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Gene Flow Analysis from Rice Into Wild/Weedy Relatives in the Neo-Tropics: Morphological and Phenological Characterization of Red Rice Paola Ruiz1, Juan J

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Gene Flow Analysis from Rice Into Wild/Weedy Relatives in the Neo-Tropics: Morphological and Phenological Characterization of Red Rice Paola Ruiz1, Juan J Gene Flow Analysis from Rice into Wild/Weedy Relatives in the Neo-Tropics: Morphological and Phenological Characterization of Red Rice Paola Ruiz1, Juan J. Vásquez1, Edgar Corredor2, Luisa F. Fory1, Adriana Mora1, Eliana González1, James Silva1, Myriam C. Duque1, and Zaida Lentini 1. 1International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). A.A. 6313. Cali, Colombia. 2Fedearroz. Bogotá, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Funding from GTZ, Germany. Project No. 99.7860.2-001.00 Introduction Results and Discussion L1FedH/1/2112 L1FedH/3/2112 L1FedH/4/2112 L1FedH/8/2112 L1FedH/9/2112 L1FedH/20/2112 L7FedT/16/2112 L5Ory1/2/2112 L5Ory1/7/2112 L5Ory1/11/2112 L5Ory1/13/2112 L5Ory1/14/2112 L5Ory1/18/2112 L5Ory1/22/2112 L5Ory1/23/2112 L5Ory1/28/2112 L5Ory1/36/2112 Seed parameters allowed a better characterization of the red rice populations L5Ory1/71/2112 L5Ory1/66/2112 Group 1 L1FedH/21/2122 L5Ory1/51/2122 L3Copr/1/2122 L3Copr/11/2122 L7FedT/18/2122 Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives sometimes brings L5Ory1/8/2122 100% with awn L5Ory1/67/2122 L7FedT/8/2142 collected. The analysis of the 1650 seeds indicated broad husk color diversity, L5Ory1/19/2142 L5Ory1/64/2142 L5Ory1/25/2132 L1FedH/2/2115 L1FedH/6/2115 L1FedH/10/2115 genes into wild populations, occasionally resulting in the evolution of L1FedH/11/2115 L1FedH/15/2115 L7FedT/6/2115 L5Ory1/9/2115 varying from pale yellowish color (alike the commercial varieties) to dark L5Ory1/29/2115 L5Ory1/33/2115 L5Ory1/65/2115 L1FedH/5/2125 L5Ory1/38/2125 L5Ory1/49/2125 aggressive weeds and/ or endangerment of rare species. Transgenic crops L5Ory1/43/2145 L5Ory1/63/2145 L4Cima/13/2117 L5Ory1/30/2117 brown color (alike the wild rice species) (Figure 2). The widest diversity was L5Ory1/20/2117 L5Ory1/31/2117 L4Cima/15/2117 Cimarron L5Ory1/70/2117 L5Ory1/68/2117 Group 2 L7FedT/12/2111 may also result in similar outcomes. The likelihood of crop-to-wild L5Ory1/32/2111 L5Ory1/24/2111 Coprosem 1 1 L5Ory1/54/2111 L1FedH/12/0111 noted in the populations derived from the Oryzica 1 and Fedearroz 50 plots, L2FedH/1/0111 83% without awn L4Cima/9/0111 VaCima/1/0111 VaCopr/1/0111 Oryzica 1 VaOry1/1/0111 VaFede/1/0111 hybridization depends on the out-cross rate, and on distance and direction L5Ory1/12/0114 L5Ory1/53/0118 L5Ory1/58/0118 L6FedT/3/0117 where about 50% of the red rice biotypes showed grains with husk color alike Fedearroz 50 L5Ory1/40/0117 L5Ory1/44/0117 L5Ory1/62/0117 L5Ory1/52/0117 L5Ory1/50/0117 between wild and crop populations. Cultivated rice, O. sativa L., is an L5Ory1/45/0117 L6FedT/2/0147 L7FedT/11/0125 L7FedT/13/0125 the corresponding commercial variety, from 2% to 15% of biotypes had husk L5Ory1/42/0125 L1FedH/13/0115 L1FedH/17/0115 L5Ory1/47/0115 L3Copr/16/0115 L5Ory1/41/0115 autogamous plant, with a low out crossing rate of 0-1% (Roberts et al. L5Ory1/1/0115 L5Ory1/57/0115 L5Ory1/5/0115 L5Ory1/6/0115 color alike the wild rice species, and the other biotypes with husk colors L5Ory1/10/0115 L5Ory1/17/0115 L4Cima/1/0737 L4Cima/2/0737 L4Cima/6/0737 L4Cima/7/0735 1961). Rice is an introduced species in the Neotropics from Africa and L4Cima/3/0137 L5Ory1/37/0137 L5Ory1/59/0137 L4Cima/4/0137 corresponding to either golden, golden stripes,or brown stripes. In contrast, L7FedT/4/0131 L5Ory1/55/0138 L4Cima/11/3137 L4Cima/17/3137 L4Cima/16/3137 L4Cima/14/3137 Asia, but with wild/weedy relatives including wild native species in L4Cima/12/3137 Group 3 L6FedT/1/0124 L1FedH/14/2121 about 40% of the red rice biotypes derived from the Coprosem 1 and Cimarron L7FedT/17/2127 L5Ory1/35/2137 L1FedH/18/0112 95% dark brown husk L1FedH/22/0112 L3Copr/2/0112 L3Copr/12/0112 L5Ory1/15/0112 Central and South America. Hybridization can be expected within the L3Copr/15/0112 L5Ory1/27/0112 96% dark brown awn L3Copr/3/0122 plots showed dark brown grains alike the wild species, 0% and 10% of the red L5Ory1/39/0122 L3Copr/4/0122 L3Copr/7/0122 L7FedT/15/0122 L5Ory1/16/0122 100% dark brown apiculus L7FedT/5/0132 L5Ory1/26/0132 genomic group that includes O. sativa, viz., the AA group. The wild L5Ory1/21/0132 L5Ory1/46/3132 L5Ory1/61/3132 rice with grains alike the varieties, and only one or two of the other husk color L4Cima/5/0732 L4Cima/8/0732 L3Copr/10/7715 L7FedT/14/2745 L7FedT/9/0945 Or L2FedH/2/79102 relatives of AA genome, which are found in Central and South America L2FedH/3/79102 L2FedH/4/79102 L3Copr/6/79102 SiOruf/1/79102 categories. Similar patterns were noted when the awn, the apiculus, and the L3Copr/13/79102 L3Copr/14/79102 L4Cima/18/79102 L4Cima/20/79102 L4Cima/21/79102 L7FedT/3/79102 and may hybridize with the rice crop, include O. rufipogon and O. Og L4Cima/10/7942 L4Cima/19/29102 SiOgla/1/79102 L3Copr/5/79105 pericarp were characterized. L5Ory1/48/79105 L3Copr/8/79105 L7FedT/10/79105 Ob L3Copr/9/79107 SiObar/1/79106 L7FedT/2/79107 glumaepatula (Oka and Chang, 1961;Vaughan and Tomooka, 1999). Red L7FedT/1/79107 L4Cima/22/79107 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a weedy rice with a red pericarp and Ob Or Og Euclidian distance dark-colored grains. The seeds shatter readily and possess dormancy Figure 4. Coordinate principal component analysis using 16 qualitative morphological parameters. characteristics. The plants typically are tall, late maturing, and have Ob Or Og Ob = O. barthii; Or = O. rufipogon; Og = O. glaberrima pubescent leaves and hulls (Figure 1). In contrast to Asia where manual V V transplanting is still predominant, in tropical America direct seeding of red rice-contaminated seed source is common, making red rice the most Ob Or Og 130 Fedearroz 50 Coprosem 1 Cimarron Fedearroz 50 Varieties serious weed problem. Genes from rice varieties may transfer quickly into V Huila Tolima red rice (1% to 52% hybridization rate)(Langevin et al. 1990). However, Ob Or 120 most of the hybridization rate estimates have been done under temperate V conditions. This work is part of a project directed to analyze the gene flow from non-transgenic or transgenic rice into wild/weedy relatives in the BD 110 Neotropics, and its effect(s) on the population genetic structure of the Figure 2. Seed color variation in red rice from field samples. Ob = O. barthii; Or = O. rufipogon; Og = O. glaberrima; v = rice variety recipient species. A correlation analysis between grain length and grain width also showed that 100 the red rice populations derived from the Coprosem 1 and Cimarron field plots were the least diverse, and clearly distinct from the rice varieties. The Days to Flowering 90 A red rice population derived from the Oryzica 1 plot was the most diverse. While some biotypes showed shorter and thicker grains alike the wild species O. rufipogon and O. glaberrima, others showed long and slender grains alike 80 1 1 0 8 n 5 o a a - 123 4 67 r the varieties, and some biotypes were in between the wild species and the m c c r d i e i a e s z C o y F BC D m r crop (Figure 3). Few of the samples from the Fedearroz 50 plot had long and r A i p O Field Plot C slender grains. Oryza barthii had extra long and thick grains (Figure 3). o C Figure 1. (A) Rice variety; (B) Red rice plant; (C) Seed shattering from red rice Those red rice biotypes undistinguishable from the variety by their grain traits panicle; (D) Red rice plant showing red ligules and tiller. 130 still showed seed shattering characteristic of the weedy rice. Oryzica 1 Varieties Ob Ob Or Objective Or 120 Og Og Setting up tools to assess gene flow from transgenic and non-transgenic rice into red rice under field conditions. As a first step a morphological Width (mm) Width (mm) 110 and phenological characterization was conducted from field specimens Cimarron Corposem 1 1 collected from farmer’s fields in the main rice-cropping region of AB Largo (mm) Largo (mm) 3.4 Colombia, South America. 100 Ob Ob 3.2 Or Or 3.0 Og Fedearroz 50 Og Days to Flowering Materials and methods 2.8 90 Width (mm) 2.6 Collection of Red Rice Samples in the Field Width (mm) 2.4 Various commercial rice field plots were selected at Tolima, the major Oryzica 1 CD2.2 80 8.5 9.5 10.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 1 1 0 8 n rice-cropping area in Colombia. Plots with known cropping history were Largo (mm) Largo (mm) 5 o a a - r m c c r d i e i a e s selected. Plots had been planted with the same variety for at least the last z Figure 3. Distribution of grain size according to length and width of red rice samples (red points) collected Field Plot C o y F m r r i p O from each plot (A) Cimarron; (B) Coprosem 1; (C) Fedearroz 50; and (D) Oryzica 1. Arrows indicate each C eight growing seasons (two years), and included one of the 4 more widely o grown commercial varieties: Fedearroz 50 currently grown by 80% of corresponding variety (blue points).
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