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Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications

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Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications XFWS-A 590 1-20 (1969) U.S. Fish Wildl, Serv. Spec, Sci. Rep. Fish. ........... = ........... ('I) ::::::: 0'> ........... ===C\J ........... -~---<0 co C\J Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of - - Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and ::...:-- Their Zoogeographical Implications ~---- - ::::::::::::::: ~ IS ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::: '-"'-"'- SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT-FISHERIES No. 590 ::::::::::::::: 11 ~ ~ ~ .A335 ~ no.590 ~ ~ ~ ...............~ ............... ~ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ~ U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ~ BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL F~ ~ ' SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT --FISHERIES Robert L. Hacker, Editor Mary Fukuyama, Assoclate Editor PUBLICATION BOARD John A. Guinan Jobn M. Patton, Jr. Robert L. Hacker Edward A. Schaefers John 1. Hodges Parker s. Trefethen Harvey Hutcblnis Robert c. Wtlaon Lealie W. Scatter1ood, Chairman Special Scientific Report--Fisheries are preliminary or progress reports and reports on aclendftc inveadlatlons of restricted scope. Established as Special Scientific llepona in 1940, nos. 1 to 67 were- issued from that date to 1949, when the newaertea,SpedalSclentlftcRepon.--Flsheries, with new serial numbering, was started. Special Sciendftc Report-Pisherlea ue distributed free to Ubrarles, research instltutlona, State apndea, and adentlats. ARLIS Alaska Resources Llbii!Y tliDformation Selvkes Ancbo~,AK UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR s~ U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE ll BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES ,.A ~3~ N). c;qo Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications By WILLIAM R. HEARD, RICHARD L. WALLACE and WILBUR L. HARTMAN ARLIS Alaska Resources Library & Information Services Library Building, Suite 111 3211 Providence Drive Anchorage, AK 99508-4614 C") 0> C\1 (0 co United States Fish and Wildlife Service ,....C\1 Special Scientific Report- -Fisheries No. 590 0 0 1.0 ,...._1.0 C") C") Washington, D.C. October 1969 CONTENTS Page Introduction,. ••••••••••• ....... , ......•................ ••••••••• .........................•..........................• Fresh-water areas of the monument ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Bristol Bay Drainage •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••·••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 Shelikof Strait Drainage .............. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••• 4 Methods and equipment .•••......•......•.......•••.•.•.•.....•............•..... •••••• ..• .• .• . •.•.. ..•.... .• . • . 5 Annotated list of species ...................................................................................•..... 6 Fresh-water forms•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 Petromyzontidae ..........••.•........................•••.....................••..••.•..•....•.....•... 6 Arctic lamprey, Lampetra japonica (Martens) ........................................ .. 6 Salmonidae ...................................................•.........•...••...........••..•.......•.... 7 Humpback whitefish, Coregonus pidschian (Gmelin) .................................. 7 Least cisco, Coregonus sardinella Valenciennes ...................................... 7 Pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (Walbaum) ................................... .. 7 Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum) .......................................... .. 8 Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum) ........................................ 8 Sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum) ..................................... .. 8 Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) ............................. 9 Pygmy whitefish, Pros opium coulterii (Eigenmann and Eigenmann) ............. 9 Round whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum (Pallas) ................................... 10 Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdnerii Richardson............................................ 10 Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) •••••••••••••••••••••••••• .................... 10 Dolly Varden, Salvelinus malma (Walbaum) ............................................ .. 10 Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum) ........................................... 11 Arctic grayling, Thymallus arcticus (Pallas) .......................................... .. 12 Osmeridae ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus (Pallas) .................................................. 12 Umbridae .......•..•.•............. ~••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Alaska blackfish, Dallia pectoralis Bean., ............................................... 12 Esocidae ......••.....•...•..•.....•....•......•.....•............•......•...••••....•..•.•.•.......•.•..•• 12 Northern pike, Esox lucius Linnaeus••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 Catos tomidae .....•...-:-:-:=. =-:::-: ................................................................... 12 Longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus (Forster) ................................ .. 12 Gadidae ......•....•.....••...•.••..............•..............•.•.....•..............•.... · .•.•••...••..•. 13 Bur bot, Lot a lot a (Linnaeus) ....... ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••• 13 Gasterosteidae ...•=···•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 Threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Linnaeus .......................... 13 Ninespine stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Linnaeus) .............................. .. 13 Cottidae . .•...................•..............................................••...........•.•.........••..• 13 Coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus Gilbert .......................................... .. 13 Slimy sculpin, Cottus cognatus Richardson.............................................. 14 Euryhaline forms .......... • .•..•.•...........•.........•..................•......•......•••........•......•. 14 Osmeridae ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Arctic smelt, Osmerus dentex Steindachner ............................................ 14 Gadidae .•.•.•..•..........••.......•.................•..........•..•.....•.................•.....•••...••. 14 Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius ............................................. 14 Cottidae ..........................•..........•..•.•.•................•....•......•.•.•....•. •••••••• ......• 14 Pacific staghorn sculpin, Leptocottus armatus Girard .............................. .. 14 Pleuronectidae ........••....... •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus (Pallas) ......................................... 14 Zoogeographical implications •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Summary •. ••••• ••••••••••••• •••....•.•••..•.......••...••...•••.•..•....•••.••..•.•..•....•.•••....••.••..•...•...•.. 18 Acknowledgments •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 Literature cited •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 iii Distributions of Fishes in Fresh Water of Katmai National Monument, Alaska, and Their Zoogeographical Implications By WILLIAM R. HEARD,~ RICHARD L. WALLACE, 2 and WILBUR L. HARTMAN~ ABSTRACT Katmai National Monument covers 10,916 km.2 on the base of the Alaska Penin­ sula and is divided by the Aleutian Mountain Range into two principal drainage areas. Streams north of the Aleutian Range flow into Bristol Bay of the Bering Sea, and those south of the mountains flow into Shelikof Strait of the North Pacific Ocean. The large multilake Naknek River system is the dominant drainage area on the Bristol Bay side of the monument, whereas small single lakes and short streams and rivers constitute many separate drainages on the Shelikof Strait side. Twenty­ four species of fish occur in the Bristol Bay drainages of the monument, but only eight species were collected in streams and lakes draining into Shelikof Strait. Evi­ dently the Aleutian Range has been a barrier to the southward movement of fresh­ water fishes in the monument. All eight species in Shelikof Strait drainages are capable of dispersal through salt water, whereas several forms in Bristol Bay drainages require fresh water for dispersal. Variable numbers of species occur in the interconnecting lakes of the Naknek River system. Naknek Lake, the downstream terminus of the lake system, contains 24 known species and each upstream lake contains fewer species than the one into which it drains. The present distribution of fishes in this system is discussed in terms of the sequential timing of species invasion and the postglacial development of barriers. INTRODUCTION Katmai National Monument is at the base of aula. The area has a long history ofvolcanism the Alaska Peninsula in southwestern Alaska (Wahrhaftig, 1965), and glaciation was exten­ (fig. 1). It was established by Presidential sive during the Pleistocene (Muller, 1952; Proclamation in 1918, primarily to preserve Karlstrom, 1957). Several streams on each the spectacular features of the Valley of Ten slope of the Aleutian Range still originate Thousand Smokes--a volcanic phenomenon that from small, vestigial glaciers. One of the most resulted in 1912 from the eruption of the vol­ important features influencing
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