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Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/85719 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Heijnen, I. Title: Here it is. A Nahuatl translation of European cosmology : context and contents of the Izcatqui manuscript in the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Issue Date: 2020-02-25 HERE IT IS A Nahuatl Translation of European Cosmology: Context and Contents of the Izcatqui Manuscript in the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op dinsdag 25 februari 2020 klokke 10 uur door Ilona Heijnen geboren te Bergen op Zoom (Nederland) in 1984 Promotor Prof. Dr. M.E.R.G.N. Jansen Co-promotor Dr. S.K. Wichmann Promotiecommissie Prof. Dr. J.C.A. Kolen, decaan Faculteit der Archeologie (voorzitter) Prof. Dr. M.J. Versluys (secretaris) Prof. Dr. C.L. Hofman Prof. Dr. W.F.H. Adelaar Dr. J. Olko (University of Warsaw) Dr. M.E. Berger (Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden) Table of Contents List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................9 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... 11 A Note on Transcription and Translation ........................................................................................... 13 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter One - Izcatqui ................................................................................................................... 21 1.1 Acquisition and Composition ................................................................................................. 21 1.2 Dating Izcatqui ...................................................................................................................... 22 1.2.1 Paleography and production ............................................................................................ 23 1.2.2 Linguistics and Lockhart’s three phases .......................................................................... 25 1.3 Previous study........................................................................................................................ 30 1.4 Contents in summary ............................................................................................................. 31 1.4.1 Summary of themes present in Izcatqui ........................................................................... 31 1.4.2 Listing of section headings .............................................................................................. 34 1.4.3 Illustrations, tables and diagrams ..................................................................................... 39 1.5 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................... 44 Chapter Two - Reportorio de los Tiempos ..................................................................................... 47 2.1 The development of a “guide to life” ...................................................................................... 47 2.2 The reportorio in Spain .......................................................................................................... 48 2.3 Astrological texts and readership ............................................................................................ 50 2.4. Imported and locally produced reportorios ............................................................................. 52 2.5 The Inquisition and censorship ............................................................................................... 53 2.6 Izcatqui and possible source texts ........................................................................................... 55 2.6.1 Diagnostic features of Izcatqui ........................................................................................ 64 2.7 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................... 74 Chapter Three - Translations of the reportorio genre in Nahuatl, Otomí, and Yucatec Maya ..... 75 3.1 A reportorio in an edition of the Doctrina cristiana en lengua Mexicana, by Pedro de Gante [1553] ........................................................................................................................................... 75 3.1.1 Examples of cultural translation ...................................................................................... 78 5 3.2 Codex Mexicanus ................................................................................................................. 80 3.2.1 Content derived from the reportorio genre and its interpretation ....................................... 81 3.2.1.1 Pages 1-8: the Saint’s calendar and Dominical Letters .............................................. 81 3.2.1.2 Page 10: an Aureus Numerus table ........................................................................... 84 3.2.1.3 Page 12: a drawing of Zodiac Man ........................................................................... 84 3.2.1.4 Page 24-34: textual descriptions of the twelve Zodiac signs ...................................... 86 3.3 Fonds Mexicain 381 ............................................................................................................... 87 3.3.1 The Winds and the Zodiac Signs ..................................................................................... 88 3.3.2 Cultural translation and the presence of Mesoamerican cultural memory ......................... 92 3.4 Appropriation of a reportorio in Codex Huichapan in Otomí .................................................. 93 3.5 Corpus of Yucatec Maya translations: Books of Chilam Balam .............................................. 98 3.5.1 Chilam Balam of Kaua .................................................................................................... 99 3.5.1.1 Content and source texts .......................................................................................... 99 3.5.1.2 Interpretation of Mayan tz’ib [scribe] ..................................................................... 100 3.5.2 Chilam Balam of Ixil..................................................................................................... 101 3.5.3 Chilam Balam of Chan Cah ........................................................................................... 103 3.5.3.1 History of Doncella Teodora: a story about knowledge ........................................... 104 3.5.3.2 Reportorio de los tiempos as cited by Teodora........................................................ 106 3.6 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................. 110 Chapter Four - A Religious Prologue: The Holy Bull of the Holy Crusade ................................ 113 4.1 Incorporation of the Americas into the Christian realm ......................................................... 113 4.1.1 Extension of the Holy Bull of the Holy Crusade ............................................................ 117 4.2 The sacrament of confession and the Indulgencia plenaria ................................................... 120 4.2.1 Indigenous appropriation and clandestine use ................................................................ 123 4.3 Prayers ................................................................................................................................. 125 4.4 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................. 128 Chapter Five European Worldview Translated: calendar, cosmos and astrology ..................... 131 5.1 The introduction of a new calendar system ........................................................................... 132 5.1.1 The Mesoamerican calendar system: tonalpohualli, xiuhpohualli, and xiuhmolpilli ........ 132 5.1.2 The calendar system in Izcatqui – Julian or Gregorian? ................................................. 134 5.1.3 Teaching the liturgical calendar – mnemotechnic devices .............................................. 135 5.1.3.1 Verses and tables ................................................................................................... 136 5.1.3.2 Circular diagrams................................................................................................... 139 5.2 Cosmography ....................................................................................................................... 141 6 5.2.1 Cosmographic discourse - Ptolemy................................................................................ 142 5.2.2 Mapping the World ....................................................................................................... 146 5.2.3 The four wind directions ............................................................................................... 147 5.2.3.1 The four winds in the Historia General ................................................................... 151 5.3 Astrology ............................................................................................................................