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Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata Through Mutation Induction

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Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata Through Mutation Induction Journal of Food Science and Engineering 6 (2016) 82-89 doi: 10.17265/2159-5828/2016.01.004 D DAVID PUBLISHING Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata through Mutation Induction Fousseyni Cissé and Medoune Papa Khouma Institut d’Economie Rurale (IER), Centre Régional de la Recherche Agronomique (CRRA), Sikasso, BP.16, Mali Abstract: Influence of a mutation to improve the undesirable traits (shattering, red caryopsis etc.) of wild rice O. longistaminata while preserving its useful genes by radiation 20 Kr gamma rays from 60Co was studied. The mutants issued this irradiation were crossed with the interspecific variety SIK385-b-42-28-28 (O. glaberrima x O. sativa). Irradiation followed by crossing with interspecific variety generated a large genetic variability, in the subsequent generations, in plant height, maturity, non-shattering grain, kernel colour, spikelets fertility, panicle length, and grain size. This has resulted in identification of promising mutants which possess all the traits of cultivated rice O. sativa (white kernel, non-shattering grain, secondary branchies etc.). During 2012 rainy season, nineteen selected mutants from M5 and M7 generations were evaluated for yield potential in replicated trials at Longorola station. Key words: Wild rice, Oryza longistaminata, mutagenesis, mutants. 1. Introduction inland Niger River Delta), the approaches of rivers [11]. In Mali, it constitutes a dreadful weed in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the world’s most important different rice ecosystems namely irrigated, controlled cereal crop and is the staplefood for more than half of submersion and non-controlled, and floating in the the world’s population [1]. It is grown annually on inland Niger River Delta. nearly 155 million ha with a production of more than O. longistaminata is a perennial weed which 660 million metric tons. More than 90% of this propagation is done by both rhizomes and seeds, but production is produced and consumed in Asia, but it is spikelet fertility is below 50%. The seeds, with red also a staplefood in Africa [2-4]. However, the gap caryopses are consumed by nomads in the inner Niger between the domestic production and demand is also Delta, while the straws are used as fodder for animals increasing [5, 6] and Africa relies on imported and building materials. rice [7, 8]. It is also an immense pool of useful genes for The genus Oryza comprises 24 species, including 2 resistance to some major stresses and has a good cultivated (O. sativa and O. glaberrima) and 22 wild effect in the low input conditions. These species with diverse ecological adaptation [9, 10]. characteristics are used in the improvement of Among the 22 species of wild rice, Oryza cultivated O. sativa rice for resistance to a large longistaminata and Oryza barthii are from number of insects and diseases and low input [12, 13]. Sub-Saharan region in Africa and have deepwater and However, the use of the wild species in particular O. floating forms. Compared to O. barthii, natural Longistaminata in the programs of selection remains habitats of O. longistaminata are very varied. It is still minimal because of the barriers of incompatibility found in piped and stagnant water, in backwaters dried, between them and the rice cultivated O. sativa. in very deep water (in water up to 4 m deep in the Apart from their use in improving O. sativa as sources of resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, Corresponding author: Fousseyni Cissé, MSc, research field: Rice breeding. international research has not engaged in the past in Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata through Mutation Induction 83 attempts to improve the use or productivity of wild During 2006 off-season (January to May), the M2 rice species. However, mutagenesis by irradiation can population of 1,000 plants was grown, using the same achieve the development of mutants which combined design, spacing and cultural management. A total of resistance to grain shattering with high productivity as five mutants, with red caryopses, were identified, of shown for O. Glaberrima [14]. This will greatly which one fertile and four partially sterile. The ratoons advanced farmer’s utilization of wild rice. This of the four mutants partially sterile were crossed with example was applied to O. Longistaminata in 2005. an interspecific variety SIK385-b-42-28-28 (O. This study aims to improve the productivity of O. glaberrima x O. sativa). During the rainy season, the longistaminata through improvement of its seeds collected on the fertile plant were planted in M3 undesirable characters (red caryopsis, lack of generation, while the F0 seeds collected from crosses secondary branches, high sterility rate of spikelets etc.) were advanced in F1 generation. in order to widen the range of cultivated rice varieties In the subsequent generations, desirable progenies under the different rice ecologies. were selected on the basis of presence of secondary 2. Materials and Methods branchies, non-shattering of grain, plant height, duration, caryopses colour, yieding ability etc. 2.1 Plant Material During 2012 rainy season, nineteen fixed lines were We used wild population rice Oryza longistaminata evaluated for yield in replicated trials at Longorola of Longorola station. station, under Rainfed lowland condition. The design used was complete randomized bloc design with three 2.2 Irradiation Seed of Oryza Longistaminata replications. The plot size was 5 m × 2 m. The same About 100 g of seed collected in wild populations cultural management was used. The nineteen lines of Oryza longistaminata (Fig. 1) in Longorola station were divided into two series of experiments. The first were irradiated with 20 Kr gamma rays from a 60Co set comprising ten lines, was conducted in the shallow source at the International Atomic Energy Agency fringe (water level < 25 cm), and the second with 9 (IAEA) Laboratory, Seibersdorf, with dose of 20 krad, lines in the medium fringe (water level > 25 cm). in January, 2005. 2.4 Evaluation for Agronomic and Morphological 2.3 Sow Seed of Oryza Longistaminata Characteristics During 2005 rainy season (June to October), treated The mutant rice variety SIK350-A150, from O. seed and control (O. longistaminata) were sown in a glaberrima, was used as the experimental control field at Longorola station, under Rainfed lowland because their original parent (O. longistaminata) is condition, in isolation to avoid cross-pollination. photosensitive and non-productive. In both trials, Seeding method was transplanting at 1 plant/hill with various agronomic and morphological characters, 20 cm between and within rows. Simple including non- shattering of grain, grain colour, plant non-replicated block design was used. Basal fertilizer, height, days from seeding to flowering (50%), days at rate of 200 kg/ha of NPK (14-22-12), was applied at from seeding to maturity, panicle length, grain size, planting. The topdressing fertilizer was applied at 1000-grain weight, spike lets fertility, number of tillering (50 kg/ha of urea), and at panicle initiation spikelets/panicle, grain yield were recorded following (50 kg/ha of urea). At maturity, the seeds collected on the Standard Evaluation System for rice (SES) of 1,000 surviving M1 plants were bulked because of International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The data their high sterility. collected were subjected to analysis of variance 84 Improvement of Wild Rice Oryza Longistaminata through Mutation Induction (ANOVA), using STATBOX 6.1. The means were longistaminata. compared using the NEWMANN-KEULS test. In terms of photoperiod, about 99% of generated mutants revealed photoperiod- insensitive while the 3. Results and Discussion remained the (1%) were photosensitive like O. 3.1 Selection in the Subsequent Generations longistaminata. One of the progenies of M2 generation, planted in February 2006, did not flower and remained Induction of mutation in wild rice O. vegetation during 15 months; at maturity the grain size longistaminata allowed to generate a high genetic were greatly reduced with a length less than 3 mm. In variability. Five mutants of which one fertile and four M4 generation, another photosensitive progeny have partially sterile which differed the rest for characters been identified. Its cycle from sowing to maturity was such as presence of secondary branchies, 11 months against 5 months maximum for other non-shattering of grain, panicle length, plant height progenies. were identified. But the caryopsis colour was the same Concerning a root system, all selected mutants has a for all the M2 plants (red). The ratoons from the fasciculate root compared to the rhizomes of their partially sterile plants were crossed with an original parent (Figs. 3 and 4). interspecific variety SIK385-b-42-28-28. The fertile mutant was advanced in M3 generation during the rainy season in 2006. Several mutants which changed caryopse colour from red to white with secondary branchies on the panicle, and improved other characters such as early in maturity, reduction of plant height, non-shattering of grain were selected and advanced to next generation. As for the seed from the crosses, they were advanced in F1. The selections were made from M2 generation onwards. In the subsequent generations, a lot of variation in grain size, kernel colour, non-shattering of grain, plant heigth, days to maturity, root system, plant Fig. 1 Some panicle of mutants and original parent (O. heigth were observed (Figs. 1 and 2). longistaminata). Some of the lines generated were already fixed in M3 and M4 generations. Among of them, there are DKA-M1, DKA-M2, DKA-M6, DKA-M7, and DKA-M13. In the framework of Breeding Task Force of Africa rice, some of them were evaluated in many countries. DKA-M2 and DKA-M7 have inherited the elongation characters of O. longistaminata. When grown under deepwater and floating conditions, these two mutants elongated. For example DKA-M2 with normal heigth of 100 cm under normal soil conditions, elongated in 210 cm of water under floating condition.
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