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Transition in Afghanistan: Filling the Security Vacuum – the Expansion of Uighur Extremism?
Sources of Tension in Afghanistan and Pakistan: A Regional Perspective Transition in Afghanistan: Filling the Security Vacuum – The Expansion of Uighur Extremism? Raffaello Pantucci and Edward Schwarck May 2014 CIDOB Policy Research Project CIDOB BARCELONA CENTRE FOR INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS With support from TRANSITION IN AFGHANISTAN: FILLING THE SECURITY VACUUM – THE EXPANSION OF UIGHUR EXTREMISM? Raffaello Pantucci and Edward Schwarck Raffaello Pantucci is Senior Research Fellow at the Royal United Services his paper aims to map out as clearly as possible the current threat Institute for Defence and Security from Uighur extremist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and as- Studies (RUSI). His research focuses on certain whether these groups will develop into a regional threat terrorism and China’s relations with T Central and South Asia. over the next few years. Edward Schwarck is Research Fellow It will be argued that Uighur Sunni-jihadist groups in Afghanistan and Pa- and Head of the Asia Programme at the Royal United Services Institute for kistan are unlikely to be able to fill the security void in either country after Defence and Security Studies (RUSI). His the West’s withdrawal. Traditionally, these groups have struggled to gain research centres on domestic security in China – particularly in Xinjiang – and traction within the global jihadist community. China has also done an ef- Chinese foreign policy in the Asia- fective job of building regional relationships that means local governments Pacific region. would block their ascension into power. Furthermore, the number of Ui- ghur militants remains marginal, suggesting that, at worst, they might be able to take control of some small settlements. -
11 July 2006 Mumbai Train Bombings
11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings July 2006 Mumbai train bombings One of the bomb-damaged coaches Location Mumbai, India Target(s) Mumbai Suburban Railway Date 11 July 2006 18:24 – 18:35 (UTC+5.5) Attack Type Bombings Fatalities 209 Injuries 714 Perpetrator(s) Terrorist outfits—Student Islamic Movement of India (SIMI), Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT; These are alleged perperators as legal proceedings have not yet taken place.) Map showing the 'Western line' and blast locations. The 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings were a series of seven bomb blasts that took place over a period of 11 minutes on the Suburban Railway in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and India's financial capital. 209 people lost their lives and over 700 were injured in the attacks. Details The bombs were placed on trains plying on the western line of the suburban ("local") train network, which forms the backbone of the city's transport network. The first blast reportedly took place at 18:24 IST (12:54 UTC), and the explosions continued for approximately eleven minutes, until 18:35, during the after-work rush hour. All the bombs had been placed in the first-class "general" compartments (some compartments are reserved for women, called "ladies" compartments) of several trains running from Churchgate, the city-centre end of the western railway line, to the western suburbs of the city. They exploded at or in the near vicinity of the suburban railway stations of Matunga Road, Mahim, Bandra, Khar Road, Jogeshwari, Bhayandar and Borivali. -
Violent Resistance in Xinjiang (China): Tracking Militancy, Ethnic Riots and ‘Knife- Wielding’ Terrorists (1978-2012)
HAO, Núm. 30 (Invierno, 2013), 135-149 ISSN 1696-2060 VIOLENT RESISTANCE IN XINJIANG (CHINA): TRACKING MILITANCY, ETHNIC RIOTS AND ‘KNIFE- WIELDING’ TERRORISTS (1978-2012) Pablo Adriano Rodríguez1 1University of Warwick (United Kingdom) E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 14 Octubre 2012 / Revisado: 5 Noviembre 2012 / Aceptado: 10 Enero 2013 / Publicación Online: 15 Febrero 2013 Resumen: Este artículo aborda la evolución The stability of Xinjiang, the northwestern ‘New de la resistencia violenta al régimen chino Frontier’ annexed to China under the Qing 2 en la Región Autónoma Uigur de Xinjiang dynasty and home of the Uyghur people –who mediante una revisión y análisis de la officially account for the 45% of the population naturaleza de los principales episodios in the region- is one of the pivotal targets of this expenditure focused nationwide on social unrest, violentos, en su mayoría con connotaciones but specifically aimed at crushing separatism in separatistas, que han tenido lugar allí desde this Muslim region, considered one of China’s el comienzo de la era de reforma y apertura “core interests” by the government3. chinas (1978-2012). En este sentido, sostiene que la resistencia violenta, no In Yecheng, attackers were blamed as necesariamente con motivaciones político- “terrorists” by Chinese officials and media. separatistas, ha estado presente en Xinjiang ‘Extremism, separatism and terrorism’ -as en la forma de insurgencia de baja escala, defined by the rhetoric of the Shanghai revueltas étnicas y terrorismo, y Cooperation Organization (SCO)- were invoked probablemente continúe en el futuro again as ‘evil forces’ present in Xinjiang. teniendo en cuenta las fricciones existentes Countering the Chinese official account of the events, the World Uyghur Congress (WUC), a entre la minoría étnica Uigur y las políticas Uyghur organization in the diaspora, denied the llevadas a cabo por el gobierno chino. -
These Sources Are Verifiable and Come From
0 General aim: To give institutions a report as unbiased, independent and reliable as possible, in order to raise the quality of the debate and thus the relative political decisions. Specific aims: To circulate this report to mass media and in public fora of various nature (i.e. human rights summits) as well as at the institutional level, with the purpose of enriching the reader’s knowledge and understanding of this region, given its huge implications in the world peace process. As is well known, for some years now highly politicised anti-Chinese propaganda campaigns have targeted the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, often spreading groundless, non-verifiable or outright false information, triggering on these bases a sanctions war and causing serious damage to international relations. There is a dramatic lack of unbiased and alternative documentation on the topic, especially by researchers who have lived and studied in China and Xinjiang. This report aims to fill this gap, by deepening and contextualising the region and its real political, economic and social dynamics, and offering an authoritative and documented point of view vis-à- vis the reports that Western politicians currently have at their disposal. The ultimate goal of this documentation is to promote an informed public debate on the topic and offer policymakers and civil society a different point of view from the biased and specious accusations coming from the Five Eyes countries, the EU and some NGOs and think-tanks. Recently some Swedish researchers have done a great job of deconstructing the main Western allegations about the situation in the autonomous region of Xinjiang. -
ETIM's Presence in Pakistan and China's Growing Pressure
Report August 2014 ETIM’s presence in Pakistan and China’s growing pressure By Zia Ur Rehman Executive summary Pakistan and China have enjoyed friendly relations for six decades, but Beijing has now expressed concerns over links between Pakistani militants and the ethnic Uyghur Islamic militants belonging to the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). Chinese authorities are said to be concerned about the presence of ETIM militants in Pakistani territory, where they say that fighters are being trained before they cross into Xinjiang to carry out attacks, as well as harming Chinese interests in Pakistan. For a long time the U.S. and Afghanistan, and recently China, have been pressuring Pakistan to launch a military operation against local and foreign militant groups in its tribal areas. Finally, on June 15th 2014, Pakistan officially launched a fully fledged operation against various Taliban and international militant groups in North Waziristan. Analysts believe that, at the behest of China, the operation is mainly focused on ETIM and its allied Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Profile of ETIM establishment of an independent and Islamic “East Turke- The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is an Islamist stan” state within China. Other reports suggest that the militant group operating in China’s Xinjiang administrative group is interested in creating a new “East Turkestan” state region. Xinjiang, which has borders with eight countries, that would include portions of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyr- including Pakistan and Afghanistan,1 is home to the Uy- gyzstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang (Xu, 2014). The ghurs (also spelt Uighars or Uighurs), an ethnically and group was reportedly founded in 1993 by Hasan Masoom (or culturally Turkic people and Muslims by religion, which con- Hasan Mahsum), an ethnic Uyghur from Xinjiang’s Kashgar stitute about 40% of the region’s population (Wines & district (BBC, 2013). -
Religion & Politics
Religion & Politics New Developments Worldwide Edited by Roy C. Amore Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Religions www.mdpi.com/journal/religions Religion and Politics Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide Special Issue Editor Roy C. Amore MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editor Roy C. Amore University of Windsor Canada Editorial Office MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland This is a reprint of articles from the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Religions (ISSN 2077-1444) from 2018 to 2019 (available at: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/religions/special issues/politics) For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: LastName, A.A.; LastName, B.B.; LastName, C.C. Article Title. Journal Name Year, Article Number, Page Range. ISBN 978-3-03921-429-7 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03921-430-3 (PDF) Cover image courtesy of Roy C. Amore. c 2019 by the authors. Articles in this book are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book as a whole is distributed by MDPI under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND. Contents About the Special Issue Editor ...................................... vii Preface to ”Religion and Politics: New Developments Worldwide” ................ ix Yashasvini Rajeshwar and Roy C. Amore Coming Home (Ghar Wapsi) and Going Away: Politics and the Mass Conversion Controversy in India Reprinted from: Religions 2019, 10, 313, doi:10.3390/rel10050313 .................. -
China's Failed War on Terror: Fanning the Flames of Uighur Separatist Violence
China's Failed War on Terror: Fanning the Flames of Uighur Separatist Violence Dana Carver Boehm* TABLE OF CONTENTS Violent Resistance by Uighurs: "Separatists" or "Terrorists"? . .. 67 A. Defining Terrorism ......................................................... 68 B. Factors Likely to Inspire Terrorism: Religious Oppression, Political Inequality, and Economic Deprivation ...................................................................... 70 C. Xinjiang's Significance to China: Why Giving in to Separatist Sentiment Is Not a Viable Option ................... 71 II. China's Attempt to Assimilate its Uighur Population Has Strengthened Ethnic Identity and United Traditionally A dversarial G roups .................................................................. 77 A. Creating the Uighur Identity ............................................ 78 B. Strengthening the Uighur Identity .................................. 80 C. Destroying the Uighur Identity? ................... .. .. .. 81 D. Diluting the Uighur Majority ............................................ 83 1. H an M igration ........................................................... 84 2. Economic Development .............................................. 86 III. Creating an Islamic Terrorist Movement: China's Efforts to Squelch Religious Identity Have Added a Religious Character to the Insurrection ................................................... 89 A. A Historically Secular Rebellion ..................................... 90 B. Religion and Rebellion ................................................... -
U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy
U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy Shirley A. Kan Specialist in Asian Security Affairs July 15, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL33001 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S. Policy Summary After the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the United States faced a challenge in enlisting the full support of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in the counterterrorism fight against Al Qaeda. This effort raised short-term policy issues about how to elicit cooperation and how to address PRC concerns about the U.S.-led war (Operation Enduring Freedom). Longer-term issues have concerned whether counterterrorism has strategically transformed bilateral ties and whether China’s support was valuable and not obtained at the expense of other U.S. interests. The extent of U.S.-China counterterrorism cooperation has been limited, but the tone and context of counterterrorism helped to stabilize—even if it did not transform—the closer bilateral relationship pursued by President George Bush in late 2001. China’s military, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), has not fought in the U.S.-led counterterrorism coalition. The Bush Administration designated the PRC-targeted “East Turkistan Islamic Movement” (ETIM) as a terrorist organization in August 2002, reportedly allowed PRC interrogators access to Uighur detainees at Guantanamo in September 2002, and held a summit in Texas in October 2002. Since 2005, however, U.S. concerns about China’s extent of cooperation in counterterrorism have increased. In September 2005, Deputy Secretary of State Robert Zoellick acknowledged that “China and the United States can do more together in the global fight against terrorism” after “a good start,” in his policy speech that called on China to be a “responsible stakeholder” in the world. -
Transformative Networks: the Case of North Caucasian and Central Asian Jihadist Networks
IJOIS Spring 2017, Volume III Program in Arms Control & Domestic and International Security Transformative Networks: The Case of North Caucasian and Central Asian Jihadist Networks Caleb Weiss University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Abstract Using two case studies of North Caucasian and Central Asian jihadist networks, this paper explores how each transformed from local movements to transnational organizations. This qualitative paper, which ranges from the late 1980's to present day, has wider connotations, as it argues that personal connections forms through prior conflicts are instrumental in this transformation. 1 Transformative Networks: The Case of North Caucasian and Central Asian Jihadist Networks Caleb Weiss Glossary AfPak -- Afghanistan-Pakistan AK -- Ajnad Kavkaz AQ -- Al Qaeda AQAP -- al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula AQIM -- al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb CE -- Caucasus Emirate HTS -- Hay’at Tahrir al Sham IIB -- Islamic International Brigade IJU -- Islamic Jihad Union IKS -- Imarat Kavkaz v Sham (Caucasus Emirate in Syria) IMU -- Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IS/ISIS -- Islamic State/Islamic State of Iraq and Syria JaS -- Junud al Sham JMA -- Jaysh al Muhajireen wal Ansar KBK -- Kabarda, Balkaria, Karachay KIB -- Katibat Imam al Bukhari KM -- Kata’ib Muhajireen KTJ -- Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad LMA -- Liwa al Muhajireen wal Ansar MAK -- Maktab al Khidamat SCW -- Syrian Civil War TIP -- Turkistan Islamic Party UBL -- Usama bin Laden IJOIS Spring 2017, Volume III Program in Arms Control & Domestic and International Security Introduction On August 30, 2016, an explosive-laden Mitsubishi Delica van rammed into the gates of the Chinese embassy in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, killing one security guard and injuring several others in the suicide attack. -
China's Failed War on Terror: Fanning the Flames of Uighur Separatist Violence
China's Failed War on Terror: Fanning the Flames of Uighur Separatist Violence Dana Carver Boehm· TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Violent Resistance by Uighurs: "Separatists" or "Terrorists"? .... 67 A. Defining Terrorism ............................................................... 68 B. Factors Likely to Inspire Terrorism: Religious Oppression, Political Inequality, and Economic Deprivation ........................................................................... 70 C. Xinjiang's Significance to China: Why Giving in to Separatist Sentiment Is Not a Viable Option ........................ 71 II. China's Attempt to Assimilate its Uighur Population Has Strengthened Ethnic Identity and United Traditionally Adversarial Groups ...................................................................... 77 A. Creating the Uighur Identity ................................................. 78 B. Strengthening the Uighur Identity ........................................ 80 C. Destroying the Uighur Identity? ........................................... 81 D. Diluting the Uighur Majority ................................................ 83 1. Han Migration ................................................................. 84 2. Economic Development.. ................................................ 86 III. Creating an Islamic Terrorist Movement: China's Efforts to Squelch Religious Identity Have Added a Religious Character to the Insurrection ........................................................ 89 A. A Historically Secular Rebellion ......................................... -
Understanding China's Evolving Counter-Terror Strategy
EUROPEAN COUNCIL ON FOREIGN BRIEF POLICY RELATIONS ecfr.eu TERROR OVERSEAS: UNDERSTANDING CHINA’S EVOLVING COUNTER-TERROR STRATEGY Mathieu Duchâtel In November 2015, the Islamic State group (ISIS) announced that it had executed a Chinese citizen for the SUMMARY first time. A few days later, the Al-Murabitoun jihadist • International terrorism has emerged in recent group – later affiliated with Al-Qaeda in the Islamic years as a direct threat to Chinese nationals Maghreb – attacked the Radisson Blu Hotel in Bamako, living overseas. As China's footprint becomes Mali, killing 22 people, including three Chinese nationals increasingly global its exposure to the risk of working for the state-owned China Railway Construction terror attacks has increased too. Corporation. International terrorism has emerged in recent years as a direct threat for Chinese nationals • China’s approach to international terrorism is overseas. A compilation of open source data shows a becoming militarised. This trend has the potential total of 18 attacks causing 40 deaths of Chinese nationals to accelerate if Chinese nationals are victims of overseas in the past decade. China’s global footprint means new attacks overseas. that it has global exposure to terrorist risks. Meanwhile, China’s ambitious plans for Eurasian integration, which • Although China is an active and responsible involve a new wave of outward investment and a new player in the UN with clearly expressed priorities wave of Chinese citizens settling overseas, mean those and an interest in protecting its citizens overseas, risks are likely to increase in the coming years. it is not taking a strong role in leading and shaping the UN’s counter-terrorism agenda. -
General Assembly Distr
UNITED NATIONS A General Assembly Distr. GENERAL A/HRC/4/33/Add.1 20 March 2007 Original: ENGLISH / FRENCH / SPANISH Human Rights Council Fourth session Agenda item 2 IMPLEMENTATION OF GENERAL ASSEMBLY RESOLUTION 60/251 OF 15 MARCH 2006 ENTITLED “HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL” Report of the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Manfred Nowak Addendum Summary of information, including individual cases, transmitted * to Governments and replies received * The present document is being circulated in the languages of submission only as it greatly exceeds the page limitations currently imposed by the relevant General Assembly resolutions. GE.07-12041 A/HRC/4/33/Add.1 Page 2 Contents Paragraphs Page Summary of allegations transmitted and replies received…….…… 1-341 1 Introduction………….………………………………………..…… 1-5 4 Mandate abbreviations………………………………………..…… 6 Algeria……………………………………………………………... 1-4 8 Argentina.………...………………………………………….…..… 5 11 Azerbaijan......................................................................................... 6-7 13 Bahamas…………..……………………………………………..… 8 16 Bahrain…………………………………………………………..… 9 17 Bangladesh……………………………………………………...…. 10-13 19 Belarus………………………………………………………...…… 14-16 26 Bhutan……………......…………………………………………..... 17 34 Burundi……...…………………………………………………..…. 18-20 35 Cambodia.................……………………………………………..… 21-22 38 Cameroon………………………………………………………..… 23 39 Chad....…………………………………………………………..… 24 40 Chile…………………………………………………………..…… 25-27 41 China………………………………………………………..……... 28-47