See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279519750 How Taxonomic Relations Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin Article in Food Biophysics · July 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s11483-015-9404-5 CITATIONS READS 0 194 12 authors, including: Ingrida Šatkauskienė Algimantas Paulauskas Vytautas Magnus University Vytautas Magnus University 22 PUBLICATIONS 50 CITATIONS 68 PUBLICATIONS 520 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Vaida Tubelyte Osman Seyyar Vytautas Magnus University Ömer Halisdemir University 18 PUBLICATIONS 39 CITATIONS 41 PUBLICATIONS 114 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Systematical Studies on the Family Elateridae (Coleoptera) in Central Anatolian and Middle Black Sea Regions View project DOĞU KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FAMİLYASI VE ALEOCHARİNAE VE STENİNAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLİNİDAE) ALTFAMİLYALARI ÜZERİNDE SİSTEMATİK ÇALIŞMALAR View project All content following this page was uploaded by Idris Sargın on 09 July 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Food Biophysics DOI 10.1007/s11483-015-9404-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE How Taxonomic Relations Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin Murat Kaya1 & Vykintas Baublys2 & Idris Sargin3 & Ingrida Šatkauskienė2 & Algimantas Paulauskas2 & Bahar Akyuz1 & Esra Bulut1 & Vaida Tubelytė2 & Talat Baran4 & Osman Seyyar5 & Mahmut Kabalak6 & Huseyin Yurtmen5 Received: 23 February 2015 /Accepted: 1 June 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015 Abstract Chitin specimens from 16 arthropod species (13 of be higher than the other orders in Insecta. This study revealed Insecta and 3 of Arachnida) were isolated for the first time that the chitin contents and CrI values can be related to taxo- using the same method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrom- nomical relationships. etry (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray dif- fraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Keywords Insecta . Arachnida . Chitin . Characterisation . elemental analysis have been applied to determine how phys- Crystallinity icochemical properties of chitin specimens are affected by taxonomic relationship. The characterisation studies revealed that physicochemical nature of the chitin specimens differed greatly and were found partially specific to taxa. Significant Introduction differences in the surface morphologies of chitin specimens were observed even in the same order. However, the chitin Chitin, a biopolymer with such excellent characteristics as contents were recorded to be specific to the order in the class nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and antimicro- Insecta. The highest chitin content was observed in Coleoptera bial, antioxidant and antitumor activities, has wider applica- (18.2–25.2 %) followed by Hemiptera (10.6–14.5 %), Odon- tions in pharmacy, medicine, food processing, textile, agricul- ata (9.5–10.1 %), Hymenoptera (7.8–9.3 %), Diptera (8.1 %), ture and wastewater treatment, and extreme biomimetics Blattodea (4.7 %). In addition, the crystalline index (CrI) [1–4]. Physicochemical characteristics of chitin determine values of chitin specimens from Coleoptera were found to how it can be exploited effectively in these areas [5]. Chitin isolation literature has demonstrated that two main parameters govern the physicochemical properties of chitin; (i) the isola- * Murat Kaya tion method and (ii) the source of chitin, i.e., the organism [email protected] from which the chitin has been extracted [5, 6]. Many studies conducted on chitin isolation so far have focused on the meth- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of od rather than the source [7–10]. The effect of source on phys- Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey icochemical characteristics of chitin remains to be clarified. 2 Department of Biology, Vytautas Magnus University, Likewise, the role of taxonomic relations in the characteristics 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania of chitin should be illustrated. 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Some properties of chitin are significantly affected by the 42075 Konya, Turkey origin. To exemplify, Kaya et al. [11] demonstrated that chitin 4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray specimens from two spider species belonging to the same fam- University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey ily had different surface morphology and crystallinity. Another 5 Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Niğde University, study reported that chitin specimens isolated from two grass- 51200 Niğde, Turkey hopper species in the same genus exhibited different physico- 6 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, chemical properties [12]. It is obvious that the source acts on the 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey physicochemical nature of the chitin. But, which Food Biophysics characteristics of chitin can vary to what extent depend- Materials and Method ing on the chitin source should be studied with more species. Sample Collections Many characterisation studies have been conducted on the chitin specimens of shrimp, crayfish, crab and krill belonging Table 1 lists the localities of the samples and the col- to the phylum of Arthropoda [13, 14]. Therefore, the qualities lection dates. The samples were allowed to air-dry at of chitin specimens from these organisms have been known room temperature. The dried whole bodies of the organ- well. On the other hand, little literature is available on the isms were rinsed with water to remove any particulate chitin from Insecta and Arachnida. Some researches isolated matter on them. Then, the samples were kept in an oven and characterized chitin specimens from different insect spe- at 50 °C for a week. Dried samples were crushed into cies [15–18]. These researchers compared insect chitin speci- powder in a mortar. To ensure size consistency, the mens with the commercial chitin or with chitin specimens powdered samples were sieved with a 100 μmsieve. from commonly known sources (shrimp and crab). But none of these studies evaluated the properties of isolated chitin in Chitin Isolation Procedure terms of taxonomical relations. The present study was conducted on 16 species (be- Powdered sample from each organism was treated with longingto8orders;13speciesfromInsectaand3spe- 2 M of HCl solution at 100 °C under reflux for 2 h to cies from Arachnida) to determine their chitin contents remove the minerals. Then, the sample was filtrated out and to analyse physical and chemical nature of the chi- with a filter paper (0.5 μm) and rinsed with distilled tin specimens of these species that have never been water to the neutrality. To carry out the deproteinization, studied before in terms of taxonomic relationship. the demineralised sample was transferred into 2 M of Table 1 Sampling localities and dates Samples Locations and coordinates Sampling date CLASS INSECTA Order: Blattodea Blattella germanica Cultured samples in the laboratory 27.10.2013 Order: Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Blaps tibialis Bakirdagi Village, Kayseri, Turkey 04.09.2013 Cetonia aurata Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Geotrupes stercorarius Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Order: Diptera Calliphora vicina Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 16.10.2013 Order: Hemiptera Coreus marginatus Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Lygaeus equestris Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 21.10.2013 Pyrrhocoris apterus Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 21.10.2013 Order: Hymenoptera Bombus lapidarius Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park), Lithuania 19.05.2012 Formica clara Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 14.09.2013 Order Odonata Cordulia aenea Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park, Lithuania) 15.05.2012 Libellula quadrimaculata Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park), Lithuania 17.05.2012 CLASS ARACHNIDA Order: Araneae Argiope bruennichi Skriaudziu geomorphological park, Lithuania 20.07.2010 Chaetopelma olivaceum Ilemin Village, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey 20.06.2014 Order: Ixodida Ixodes ricinus Nemunas delta regional park, Lithuania 13.06.2014 Food Biophysics NaOH solution and heated under refluxed at 140 °C for DA values were also obtained from the absorbance read- 20 h. The samples were filtrated and washed with dis- ings in the FT-IR spectra; DA values of the samples were tilled water to neutral pH. In the last step, to remove calculated using the following equation: the any pigments or fat content of the sample, the fil- ðÞ trate was placed into a solution of chloroform-metha- Degree of Acetylation DA hi.. nol–water (1:2:4, v:v) and refluxed for 2 h at room : A A Â 100 1:33 ð1Þ temperature. Finally, the material filtrated, washed with 1658 3450 distilled water and dried at 40 °C for 3 days. Upon drying, the samples were weighted to determine the chi- tin content. Results and Discussion Physicochemical Analysis Chitin Content of Sixteen Species at Dry Basis The physicochemical characterisation of the chitin speci- mens from 16 species were carried out as described in The chitin content of the organisms varied in a range of 4.7– earlier papers employing the analysis tools; FTIR, TGA, 25.2 % (Table 2). The highest chitin content in the class Insecta XRD, SEM and elemental analysis [11, 19]. The crystal- were recorded