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Table of Contents VIEW PER PAGE: SHOWING 201-250 of 494 ABX5 Table of Contents VIEW PER PAGE: SHOWING 201-250 of 494 ʿABDALLĀH BAYĀNĪ CROSS-REFERENCE See ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD. ʿABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ H. ALGAR Theologian, prominent leader of the constitutional movement (1840- 1910). ʿABDALLĀH BOḴĀRĪ P. P. SOUCEK Paintings signed by ʿAbdallāh are of two types: compositions showing strong influence from Herat painting of the late 15th and early 16th centuries and studies of couples, often in a garden setting, a theme which appears to have been especially popular in Bokhara. This Article Has Images/Tables. ʿABDALLĀH HERAVĪ P. P. SOUCEK Calligrapher active in Herat, Samarqand, and Mashad (mid-15th century). ʿABDALLĀH ḤOSAYNĪ P. P. SOUCEK Scribe and poet in the service of the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahāngīr (17th century). ʿABDALLĀH KABRĪ D. PINGREE Mathematician (d. 1083-84). ʿABDALLĀH KHAN B. W. ROBINSON Court painter (18th-19th century). ʿABDALLĀH KHAN B. ESKANDAR YU. BREGEL Šaybānīd ruler of Transoxania (d. 1598). ʿABDALLĀH KHAN UZBEK M. H. SIDDIQI Mughal noble and general and also briefly an autonomous ruler (10th/16th century). ʿABDALLĀH MĀZANDARĀNĪ, SHAIKH H. ALGAR Theologian and supporter of the constitutional movement (1840-1912). ʿABDALLĀH MĪRZĀ DĀRĀ Ḥ. MAḤBŪBĪ ARDAKĀNĪ Son of Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah and governor of Ḵamsa province (1796-1846). ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD P. P. SOUCEK (d. 1516), Timurid court official, poet, scribe, and musician. ʿABDALLĀH PAŠA KÖPRÜLÜZĀDE M. KOHBACH Ottoman statesman and commander-in-chief (d. 1735). ʿABDALLĀH ṢAYRAFĪ P. P. SOUCEK Dūst Moḥammad claims that the traditions of Khorasani calligraphy in the nasḵ script are derived from the writing of ʿAbdallāh Ṣayrafī, with Jaʿfar Tabrīzī acting perhaps as the transmitter of the tradition. ʿAbdallāh achieved his greatest fame as a designer of architectural inscriptions. This Article Has Images/Tables. ʿABDALLĀH ŠĪRĀZĪ P. P. SOUCEK Qāżī Aḥmad praises ʿAbdallāh’s skill in lacquer painting (rang o rowḡan). This technique was widely used in the decoration of bookbindings during the 16th century, and the examination of surviving bindings may lead to the discovery of further works by ʿAbdallāh. This Article Has Images/Tables. ʿABDALLĀH, MĪRZĀ M. CATON (ca. 1843-1918), court musician and master of the setār and tār. ʿABDALLĀH, QAVĀM-AL-DĪN T. KUROYANAGI 14th century theologian and faqīh of Shiraz (d. 772/1370). ʿABDALLĀH, ŠĀH K. A. NIZAMI (d. 1485), Persian Sufi who introduced the Šaṭṭārī order into India. ʿABDALLĀH, ṢĀRĪ T. YAZICI (1584-1660), Ottoman scholar, mystic, poet, and commentator of Rūmī. ʿABDĀN B. AL-RABĪṬ W. MADELUNG early Ismaʿili missionary (dāʿī). ʿABDĪ T. YAZICI pen name of ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN PASHA, Ottoman official and historian (d. 1692). ʿABDĪ BOḴĀRĀʾĪ M. ZAND (d. 1921-22), Tajik taḏkeranevīs (biographer) and poet. ʿABDĪ NĪŠĀPŪRĪ P. P. SOUCEK 16th-century calligrapher and poet. ʿABDĪ ŠĪRĀZĪ M. DABĪRSĪĀQĪ AND B. FRAGNER (1513-80), poet. ABDĪH UD SAHĪGĪH Ī SAGASTĀN A. TAFAŻŻOLĪ (“The wonder and remarkability of Sagastān”), short Pahlavi treatise. ʿĀBEDĪ C. E. BOSWORTH a landowner (dehqān) of Transoxania (12th century). ĀBƎRƎT W. W. MALANDRA one of the eight Zoroastrian priests of the yasna ritual. ĀBEŠ ḴĀTŪN B. SPULER Salghurid ruler of Fārs (1263-84), daughter of Atābeg Saʿd II. ABGAR J. B. SEGAL dynasty of Edessa, 2nd century B.C. to 3rd century A.D. ABHAR C. E. BOSWORTH a small town in the Qazvīn district. ʿABHAR AL-ʿĀŠEQĪN H. CORBIN work of the Persian mystic Rūzbehān Baqlī Šīrāzī (1128-1209). ABHARĪ, ABŪ BAKR B. REINERT Sufi of Persian ʿErāq (d. 941-42). ABHARĪ, AMĪN-AL-DĪN D. PINGREE mathematician, said to have died in 1332-33. ABHARĪ, AṮĪR-AL-DĪN G. C. ANAWATI (d. 1264), logician, mathematician, and astronomer. ABHARĪ, KAMĀL-AL-DĪN C. E. BOSWORTH vizier of the last two Great Saljuq sultans in western Persia. ABHARĪ, MAḴDŪM HAMEED UD-DIN 16th-century traditionist. ĀBĪ E. EHLERS Persian term for those agricultural lands which are irrigated. ĀBĪ, ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH ABU’L-QĀSEM GORJI 8th-century traditionist. ĀBĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD M. M. MAZZAOUI 11th-century vizier and man of letters. ĀBĪ, ʿEZZ-AL-DĪN ABU’L-QĀSEM GORJI Imami faqīh (jurist) of the 13th century. ABIRĀDŪŠ M. DANDAMAYEV a village in Elam. ABIRATTA(Š) M. MAYRHOFER ancient Near Eastern proper name said to be of (Indo-)Aryan origin, by comparison with Vedic ratha, Avestan raθa “chariot.” This analysis, however, remains uncertain. ABĪVARD C. E. BOSWORTH a town in medieval northern Khorasan. ABĪVARDĪ, ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR L. A. GIFFEN poet, historian, and writer on genealogy (d. 1113). ABĪVARDĪ, ḤOSĀM-AL-DĪN L. A. GIFFEN jurisconsult, mathematician and logician (d. 1413). ABJAD G. KROTKOFF “alphabet,” a word formed from the first four letters of the Semitic alphabet. This Article Has Images/Tables. ABJADĪ M. BAQIR Poetical name of MĪR MOḤAMMAD ESMĀʿĪL KHAN, 18th century south- Indian poet of Persian and Urdu. ABḴĀZ DZH. GIUNASHVILI (also APSUA, APSNI), ethnic group of the Caucasus. ABLUTION, ISLAMIC I. K. POONAWALA (vożūʾ), the minor ritual purification performed before prayers. ABLUTION, ZOROASTRIAN CROSS-REFERENCE See PADYĀB. …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………….. * ʿABDALLĀH BAYĀNĪ CROSS-REFERENCE See ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD. ʿABDALLĀH BAYĀNĪ See ʿABDALLĀH MORVĀRĪD. (Cross-Reference) Originally Published: December 15, 1982 Last Updated: July 15, 2011 …………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………….. * ʿABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ H. ALGAR Theologian, prominent leader of the constitutional movement (1840- 1910). ABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ Theologian, prominent leader of the constitutional movement (1840- 1910). ʿABDALLĀH BEHBAHĀNĪ (1256-1328/1840-1910), theologian (moǰtahed) and a prominent leader of the constitutional movement. Born in Naǰaf in 1256/1840, he was descended from a prominent Shiʿite scholar of Baḥrayn, ʿAbdallāh al-Belādī from the village of al-Ḡorayfa, whose numerous offspring migrated to various centers of learning in Iraq and Iran. The task of ʿAbdallāh Behbahānī’s education was at first assumed by his father, Sayyed Esmāʿīl; but he later studied under more prominent scholars in Naǰaf, such as Ḥosayn Kūhkamaraʾī, Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī, and Shaikh Rāżī Naǰafī. In 1287/1870, Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah made the acquaintance of Sayyed Esmāʿīl while on a visit to Naǰaf; and he prevailed upon him to accompany him back to Tehran in order to establish a center of religious leadership favorable to the court (Āḡā Bozorg Ṭehrānī, Ṭabaqāt aʿlām al-šīʿa II, Naǰaf, 1381/1962, pp. 146-47). Three years later, we find him among the few ʿolamāʾ to bid the monarch a friendly farewell on the eve of one of his European journeys (Nāṣer-al- dīn Shah,Rūznāma-ye safar-e farangestān, Bombay, 1293/1876, p. 4). In addition to his royal patronage, Sayyed Esmāʿīl attained a position of some influence among the people of Tehran as marǰaʿ-e taqlīd and judge of the religious law (šarīʿa; see Mīrzā Moḥammad Ḥasan Khan Eʿtemād- al-salṭana, al-Maʾāṯer wa’l-āṯār, Tehran, 1306/1889, p. 140; Moḥammad Mahdī Mūsavī Eṣfahānī Kāẓemī, Aḥsan al-wadīʿa fī tarāǰem mašāhīr moǰtahedīn al-šīʿa, 2nd ed., Naǰaf, 1387/1965, I, pp. 65-66). When he died in 1295/1878, ʿAbdallāh Behbahānī fell heir to his function and influence and emerged as one of the influential ʿolamāʾ of Tehran. His first significant participation in political affairs reflected the loyalist attitudes of his father, as well as a lively ambitiousness that was to persist until the end of his life. In 1309/1891 a campaign took place under clerical leadership against the tobacco concession that had been granted by Nāṣer-al-dīn Shah to a British company; and a fatvā attributed to Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī forbade all consumption of tobacco until the concession was rescinded. Behbahānī refused to associate himself with the boycott and was seen to smoke openly in a gathering at the Ottoman embassy in Tehran (Mīrzā ʿAlī Khan Amīn-al- dawla, Ḵāṭerāt-e sīāsī, ed. Ḥāfeẓ Farmānfarmāʾīān, Tehran, 1341 Š./1962, p. 155; according to other accounts he went so far as to smoke while preaching from the menbar; see Sayyed Ḥasan Taqīzāda, “Ašḵāṣī ke dar mašrūṭīyat sahmī dāštand,” Yaḡmā 24, 1350 Š./1971-72, p. 66). He claimed that as moǰtahed he was exempt from obedience to the fatvā, the accuracy of whose ascription to Mīrzā Ḥasan Šīrāzī he in any event doubted; and he raised certain other technical objections to the boycott (Nāẓem-al-eslām Kermānī,Tārīḵ-e bīdārī-e īrānīān, ed. ʿAlī Akbar Saʿīdī Sīrǰānī, Tehran, 1346 Š./1967, p. 22; Mīrzā Moḥammad Ḥasan Khan Eʿtemād-al-salṭana, Rūznāma-ye ḵāṭerāt, ed. Īraǰ Afšar, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1350 Š./1971, pp. 784-85). Suspicions arose, however, that he had been bribed; one source claims that he received 1,000 pounds from the British to smoke in public (ʿAbbās Mīrzā Molkārā, Šarḥ-e ḥāl, ed. ʿAbd-al- Ḥosayn Navāʾī, Tehran, 1325 Š./1946, p. 116; see also Nikki R. Keddie, Religion and Rebellion in Iran: the Tobacco Protest of 1891-92, London, 1961, p. 79). The accusations raised against Behbahānī are plausible; for he maintained close relations with the British legation in Tehran for a number of years and was described by Lt. Col. H. Picot in May, 1897, as having “stood by his legation at the time of the Régie [Tobacco Monopoly]” (memorandum enclosed in dispatch of Hardinge to Salisbury, F. O. 539/76, quoted in Keddie, Religion and Rebellion, p. 118; and Firuz Kazemzade, Russia and Britain in Persia, 1864-1914, New Haven, 1968, p. 309). It is also said that the Iranian government rewarded him for his loyalty in the episode with a gold watch (Picot, “Biographical Notes of Persian Notables,” F. O. 60/592, quoted in Hamid Algar, Religion and State in Iran, p. 213, n. 46). His alleged venality in any event earned him the opprobrious epithet of Ebn al-Feżża (“Son of silver”) (Eʿtemād-al-salṭana, Rūznāma-ye ḵāṭerāt, p. 947). Loyalty to Mīrzā ʿAlī Aṣḡar Khan Amīn-al-solṭān, the minister under whose auspices the concession had been granted, provided another reason for Behbahānī to oppose the tobacco boycott; and he once visited Ornstein, Tehran manager of the company that had obtained the concession, on behalf of Amīn-al-solṭān to discuss ways of breaking the boycott (Ebrāhīm Teymūrī, Taḥrīm-e tanbākū yā avvalīn moqāvamat-e manfī dar Īrān, Tehran, 1328 Š./1949, p.
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