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Aspects About Prut River Terraces in Romanian-Moldavian Basin Sector, with Special View on Geomorphologycal Process

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Aspects About Prut River Terraces in Romanian-Moldavian Basin Sector, with Special View on Geomorphologycal Process ©Department of Geography. Valahia University of Targoviste Annals of Valahia University of Targoviste. Geographical Series Tome 13/2013 Issues : 2 88-98 http://fsu.valahia.ro/avutgs/home.html ASPECTS ABOUT PRUT RIVER TERRACES IN ROMANIAN-MOLDAVIAN BASIN SECTOR, WITH SPECIAL VIEW ON GEOMORPHOLOGYCAL PROCESS Florin VARTOLOMEI 1 Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Geography, Email [email protected] Abstract Strating with Mio-Pliocene of Moldavian Plateau rising, the old tracks of Carpathian rivers was oriented to South-East direction, following the decreasing and shoreline oscilation. In the same way, but from North direction, the evolution of Prut river was marked. The other valleys was generated later by transformations and re-traking, often visible in landscapes and in hydrographical basin configuration. Stream action, powered by rising of entire area in late Pliocene and Quaternare pariod, was united with versants and interfluves evolution process, so that the old marine acumulation plane was destroyed (the South part of Moldavia was excepted, where interfluves still keep some sections of Romanian-Pleistocene Plain), also replace with derived landforms, mostly sculptural, with hilly aspect, where litologycal and structural particularities of geologycal base was strongly underlined Keywords: valley, terrace, Prut river, paleogeographycal evolution, landforms, floodplain. 1. INTRODUCTION Location and morphometric elements: Prut basin is situated in the eastern part of Romania, being a pool of contact between the Moldavian Plateau, from Romania to the west and Podolia Plateau, from the Republic of Moldova in the east. Evolution and geographical aspects are related to the Moldavian Plateau, some authors considering this unit subdivision of this plateau. Prut catchment occupies in Romania area of 10,970 sqkm and with related areas in Ukraine and Moldova a total of 28,396 sqkm (Fig. 1). Currently, Prut river is the natural border between Romania and Rep. of Moldova with length of 695 km (Vartolomei F., 2003). Geological conditions: under this aspect, Prut basin overlaps three structural units: Moldavian Platform (up to Fălciu - Plopana fault), Bârladului Platform (between Falciu- Plopana and Adjud - Oancea faults) and Platform Covurluiului, each presenting a folded socket configurations covered by a blanket, with parties willing homocline (Bacauanu et al., 1980). The landscape is presented as a set of inter-fluves stretched-looking bridges, hills separated by wide valleys carved in sedimentary monocline. General landscapes orientation to the south - southeast, the same direction as the major valleys orientation, reflects an obvious adaptation to the structure. Monoclinic structure favored the emergence of positive and subsequent valleys (Fig. 2). 88 Fig. 1. Placing Prut river basin in Danube basin (GIS processing vectors of EEA source) The main steps to be taken in morphology, have values of 300-500 m in the north-west, 300- 400 m in the central part, 150-200 m in the north-east and south and a relatively balanced distribution. Altitudes above 500 m are few and isolated. The lowest shares are found along the corridor Prut (130 m to Oroftina, 32 m near Ungheni and below 15 m to confluence) (Bacauanu, 1968). Climate: because of its position in extra-carpathian region, away from the influence of air masses from Atlantic Ocean, but wide open to continental air masses action originating from the east, northeast and north, Prut basin receives moderate rainfall quantities. Prut basin, superimposed on the Plain of Moldavia, is directly exposed to continental air masses in which, air from the west descent surrounding physical and geographical units, frequently suffer föehn processes, so rainfall is low, ranging generally around 500 mm (Radauti 564.0 mm, 529.4 mm Iasi) (Bogdan, 2007). 89 Fig. 2. The hydrographic basin of the Prut - general view (GIS vector processing of source www.geo-spatial.org) 2. EVOLUTION OF PRUT VALLEY Since the first studies on the Moldavian Plateau, area including Prut basin, from those of Cobălcescu Gr. beginner, it was shown that the general inclination of the layers that make up the covers this basin is NW to SE, as successive product withdrawal sea. The main rivers follows consistent slope classes. Compared to current knowledge on the basement area, things do not seem so simple, for while the river main flow direction is generally indicated (NW-SE), Moldavian Plateau natural region shows a cross routing to these courses (Muşinschi, 2000). So, Tufescu V. (1946) distinguishes four units (called by the author "zone") of the Moldavian Plateau from N to S, passing the one side of the Prut valley, radial Carpathian arch: a) to north, Plain of Moldavia (consisting of the Jijia and Raut); b) in the middle, the Massif Central Moldavian and Bacu’ Massif; c) to south Bârladul’ Hills and Hotărniceni Hill d) the extended zone of Bârladul’ Hills to lower Siret Plain and Bugeac. In general, the conduct of these natural regions in the form of a central transverse ridges (SW-NE direction) is presented high, bounded on the north and south by two lowland areas. 90 Crossing this ridge, which extends transversely, formed in high regions of middle Moldavian Plateau, the main rivers prints local changes in their courses, in all courses presented approximate N-S direction (from NW-SE to tributary) and valleys with sectors that are narrow, presented like a real "gates" for longitudinal movement (Bacauanu, 1961). Prut valley is suffering a real stranglehold between Tutora and Răducăneni (Tutora’s Gate). Floodplain of Prut river, very well individualized, located on the axis of this basin is the largest alluvial plain of the whole area, with widths of 3-6 km up to 10 km, with sectors enlargement (common field Jijia-Prut) or narrow (Cernăuţi’s Gate, Tutora’s Gate) and lower slopes of up to 0.6 ‰ (Bacauanu, 1973). Prut basin formation begins after the Sarmatian regression wich favored, in the upper valley of the Prut, the continental conditions appearance extended gradually to the southwest. In Bessarabia, Upper Prut sector present a plain where denudation processes and lacustrine-deltaic sedimentary as well had the same intake. Shoreline marine basin was located in the north of the Central Moldavian Plateau. In south sea basin was continous, with clays sedimentary process. In Kersonian denudation processes have been intensified in all area, corresponding upper and middle basin of the Prut (Muşinschi, 2000). In the radius of the Central Moldavian Plateau predominate fluvial-deltaic accumulation facies and denudation processes had a minimal contribution. Marine shoreline met in the south of Codrilor Hills. Fluvial network have west-east general direction. In the Pliocene, the recent plain from upper and middle sectors of the Prut basin, the primary fluvial network had north-south direction. Subsequently, this fluvial deposits system have been eroded. They have kept only the Central Moldavian Plateau watershed and in the Lower Prut river crossing in marine deposits. This package consists of fluvial-deltaic seven horizons (Fig. no. 3). The last four are supposed to belong to paleo-fluvial Prut system, which form in the Carpathian Mountains and therefore Bucatciuc et al (1988) attributes the Stolniceni, Buciumeni, Văleni- Leuseni Obileni-Ungheni terrace deposits (Muşinschi, 2000). Fig. 3. Longitudinal profile on Prut river, from entering the country to its mouth (source Muşinschi, 2000, processing after Gojâc, 1964) 91 At the end of the Pliocene began a new stage of development of the region, under the influence of eustatic tectonic movements and several climate cycles succession when exondate surfaces was extended and when the current Prut valley was created. Lithological structure, fossils forms in these deposits and morphological-sculptural character enable us to share the Prut valley evolution in seven phases, spatial limited in line with Black Sea developments. All phases of training valley are summarized in Table. no. 1, where it is possible to catch them in succession from Sarmatian to Holocene. 3. EVOLUTION OF PRUT TERRACES Age, evolution and valleys hierarchy is evidenced by the number and distribution of terraces altitude. They are characterized by a series of fragmented bridges that keeps obvious parallelism with the longitudinal profile of river beds, through a perfect connection of steps along the main valleys and tributaries, as well as by a decrease in the number and altitudes for younger generations of valleys. Table 1. Stages of Prut valley evolution* Sectors Upper Middle Lower Phase MIOCENE Denudation- Sedimentary (very Buglovian sedimentary (very Sedimentary (very marine) marine) lacustrine) Denudation- Basarabian Denudation sedimentary (very Sedimentary (very marine) lacustrine) Sedimentary (very lacustrine- Kersonian Denudation Denudation marine) PLIOCENE Sedimentary (very lacustrine- Stolniceni Denudation Denudation marine) Sedimentary (very lacustrine- Buciumeni Denudation Denudation marine) Sedimentary (very lacustrine- Văleni-Leuşeni Denudation Denudation marine) Denudation- sedimentary Obileni- Ungheni Denudation Denudation (very lacustrine) PLEISTOCENE Văleni Denudation Denudation Denudation Denudation- sedimentary Obileni-Slobozia Mare Denudation Denudation (very haven) Denudation- sedimentary Sculeni- Giurgiuleşti Denudation Denudation (very haven) 92 Denudation- sedimentary Călineşti -Câşliţa Prut Denudation Denudation (very haven) Denudation- sedimentary Chetriş- Giurgiuleşti Denudation Denudation (very
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