a = 5.17(1), c = 8.49(3) A, and the orthorhombic KA1Si04 (kaliophilite-Ol) is orthorhombic with a = 9.01(1), b = 1.5.60(2), c = 8..53(4) A. Detailed examina­ tion of the obtained powder patterns together with that of simulated model indicates that t.he ka1iophilit.e-H2 has a disordered strncture of four t.ypes of the low-kalsilite. The structure was refined by the X-ray powder pattern-fittinp, met.hod (Rietvelt. method) to a R-value 0.121. Keywords: kalsilite, b.liophilite, feldspat.hoid, systheses, crystal structure 1 Introduction Na, or Ca, so it is similar to feldspar. Feldspathoid is charact(:'rized by unique composition with less Minerals of fE'!dspar group are the most abundant silica than that of the corresponding feldspar. constituents of igrwolls rocks and the most im­ Minerals of feldspathoid group are important portant minerals ill the lithosphere. The minerals constituents of alkaline rocks deficient in silica. show wide range in chemical composition and the Among the feldspathoid group, minerals belong­ structures of tl10 minerals is full of variety depend­ ing to the nepheline (NaAISi04 : Ne) - kalsilite ing on the formation condition such as tempera­ (KAISi04 : Ks) series are the most common in ture and pressure toget her with the nature of the the nature. The investigation on the Ne-Ks series related magma (P.g. Ribbe, ]~)84). is very important for clarifying the crystallization mechanism of alkaline rocks. Feldspathoid is aluminosilicates of mainly K, 42 Yasuhiko OKAMOTO The structures of the feldspathoid group have sized higher-temperature orthorhombic KAlSi04 a framework of linked (Si,AI)04 tetrahedra. The obtained through the transition of OI-phase by structures of nepheline and kalsilite consists of the heating. tridymite-like frame\'iOrk whose tetrahedral sites In this report, the structures of the Ne-Ks se­ are occupied by aluminum and silicon atoms one ries, especially KAlSi0 4 minerals (kalsilite and after the other. The excess minus charges are com­ kaliophilite) will be investigated. Special atten­ pensated by Na+ or K+ ions in the cavities of the tion will be paid on the following four points. frameworks constructing six-memebered rings in the structure. In nepheline, the cavities of the 1. Syntheses of kalsilite by hydrothermal method, structure are distorted one after the other from especially syntheses of single crystals fitted that of kalsilite. The detailed structures of these for the structural analyses. minerals are rather complicated, and vary accord­ 2. The structural refinement of synthetic kalsilite ing to chemical composition and/or thermal his­ and the comparison of the structure with tory. However, the structure of kalsilite can be that of natural kalsilite and the synthesized well understood based on the wide comprehen­ kalsilite by alkali exchange methods. sive structural view point including the structure of nepheline. In this paper, detailed structure of 3. Measurement of the high-low inversion point kalsilite in the system of the Ne--Ks series will be of kalsilite and the structural refinement of examined. high temperature form of kalsilite. Furthermore, many modifications are known in 4. The structual refinement of synthetic kalio­ the Ne--Ks series. Numerous investigations on the philite and the comparison of the structure two component system of the Ne-Ks series have with that of kalsilite. been accumulated since 1940's. Among those, the phase relations of this system has been investi­ The general overview of the structures of gated in detail by Smith and Tuttle (1958), who feldspathoid minerals will be described in the next established the phase equilibrium at sub-solidus section and the research histories of the minerals will be mentioned at the beginning of each chap­ temperatures between NaAlSi04 and KAlSi04 components. The two component system has ter. the miscibility gap below approximately 1,000°C 1.1 Feldspathoid groups and the case is similar to that of the sys­ tem NaAISi308(albite)-I~AISh08(orthoclase).In The crystal structures of feldspathoid groups are the course of these investigations, Smith and characterized by three demensional framework, Tuttle (19.57) identified the following phases by in which tetrahedra of (Si,AI)04 are linked to X-ray powder methods and gave their X-ray one another in all directions by shared oxy­ data: high- and low-carnegieite, high- and low­ gens. Feldspathoids are divided into three nepheline, kalsilite, orthorhombic KAISi04(01), groups: leucite group, sodalite-cancrinite group second orthorhombic phase( 02), natural kalio­ and nepheline-kalsilite group (Merlino,1984). philite, anomalous natural kaliophilite, synthetic In addition to the three groups Melilite, kaliophilite and tetrakalsilite(H4). Further, Sa­ (Ca,Na)z(Mg,Fe,AI,Sih07, is generally included hama and Smith (1957) described trikalsilite, and in feldspathoid but the structure belongs to ortho­ Cook, Roth, Parker and Negas (1977) synthe- silicate (Smith, 1953). Structural ~rodification of KAlSi04 Minerals 43 The structures of the three groups will be in leucite, the symmetry of pollucite is cubic (Ia3d, the next briefly summarized. In each subsec­ a = 13.69 A) even at the room temperature. In tion. space groups and cell dimensions of the pollucite, twelve Cs+ ions and four H20 molecules feldspathoid minerals are quoted from those of are located in \V sites. whereas four Na+ ions lo­ ~Ier1ino (19~~~). cated in S sites. 1.1.1 Leucite group Analcime-type structures The framework of the leucite group IS intricate, The structure of anaIcime, NaI6(AI16Si32096)' but the framework can be best expressed in terms 16H20, contains sixteen H20 molecules in W sites of a basic topology shown ill Fig. 1 1(Merlino, and sixteen Na+ ions in S sites. If there is no Al­ 198,1). The basic structure is formed by four­ Si ordering like in the cases of leucite and pollu­ membered rings with ,1 symmetry. Two four­ cite, the average symmetry of analcime is Ia3d. membered rings and two tetrahedra located on But the true symmetry is lowered to I 4dacd, opposite edges are linked. and construct ten- a = c = 13.78 A because of AI-Si ordering in membered ring (Fig. 11 : a and b). The part. ten-membered ring cOllstitutps a structural unit. The structure of wairakite, Cas(Ah6Sb2096)' These units arp conllPded with each other forming 16H 0, contains sixteen H 0 molecules in W sites three-dimensional networks (Fig. 1 1 : c). In the 2 2 and eight Ca2+ ions in S sites. Wairakite is consid­ framework two kinds of cavity sites are present, ered to be the most ordered form of the anaIcime­ which are occupied by cations or water molecules. type structures. Ordering of tetrahedra cations in The cavity sites occupied by cations are called S analcime and wairakite is shown in Fig. 1-2 (Mer­ sites and those occupied by water molecules are lino, 1984). In the wairakaite structure perfect called W sites (Fig. 11 : d). In the leucite­ AI-Si ordering reduces the symmetry to 141/acd. type structure cations occupy only W sites and/or Furthermore, Ca2+ ions in S sites cause distortion both Wand S sites, whl?H'as in the analcime-type in the framework, and the true symmetry is low­ sturucture cations occupy only S sites and water ered to 12/a, a = 13.69, b = 13.68, c = 13.56 A, molecules occupy \V sites. ;3 = 90.5°. Leucite-type structures 1.1.2 Sodalite-cancrinite group Leucite. K]fJAhfiSi;o209G. is tetragonal (f4 1 /a, a = 13.0,1.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Feldspar and Nepheline Syenite 2016
    2016 Minerals Yearbook FELDSPAR AND NEPHELINE SYENITE [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior January 2020 U.S. Geological Survey Feldspar and Nepheline Syenite By Arnold O. Tanner Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Raymond I. Eldridge III, statistical assistant. In 2016, feldspar production in the United States was representing 46% of the 2016 production tonnages listed in estimated to be 470,000 metric tons (t) valued at $33.1 million, tables 1 and 2. an almost 10% decrease in quantity and a 11% decrease in Feldspar was mined in six States (table 3). North Carolina value compared with 2015 (table 1). Exports of feldspar in 2016 was by far the leading producer State; the remaining five were, decreased by 61% to 5,890 t, valued at $1.5 million, and imports in descending order of estimated output, Virginia, California, of feldspar decreased by 69% to 36,900 t, valued at $3.4 million. Idaho, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. Production was from Imports of nepheline syenite (predominantly from Canada) 10 mines and beneficiating facilities—4 in North Carolina, 2 in increased by 27% to about 572,000 t valued at $73 million. California, and 1 in each of the 4 remaining States (table 3). World production of feldspar in 2016 was 23.4 million metric I-Minerals Inc. continued the mine permitting process for tons (Mt) (tables 1, 7). its Helmer-Bovill project in north-central Idaho; the mine Feldspars, which constitute about 60% of the earth’s crust, would produce potassium feldspar, halloysite, kaolin, and are anhydrous aluminosilicate minerals of two main groupings: quartz.
    [Show full text]
  • Marinellite, a New Feldspathoid of the Cancrinite-Sodalite Group
    Eur. J. Mineral. 2003, 15, 1019–1027 Marinellite, a new feldspathoid of the cancrinite-sodalite group ELENA BONACCORSI* and PAOLO ORLANDI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita` di Pisa, Via S. Maria 53, I-56126 Pisa, Italy * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Marinellite, [(Na,K)42Ca6](Si36Al36O144)(SO4)8Cl2·6H2O, cell parameters a = 12.880(2) Å, c = 31.761(6) Å, is a new feldspathoid belonging to the cancrinite-sodalite group. The crystal structure of a twinned crystal was preliminary refined in space group P31c, but space group P62c could also be possible. It was found near Sacrofano, Latium, Italy, associated with giuseppettite, sanidine, nepheline, haüyne, biotite, and kalsilite. It is anhedral, transparent, colourless with vitreous lustre, white streak and Mohs’ hardness of 5.5. The mineral does not fluoresce, is brittle, has conchoidal fracture, and presents poor cleavage on {001}. Dmeas is 3 3 2.405(5) g/cm , Dcalc is 2.40 g/cm . Optically, marinellite is uniaxial positive, non-pleochroic, = 1.495(1), = 1.497(1). The strongest five reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 3.725 (100) (214), 3.513 (80) (215), 4.20 (42) (210), 3.089 (40) (217), 2.150 (40) (330). The electron microprobe analysis gives K2O 7.94, Na2O 14.95, CaO 5.14, Al2O3 27.80, SiO2 32.73, SO3 9.84, Cl 0.87, (H2O 0.93), sum 100.20 wt %, less O = Cl 0.20, (total 100.00 wt %); H2O calculated by difference. The corresponding empirical formula, based on 72 (Si + Al), is (Na31.86K11.13Ca6.06) =49.05(Si35.98Al36.02)S=72O144.60(SO4)8.12Cl1.62·3.41H2O.
    [Show full text]
  • 26 May 2021 Aperto
    AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino The crystal structure of sacrofanite, the 74 Å phase of the cancrinite–sodalite supergroup This is the author's manuscript Original Citation: Availability: This version is available http://hdl.handle.net/2318/90838 since Published version: DOI:10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.06.033 Terms of use: Open Access Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. (Article begins on next page) 05 October 2021 This Accepted Author Manuscript (AAM) is copyrighted and published by Elsevier. It is posted here by agreement between Elsevier and the University of Turin. Changes resulting from the publishing process - such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms - may not be reflected in this version of the text. The definitive version of the text was subsequently published in MICROPOROUS AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS, 147, 2012, 10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.06.033. You may download, copy and otherwise use the AAM for non-commercial purposes provided that your license is limited by the following restrictions: (1) You may use this AAM for non-commercial purposes only under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND license. (2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.
    [Show full text]
  • FELDSPAR and NEPHELINE SYENITE by Michael J
    FELDSPAR AND NEPHELINE SYENITE By Michael J. Potter Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Hoa P. Phamdang, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. Feldspars are the Earth’s most abundant mineral group, The value of total feldspar sold or used in table 4 is higher than estimated to constitute 60% of the earth’s crust (Kauffman and the feldspar production value shown in tables 1 and 2. The sold Van Dyk, 1994). They are aluminum silicate minerals that or used value represents the final marketed feldspar product. contain varying proportions of calcium, potassium, and sodium. The unit value of $65.27 per metric ton for the “pottery and Nepheline syenite is a light-colored, silica-deficient feldspathic miscellaneous” category in table 4 is less than the price range rock made up mostly of sodium and potassium feldspars and for ceramic-grade feldspar in table 5. However, the latter is nepheline; although not mined in the United States in 2002, it was stated by the publisher to be intended to serve only as a guide. imported from Canada for use in the glass and ceramic industries. World Review.—Canada.—Avalon Ventures Ltd. continued work on its high-lithium feldspar Separation Rapids project Feldspar in Kenora, Ontario. Project engineering and feasibility study work focused on process flowsheet design and transportation In glassmaking, alumina from feldspar improves product studies. To further evaluate a new dry process flowsheet, a 5-t hardness, durability, and resistance to chemical corrosion. In ore sample was collected for shipment to a test milling facility.
    [Show full text]
  • Crystallization and Metasomatism of Nepheline Syenite Xenoliths in Quartz-Bearing Intrusive Rocks in the Permian Oslo Rift, SE Norway
    Crystallization and metasomatism of nepheline syenite xenoliths in quartz-bearing intrusive rocks in the Permian Oslo rift, SE Norway TOM ANDERSEN & HENNING SØRENSEN Andersen, T. & Sørensen, H.: Crystallization and metasomatism of nepheline syenite xenoliths in quartz-bearing intrusive rocks in the Permian Oslo rift, SE Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift, Vol. 73, pp. 250-266. Oslo 1993. ISSN 0029-196X. Small bodies of metasomatized nepheline syenite occur as xenoliths in syenitic and granitic intrusions in the Mykle area, ca. 30 km N of the Larvik pluton in the Vestfold Graben of the late Paleozoic Qslo rift of SE Norway. The nepheline syenite has a metaluminous major element composition, and its primary igneous mineralogy is: alkali feldspar + nepheline + clinopyroxene + titanite + magnetite + apatite ± amphibole. The mafic silicate minerals have lower (Na + K)/AI than comparable minerals in other fe lsic intrusions in the Oslo Rift. Gamet (grossular-andradite), analcime, sodalite, thomsonite and gonnardite occur as interstitial minerals in the )east altered parts of the nepheline syenite. The xenoliths were metasomatized as a result of interaction between nepheline syenite and younger silica-saturated to oversaturated magrnas and their associated fluids. Early, pervasive metasomatism led to breakdown of nepheline, replacement of pyroxene by biotite ± garnet and crystallization of quartz. Recrystallization took place at solidus-near temperatures (700-725°C), and was controlled by an increase in silica activity and oxygen fugacity. Titanite + magnetite were replaced by rutile + quartz + hematite + calcite at a late stage of the metasomatic history, at oxygen fugacities above the HM buffer, and T < 450°C. The xenoliths indicate the former presence of larger bodies of nepheline syenite in an area where no such rocks were known previously.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Silicate Mineralization in Fumarolic Sublimates of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia – Part 2: Tectosilicates
    Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 121–136, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-121-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unusual silicate mineralization in fumarolic sublimates of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia – Part 2: Tectosilicates Nadezhda V. Shchipalkina1, Igor V. Pekov1, Natalia N. Koshlyakova1, Sergey N. Britvin2,3, Natalia V. Zubkova1, Dmitry A. Varlamov4, and Eugeny G. Sidorov5 1Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Vorobievy Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia 2Department of Crystallography, St Petersburg State University, University Embankment 7/9, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia 3Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Fersman Str. 14, 184200 Apatity, Russia 4Institute of Experimental Mineralogy, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademika Osypyana ul., 4, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia 5Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Piip Boulevard 9, 683006 Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia Correspondence: Nadezhda V. Shchipalkina ([email protected]) Received: 19 June 2019 – Accepted: 1 November 2019 – Published: 29 January 2020 Abstract. This second of two companion articles devoted to silicate mineralization in fumaroles of the Tol- bachik volcano (Kamchatka, Russia) reports data on chemistry, crystal chemistry and occurrence of tectosil- icates: sanidine, anorthoclase, ferrisanidine, albite, anorthite, barium feldspar, leucite, nepheline, kalsilite, so- dalite and hauyne. Chemical and genetic features of fumarolic silicates are also summarized and discussed. These minerals are typically enriched with “ore” elements (As, Cu, Zn, Sn, Mo, W). Significant admixture of 5C As (up to 36 wt % As2O5 in sanidine) substituting Si is the most characteristic. Hauyne contains up to 4.2 wt % MoO3 and up to 1.7 wt % WO3.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineral Mania
    Name(s) _______________________________ Mineral Visit the Earth Science section of the Kid Zone at The Science Spot (http://sciencespot.net/) to Mania find the answers to these questions! Site: Mineral Uses 1. Based on current consumption, it is estimated that you - and every other person in the United States - will use more than a ________________ pounds of rocks, minerals and metals during your lifetime. How many pounds of the following will you use? ______ Lead ______ Zinc _____ Copper ______ Aluminum ______ Iron ______ Clays ______ Salt ______ Stone, sand, & gravel 2. Match each resource to its best use(s). _____ Aluminum A. Used to make “copper” pennies, brass, and nails B. Used to make fertilizer, paper, film, matches, tires, and drugs _____ Antimony C. Used to make phosphate fertilizer and is found in soft drinks _____ Beryllium D. Most abundant element used to make containers and _____ Coal deodorants E. Found in metal alloys for air crafts as well as emeralds _____ Copper F. Used to produce 56% of electricity in the US _____ Flint G. Used to make electrical wires, brass, bronze, coins, plumbing, _____ Fluorite and jewelry H. Used to make arrowheads, spear points, and knives; may be _____ Galena used to start a fire _____ Gold I. Primary source of lead, used to make batteries, fishing _____ Gypsum weights, and the lead shields to protect us during X-rays J. Primary use is for “sheet rock” or wallboard _____ Halite K. Native element used to make medicine, glass, and fireworks _____ Hematite L. Used to make fluoride toothpaste, pottery, and hydrofluoric acid _____ Limestone M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Erystal Strueture of Bieehulite, Ca2[Ai2si06](OH)2
    Zeitsclll'ift fiir Kristallographie, Bd, 146, S. 35-41 (1977) ~ by Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, vViesbaden 1977 The erystal strueture of bieehulite, Ca2[AI2Si06](OH)2 By Knt'l' SARI, and NmA:-I.IAN DEH CRA'l"fl<,RJEE Institut fiir Mineralogie, Ruhr- U niversitiit, Boehum (Received 29 .January 1977) Auszug Die Kristallstruktur von synthetiscllOm Bicchulit wurde mit Rontgen- Einkristallmethoden bestimmt (R = 0,07 fUr aile 65 beobachteten Reflexe). Bicchulit hat eine Geruststruktur vom Sodalith-Typ. Al und Si sind statistisch auf die Tetraederpliitze verteilt und nul' von Sauorstoffatomen koordiniert. Calcium ist von drei Sauerstoffatomen und drei OR-Gruppen oktaedrisch umgeben. .1eweils vier wIehe Oktaeder sind libel' gemeinsame OR-OR-Kanten zu einer Vierergruppe verkniipft. Diese Vierergruppen sind in die Hohlriiume des Geriists eingelagcrt. Abstract The crystal structure of synthetic bicchulite was determined with single- crystal x-ray methods (R = 0.07 for all 65 observed reflections). Bicchulite has a sodalite-type framework structure with Al and Si distributed statistically in the tetrahedral sites, coordinated solely by oxygen atoms. Calcium is coordinated octahedrally by three oxygen atoms and three OR groups. Four such octahedra are linked to a group by OR -OR edges. ThesE' octahedra groups occupy the cavities within the fntm8work. Introduetion Single crystals of synthetic bicchulite, Ca2[AhSi06](OH)2 were grown under hydrothermal conditions by GUPTA and CHATTERJEE (1977). The crystals were more or less equidimensional but very small (at most (J.()5mm in diameter). GUPTA and CHATTERJEE (1977) deter- mined the lattice constants of bicchulite from powder patterns (Guinier and powder diffractometer method, Cu radiation). They indexed the powder patterns on the basis of a body-centered cubic cell, as sug- gested by HENMI et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Sodalite from Nepheline for Conditioning Chloride Salt Wastes G
    SYNTHESIS of SODALITE SYNTHESIS OF SODALITE FROM NEPHELINE FOR CONDITIONING CHLORIDE SALT WASTES G. De Angelis, C. Fedeli, M. Capone ENEA – C.R. Casaccia, Roma, Italy M. Da Ros, F. Giacobbo, E. Macerata, M. Mariani Politecnico di Milano – Milano, Italy IPRC 2012, Fontana, Wisconsin, USA SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Synthesis of LiK.SODALITE through Pressureless Consolidation process SYNTHESIS of SODALITE PC Process at ANL Process flow diagram for Pressureless Consolidation process at ANL SYNTHESIS of SODALITE PC Process at ANL Pressureless Consolidation Can Assembly (left) and Production-scale CWF furnace (right) SYNTHESIS of SODALITE LiCl-KCl Al Si O . 2H O --- NaOH Melting 773 K 2 2 7 2 Ar glove-box Kaolinite Freezing room temp. Mixing Crushing Heating Simulated Waste Salt Nepheline NaAlSiO4 Nepheline Mixing Glass frit PC process Air SYNTHESIS of SODALITE SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Mixing and grinding of nepheline with LiCl-KCl SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Reference composition of chloride salt wastes SYNTHESIS of SODALITE SYNTHESIS of SODALITE T2.4.1: SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Alumina crucible Steel rod, ab. 280 g Internal vessel F 38.0 mm Components used for labo. scale Pressureless Consolidation experiments SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Assembly of the components Final consolidation product F 32.9 mm SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Sodalite pellet after a Pressureless Consolidation experiment SYNTHESIS of SODALITE Experiments with a common glass frit Density of the final product: 2.122 g/cc SYNTHESIS of SODALITE PC process 1H 7H 3H FTIR spectra at increasing time of reaction
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section
    Identification Tables for Common Minerals in Thin Section These tables provide a concise summary of the properties of a range of common minerals. Within the tables, minerals are arranged by colour so as to help with identification. If a mineral commonly has a range of colours, it will appear once for each colour. To identify an unknown mineral, start by answering the following questions: (1) What colour is the mineral? (2) What is the relief of the mineral? (3) Do you think you are looking at an igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary rock? Go to the chart, and scan the properties. Within each colour group, minerals are arranged in order of increasing refractive index (which more or less corresponds to relief). This should at once limit you to only a few minerals. By looking at the chart, see which properties might help you distinguish between the possibilities. Then, look at the mineral again, and check these further details. Notes: (i) Name: names listed here may be strict mineral names (e.g., andalusite), or group names (e.g., chlorite), or distinctive variety names (e.g., titanian augite). These tables contain a personal selection of some of the more common minerals. Remember that there are nearly 4000 minerals, although 95% of these are rare or very rare. The minerals in here probably make up 95% of medium and coarse-grained rocks in the crust. (ii) IMS: this gives a simple assessment of whether the mineral is common in igneous (I), metamorphic (M) or sedimentary (S) rocks. These are not infallible guides - in particular many igneous and metamorphic minerals can occur occasionally in sediments.
    [Show full text]
  • Chiral Proportions of Nepheline Originating from Low-Viscosity Alkaline Melts
    S S symmetry Article Chiral Proportions of Nepheline Originating from Low-Viscosity Alkaline Melts. A Pilot Study Ewald Hejl 1,* and Friedrich Finger 2,* 1 Fachbereich für Geographie und Geologie der Universität Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstraße 34/III, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria 2 Fachbereich für Chemie und Physik der Materialien, Universität Salzburg, Jakob Haringer Straße 2, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.H.); [email protected] (F.F.); Tel.: +43-662-8044-5437 Received: 14 August 2018; Accepted: 11 September 2018; Published: 18 September 2018 Abstract: Chromatographic interaction between infiltrating solutions of racemic mixtures of enantiomers and enantiomorphic minerals with chiral excess has been proposed as a scenario for the emergence of biomolecular homochirality. Enantiomer separation is supposed to be produced by different partition coefficients of both enantiomers with regard to crystal faces or walls of capillary tubes in the enantiomorphic mineral. Besides quartz, nepheline is the only common magmatic mineral with enantiomorphic symmetry. It crystallizes from SiO2-undersaturated melts with low viscosity and is a promising candidate for chiral enrichment by autocatalytic secondary nucleation. Under liquidus conditions, the dynamic viscosity of silicate melts is mainly a function of polymerization. Melts with low concentrations of SiO2 (<55 wt%) and rather high concentrations of Na2O (>7 wt%) are only slightly polymerized and hence are characterized by low viscosities. Such melts can ascend, intrude or extrude by turbulent flow. Fourteen volcanic and subvolcanic samples from alkaline provinces in Africa and Sweden were chemically analyzed. Polished thin sections containing fresh nepheline phenocrysts were etched with 1% hydrofluoric acid at 20 ◦C for 15 to 25 min.
    [Show full text]
  • Nepheline Crystallization in Boron-Rich Alumino-Silicate Glasses As Investigated by Multi-Nuclear NMR, Raman, & Mössbauer Spectroscopies
    Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 409 (2015) 149–165 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/ locate/ jnoncrysol Nepheline crystallization in boron-rich alumino-silicate glasses as investigated by multi-nuclear NMR, Raman, & Mössbauer spectroscopies John McCloy a,b,⁎, Nancy Washton c,PaulGassmand,JoseMarcialb,JamieWeavere, Ravi Kukkadapu c a School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA b Materials Science and Engineering Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA c Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA d Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA e Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA article info abstract Article history: A spectroscopic study was conducted on six simulant nuclear waste glasses using multi-nuclear NMR, Raman, Received 2 June 2014 and Mössbauer spectroscopies exploring the role of Si, Al, B, Na, and Fe in the glass network with the goal of un- Received in revised form 20 October 2014 derstanding melt structure precursors to deleterious nepheline crystal formation. NMR showed two sites each for Accepted 7 November 2014 Al, Si, and Na in the samples which crystallized significant amounts of nepheline, and B speciation changed, typ- Available online xxxx ically resulting in more B(IV) after crystallization. Raman spectroscopy suggested that some of the glass structure is composed of metaborate chains or rings, thus significant numbers of non-bridging oxygen and a separation of Keywords: Nuclear waste glass; the borate from the alumino-silicate network. Mössbauer, combined with Fe redox chemical measurements, 3+ Alumino-boro-silicate; showed Fe playing a minor role in these glasses, mostly as Fe , but iron oxide spinel forms with nepheline in NMR; all cases.
    [Show full text]