Fusion Reactor Technology I (459.760, 3 Credits)
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Iter: Os Caminhos Da Energia De Fusão E O Brasil (2015)
ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Mauro Luiz Iecker Vieira Secretário -Geral Embaixador Sérgio França Danese FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais Diretor Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretor Embaixador Maurício E. Cortes Costa Conselho Editorial da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Membros Embaixador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Embaixador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Embaixador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Embaixador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Ministro Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Augusto Pestana ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil Brasília, 2015 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones:(61) 2030 ‑6033/6034 Fax:(61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Projeto Gráfico e Capa: Yanderson Rodrigues Programação Visual e Diagramação: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Impresso no Brasil 2015 P476 Pestana, Augusto. -
LANL Fusion Capabilities
LANL Fusion Capabilities INFUSE workshop Jan 22-23, 2019 1 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Los Alamos has a long history of fusion research James Tuck, Ivy Mike, 1952 Perhapsatron, 1953 • Today magnetic and inertial fusion work resides in the Physics Division, Theory Division, and X Division (Weapons). There are also related capabilities in detectors, radiation damage, and tritium handling. • Dr. John Kline ( [email protected] ) is the present Fusion Energy Sciences (and Inertial Fusion) program manager, and a point-of-contact. 2 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA 3 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA FRC’s were developed in Russia and Los Alamos FRC’s are high beta plasmas, with many interesting features 4 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Today FRC plasmas are still being explored 5 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy’s NNSA Magnetized Plasma Team in P-24 Plasma Physics We do experimental plasma work for FES, APRA-E, and NNSA sponsors, with national and international partners, including small businesses. We use our knowledge of plasma diagnostics, pulsed power expertise, and HED plasmas in the areas of fusion energy, weapons support, and basic plasma science. Team Leader: Glen Wurden ([email protected]) Staff: Hsu, Weber, Langendorf, Dunn, Shimada Postdocs: Tom Byvank, Kevin Yates, John Boguski Student: Chris Roper (Summer) 6 Managed by Triad National Security, LLC for the U.S. -
Tokamak Foundation in USSR/Russia 1950--1990
IOP PUBLISHING and INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY NUCLEAR FUSION Nucl. Fusion 50 (2010) 014003 (8pp) doi:10.1088/0029-5515/50/1/014003 Tokamak foundation in USSR/Russia 1950–1990 V.P. Smirnov Nuclear Fusion Institute, RRC ’Kurchatov Institute’, Moscow, Russia Received 8 June 2009, accepted for publication 26 November 2009 Published 30 December 2009 Online at stacks.iop.org/NF/50/014003 In the USSR, nuclear fusion research began in 1950 with the work of I.E. Tamm, A.D. Sakharov and colleagues. They formulated the principles of magnetic confinement of high temperature plasmas, that would allow the development of a thermonuclear reactor. Following this, experimental research on plasma initiation and heating in toroidal systems began in 1951 at the Kurchatov Institute. From the very first devices with vessels made of glass, porcelain or metal with insulating inserts, work progressed to the operation of the first tokamak, T-1, in 1958. More machines followed and the first international collaboration in nuclear fusion, on the T-3 tokamak, established the tokamak as a promising option for magnetic confinement. Experiments continued and specialized machines were developed to test separately improvements to the tokamak concept needed for the production of energy. At the same time, research into plasma physics and tokamak theory was being undertaken which provides the basis for modern theoretical work. Since then, the tokamak concept has been refined by a world-wide effort and today we look forward to the successful operation of ITER. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) At the opening ceremony of the United Nations First In the USSR, NF research began in 1950. -
SCIENCE and INNOVATION at Los Alamos
SCIENCE AND INNOVATION at Los Alamos Los Alamos Science Number 21 1993 1993 Number 21 Los Alamos Science 1 . Fred Reines (left) helps lower Wright Langham into a detector similar to the one used by Reines to detect neutrinos for the first time. The active medium of the detector was a liquid scintillator developed by F. Newton Hayes for assays of large biological sam- ples. The availability of liquid scintillators led to the whole-body counter, a device for monitoring the amount of certain radionu- clides in the bodies of workers exposed to radioactive materials. Wright Langham was one of the world’s experts on the metabo- lism of plutonium. Lattice-gas hydrodynamics, a discrete model for fluid flow, was invented by Brosl Hasslacher at Los Alamos with U. Frisch and Y. Pomeau. This novel formulation provides a fast, efficient, reliable method for simulating the Navier-Stokes equations and two-phase flow. A modification by Ken Eggert and coworkers is now being applied to model flow through porous media, a problem of great interest to oil companies. Norman Doggett and Judy Tesmer examine a gel at the Laboratory’s Center for Human Genome Studies. The Human Genome Project, a joint DOE-NIH effort, was largely conceived at a DOE meeting in Santa Fe in 1986. Researchers at the Los Alamos Center developed a widely used technique for fingerprinting DNA, discovered the human telomere (the se- quence at the ends of every human chromosome), are developing physical maps of several human chromosomes, and are preparing chromosome-specific libraries of clones, which are extremely useful in physical-mapping projects. -
A European Success Story the Joint European Torus
EFDA JET JETJETJET LEAD ING DEVICE FOR FUSION STUDIES HOLDER OF THE WORLD RECORD OF FUSION POWER PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS STRONGLY FOCUSSED ON THE PREPARATION FOR ITER EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE USED UNDER THE EUROPEAN FUSION DEVELOPEMENT AGREEMENT THE JOINT EUROPEAN TORUS A EUROPEAN SUCCESS STORY EFDA Fusion: the Energy of the Sun If the temperature of a gas is raised above 10,000 °C virtually all of the atoms become ionised and electrons separate from their nuclei. The result is a complete mix of electrons and ions with the sum of all charges being very close to zero as only small charge imbalance is allowed. Thus, the ionised gas remains almost neutral throughout. This constitutes a fourth state of matter called plasma, with a wide range of unique features. D Deuterium 3He Helium 3 The sun, and similar stars, are sphe- Fusion D T Tritium res of plasma composed mainly of Li Lithium hydrogen. The high temperature, 4He Helium 4 3He Energy U Uranium around 15 million °C, is necessary released for the pressure of the plasma to in Fusion T balance the inward gravitational for- ces. Under these conditions it is pos- Li Fission sible for hydrogen nuclei to fuse together and release energy. Nuclear binding energy In a terrestrial system the aim is to 4He U produce the ‘easiest’ fusion reaction Energy released using deuterium and tritium. Even in fission then the rate of fusion reactions becomes large enough only at high JG97.362/4c Atomic mass particle energy. Therefore, when the Dn required nuclear reactions result from the thermal motions of the nuclei, so-called thermonuclear fusion, it is necessary to achieve u • extremely high temperatures, of at least 100 million °C. -
Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4
P/2488 USA Operational Characteristics of the Stabilized Toroidal Pinch Machine, Perhapsatron S-4 By J. P. Conner, D. C. H age r m an, J. L. Honsaker, H. J. Karr, J. P. Mize, J. E. Osher, J. A. Phillips and E. J. Stovall Jr. Several investigators1"6 have reported initial success largely inductance-limited and not resistance-limited in stabilizing a pinched discharge through the utiliza- as observed in PS-3. After gas breakdown about 80% tion of an axial Bz magnetic field and conducting of the condenser voltage appears around the secondary, walls, and theoretical work,7"11 with simplifying in agreement with the ratio of source and load induct- assumptions, predicts stabilization under these con- ances. The rate of increase of gas current is at first ditions. At Los Alamos this approach has been large, ~1.3xlOn amp/sec, until the gas current examined in linear (Columbus) and toroidal (Per- contracts to cause an increase in inductance, at which hapsatron) geometries. time the gas current is a good approximation to a sine Perhapsatron S-3 (PS-3), described elsewhere,4 was curve. The gas current maximum is found to rise found to be resistance-limited in that the discharge linearly with primary voltage (Fig. 3), deviating as current did not increase significantly for primary expected at the higher voltages because of saturation vçltages over 12 kv (120 volts/cm). The minor inside of the iron core. diameter of this machine was small, 5.3 cm, and the At the discharge current maximum, the secondary onset of impurity light from wall material in the voltage is not zero, and if one assumes that there is discharge occurred early in the gas current cycle. -
A Comparison of Advanced Nuclear Technologies
A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D MARCH 2017 B | CHAPTER NAME ABOUT THE CENTER ON GLOBAL ENERGY POLICY The Center on Global Energy Policy provides independent, balanced, data-driven analysis to help policymakers navigate the complex world of energy. We approach energy as an economic, security, and environmental concern. And we draw on the resources of a world-class institution, faculty with real-world experience, and a location in the world’s finance and media capital. Visit us at energypolicy.columbia.edu facebook.com/ColumbiaUEnergy twitter.com/ColumbiaUEnergy ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS SIPA’s mission is to empower people to serve the global public interest. Our goal is to foster economic growth, sustainable development, social progress, and democratic governance by educating public policy professionals, producing policy-related research, and conveying the results to the world. Based in New York City, with a student body that is 50 percent international and educational partners in cities around the world, SIPA is the most global of public policy schools. For more information, please visit www.sipa.columbia.edu A COMPARISON OF ADVANCED NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES Andrew C. Kadak, Ph.D* MARCH 2017 *Andrew C. Kadak is the former president of Yankee Atomic Electric Company and professor of the practice at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He continues to consult on nuclear operations, advanced nuclear power plants, and policy and regulatory matters in the United States. He also serves on senior nuclear safety oversight boards in China. He is a graduate of MIT from the Nuclear Science and Engineering Department. -
History of Radiation and Nuclear Disasters in the Former USSR
History of radiation and nuclear disasters in the former USSR M.V.Malko Institute of Power Engineering National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Akademicheskaya Str.15, Minsk, 220 000, Republic of Belarus E-mail: [email protected] Abstracts. The report describes the history of radiation and nuclear accidents in the former USSR. These accidents accompanied development of military and civilian use of nuclear energy. Some of them as testing of the first Soviet nuclear, Kyshtym radiation accident, radiation contamination of the Karachai lake and the Techa river, nuclear accidents at the Soviet submarine on August 10, 1985 in the Chazhma Bay (near Vladivostok) as well as nuclear accidents on April 26, 1986 at the Chernobyl NPP were of large scale causing significant radiological problems for many hundreds thousands of people. There were a number of important reasons of these and other accidents. The most important among them were time pressure by development of nuclear weapon, an absence of required financial and material means for adequate management of problems of nuclear and radiation safety, and inadequate understanding of harmful interaction of ionizing radiation on organism as well as a hypersecrecy by realization of projects of military and civilian use of nuclear energy in the former USSR. Introduction. The first nuclear reactor in the USSR reached the critical state on the 25 December 1946 [1] or 4 years later than reactor constructed by Enrico Fermi [2]. The first Soviet reactor was developed at the Laboratory N2 in Moscow (later I.V.Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy). This was a very important step in a realization of the Soviet military atomic program that began in September 1942. -
1 Looking Back at Half a Century of Fusion Research Association Euratom-CEA, Centre De
Looking Back at Half a Century of Fusion Research P. STOTT Association Euratom-CEA, Centre de Cadarache, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France. This article gives a short overview of the origins of nuclear fusion and of its development as a potential source of terrestrial energy. 1 Introduction A hundred years ago, at the dawn of the twentieth century, physicists did not understand the source of the Sun‘s energy. Although classical physics had made major advances during the nineteenth century and many people thought that there was little of the physical sciences left to be discovered, they could not explain how the Sun could continue to radiate energy, apparently indefinitely. The law of energy conservation required that there must be an internal energy source equal to that radiated from the Sun‘s surface but the only substantial sources of energy known at that time were wood or coal. The mass of the Sun and the rate at which it radiated energy were known and it was easy to show that if the Sun had started off as a solid lump of coal it would have burnt out in a few thousand years. It was clear that this was much too shortœœthe Sun had to be older than the Earth and, although there was much controversy about the age of the Earth, it was clear that it had to be older than a few thousand years. The realization that the source of energy in the Sun and stars is due to nuclear fusion followed three main steps in the development of science. -
Citizen Scientist: Frank Von Hippel's Adventures in Nuclear Arms Control
JOURNAL FOR PEACE AND NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2019.1698504 Citizen Scientist: Frank von Hippel’s Adventures in Nuclear Arms Control PART 2. Engaging with nuclear-weapons policy Frank von Hippel and Tomoko Kurokawa ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This section covers von Hippel’s first engagement with nuclear- Received 11 September 2019 weapons issues, starting with a review of a US Secretary of Defense’s Accepted 26 November 2019 fi claim that a Soviet nuclear rst strike on US nuclear weapons would kill KEYWORDS – ff only 15,000 25,000 people, through his e orts to revive the proposal Limited nuclear war; spent for a treaty to ban the production of more plutonium and highly- fuel reprocessing; nuclear- enriched uranium for nuclear weapons, and ending with the begin- weapons freeze movement; ning of a collaboration with a group of Gorbachev’s advisors to end the automobile energy Cold War. It also includes his and his colleagues’ engagement in the efficiency; fissile material successful effort to end the US government’s promotion of of a nuclear production cutoff weapons material, plutonium, as a nuclear fuel, and a failed effort to require the doubling of the average fuel efficiency of US automobiles. Limited Nuclear War Tomoko Kurakawa (TK): Before you left the National Research Council in 1975, did you do any work related to nuclear-weapon policy? Frank von Hippel (FvH): I did. It related to the new 10-warhead MX intercontinental ballistic missile1 that then Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger was promoting. Schlesinger presented his arguments to the Senate Foreign Affairs Committee in March 1974. -
Fusion: the Way Ahead
Fusion: the way ahead Feature: Physics World March 2006 pages 20 - 26 The recent decision to build the world's largest fusion experiment - ITER - in France has thrown down the gauntlet to fusion researchers worldwide. Richard Pitts, Richard Buttery and Simon Pinches describe how the Joint European Torus in the UK is playing a key role in ensuring ITER will demonstrate the reality of fusion power At a Glance: Fusion power • Fusion is the process whereby two light nuclei bind to form a heavier nucleus with the release of energy • Harnessing fusion on Earth via deuterium and tritium reactions would lead to an environmentally friendly and almost limitless energy source • One promising route to fusion power is to magnetically confine a hot, dense plasma inside a doughnut-shaped device called a tokamak • The JET tokamak provides a vital testing ground for understanding the physics and technologies necessary for an eventual fusion reactor • ITER is due to power up in 2016 and will be the next step towards a demonstration fusion power plant, which could be operational by 2035 By 2025 the Earth's population is predicted to reach eight billion. By the turn of the next century it could be as many as 12 billion. Even if the industrialized nations find a way to reduce their energy consumption, this unprecedented increase in population - coupled with rising prosperity in the developing world - will place huge demands on global energy supplies. As our primary sources of energy - fossil fuels - begin to run out, and burning them causes increasing environmental concerns, the human race faces the challenge of finding new energy sources. -
DISTRIBUTION of THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED Temperatures in the Range 5-10 Kev Are Still Needed, but the Lawson Number Can Be Reduced to the Low 10 Cm Sec Range
TFTR and Other Large Tokamaks Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey 08544 H.P. Furth CONF-8604223—1 DE86 012761 Introduction The near-term goal of fusion research is to produce deuterium-tritium plasmas with temperatures above 10 keV and Lawson numbers nTE above 10 cm sec. As indicated in Fig. 1, experiments entering this parameter range will be able to satisfy Lawson's break-even criterion, where the fusion power output equals the required plasma-heating-power input (Q = 1 ). The ultimate reactor goal is to reach equilibrium-burn conditions, where the energetic alpha particles generated by the D-T reaction are sufficient to maintain the plasma temperature against all heat losses (Q = °°). At the outset of the international controlled-fusion research effort in the 19 50's, Lawson's goal seemed intimidatingly remote from experimental capabilities. During the following ten years, substantial scientific progress was made, but the rate of advance in the Lawson diagram was not such as to inspire confidence that the fusion program would reach fruition within the lifetime of its pioneers. The notable success of the Kurchatov Institute's T-3 tokamak during 1968-69 brightened the outlook considerably. The tokamak configuration was recognized as a cost-effective experimental tool and has permitted steady progress during subsequent decades. World-wide recognition of the favorable experimental opportunity for entry into the reactor plasma regime led to the initiation, in the mid-1970's, of four large new tokamak projects (Table I). Plans for the Joint European Torus (JET) were defined in 1971-73: th_ very large plasma size and high current of the JET plasma offered a potential for exceeding the Lawson break- even criterion and possibly evan reaching ignition in D-T plasmas.