How Taxonomic Relations Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279519750

Article in Food Biophysics · July 2015 DOI: 10.1007/s11483-015-9404-5

CITATIONS READS 0 194

12 authors, including:

Ingrida Šatkauskienė Algimantas Paulauskas Vytautas Magnus University Vytautas Magnus University

22 PUBLICATIONS 50 CITATIONS 68 PUBLICATIONS 520 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Vaida Tubelyte Osman Seyyar Vytautas Magnus University Ömer Halisdemir University

18 PUBLICATIONS 39 CITATIONS 41 PUBLICATIONS 114 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Systematical Studies on the Family Elateridae (Coleoptera) in Central Anatolian and Middle Black Sea Regions View project

DOĞU KARADENİZ BÖLGESİ ELATERIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FAMİLYASI VE ALEOCHARİNAE VE STENİNAE (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLİNİDAE) ALTFAMİLYALARI ÜZERİNDE SİSTEMATİK ÇALIŞMALAR View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Idris Sargın on 09 July 2015.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Food Biophysics DOI 10.1007/s11483-015-9404-5

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

How Taxonomic Relations Affect the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin

Murat Kaya1 & Vykintas Baublys2 & Idris Sargin3 & Ingrida Šatkauskienė2 & Algimantas Paulauskas2 & Bahar Akyuz1 & Esra Bulut1 & Vaida Tubelytė2 & Talat Baran4 & Osman Seyyar5 & Mahmut Kabalak6 & Huseyin Yurtmen5

Received: 23 February 2015 /Accepted: 1 June 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015

Abstract Chitin specimens from 16 arthropod species (13 of be higher than the other orders in Insecta. This study revealed Insecta and 3 of Arachnida) were isolated for the first time that the chitin contents and CrI values can be related to taxo- using the same method. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrom- nomical relationships. etry (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Keywords Insecta . Arachnida . Chitin . Characterisation . elemental analysis have been applied to determine how phys- Crystallinity icochemical properties of chitin specimens are affected by taxonomic relationship. The characterisation studies revealed that physicochemical nature of the chitin specimens differed greatly and were found partially specific to taxa. Significant Introduction differences in the surface morphologies of chitin specimens were observed even in the same order. However, the chitin Chitin, a biopolymer with such excellent characteristics as contents were recorded to be specific to the order in the class nontoxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability and antimicro- Insecta. The highest chitin content was observed in Coleoptera bial, antioxidant and antitumor activities, has wider applica- (18.2–25.2 %) followed by Hemiptera (10.6–14.5 %), Odon- tions in pharmacy, medicine, food processing, textile, agricul- ata (9.5–10.1 %), Hymenoptera (7.8–9.3 %), Diptera (8.1 %), ture and wastewater treatment, and extreme biomimetics Blattodea (4.7 %). In addition, the crystalline index (CrI) [1–4]. Physicochemical characteristics of chitin determine values of chitin specimens from Coleoptera were found to how it can be exploited effectively in these areas [5]. Chitin isolation literature has demonstrated that two main parameters govern the physicochemical properties of chitin; (i) the isola- * Murat Kaya tion method and (ii) the source of chitin, i.e., the organism [email protected] from which the chitin has been extracted [5, 6]. Many studies conducted on chitin isolation so far have focused on the meth- 1 Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of od rather than the source [7–10]. The effect of source on phys- Science and Letters, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey icochemical characteristics of chitin remains to be clarified. 2 Department of Biology, Vytautas Magnus University, Likewise, the role of taxonomic relations in the characteristics 44404 Kaunas, Lithuania of chitin should be illustrated. 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University, Some properties of chitin are significantly affected by the 42075 Konya, Turkey origin. To exemplify, Kaya et al. [11] demonstrated that chitin 4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Aksaray specimens from two spider species belonging to the same fam- University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey ily had different surface morphology and crystallinity. Another 5 Department of Biology, Science and Arts Faculty, Niğde University, study reported that chitin specimens isolated from two grass- 51200 Niğde, Turkey hopper species in the same genus exhibited different physico- 6 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, chemical properties [12]. It is obvious that the source acts on the 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey physicochemical nature of the chitin. But, which Food Biophysics characteristics of chitin can vary to what extent depend- Materials and Method ing on the chitin source should be studied with more species. Sample Collections Many characterisation studies have been conducted on the chitin specimens of shrimp, crayfish, crab and krill belonging Table 1 lists the localities of the samples and the col- to the phylum of Arthropoda [13, 14]. Therefore, the qualities lection dates. The samples were allowed to air-dry at of chitin specimens from these organisms have been known room temperature. The dried whole bodies of the organ- well. On the other hand, little literature is available on the isms were rinsed with water to remove any particulate chitin from Insecta and Arachnida. Some researches isolated matter on them. Then, the samples were kept in an oven and characterized chitin specimens from different insect spe- at 50 °C for a week. Dried samples were crushed into cies [15–18]. These researchers compared insect chitin speci- powder in a mortar. To ensure size consistency, the mens with the commercial chitin or with chitin specimens powdered samples were sieved with a 100 μmsieve. from commonly known sources (shrimp and crab). But none of these studies evaluated the properties of isolated chitin in Chitin Isolation Procedure terms of taxonomical relations. The present study was conducted on 16 species (be- Powdered sample from each organism was treated with longingto8orders;13speciesfromInsectaand3spe- 2 M of HCl solution at 100 °C under reflux for 2 h to cies from Arachnida) to determine their chitin contents remove the minerals. Then, the sample was filtrated out and to analyse physical and chemical nature of the chi- with a filter paper (0.5 μm) and rinsed with distilled tin specimens of these species that have never been water to the neutrality. To carry out the deproteinization, studied before in terms of taxonomic relationship. the demineralised sample was transferred into 2 M of

Table 1 Sampling localities and dates

Samples Locations and coordinates Sampling date

CLASS INSECTA Order: Blattodea Blattella germanica Cultured samples in the laboratory 27.10.2013 Order: Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Blaps tibialis Bakirdagi Village, Kayseri, Turkey 04.09.2013 Cetonia aurata Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Geotrupes stercorarius Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Order: Diptera Calliphora vicina Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 16.10.2013 Order: Hemiptera Coreus marginatus Reservation Plokštynė (Žemaitija National park), Lithuania 17.05.2014 Lygaeus equestris Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 21.10.2013 Pyrrhocoris apterus Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 21.10.2013 Order: Hymenoptera Bombus lapidarius Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park), Lithuania 19.05.2012 Formica clara Aksaray University Campus, Turkey 14.09.2013 Order Odonata Cordulia aenea Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park, Lithuania) 15.05.2012 Libellula quadrimaculata Village Puvočiai (Dzūkija national park), Lithuania 17.05.2012 CLASS ARACHNIDA Order: Araneae Argiope bruennichi Skriaudziu geomorphological park, Lithuania 20.07.2010 Chaetopelma olivaceum Ilemin Village, Erdemli, Mersin, Turkey 20.06.2014 Order: Ixodida Ixodes ricinus Nemunas delta regional park, Lithuania 13.06.2014 Food Biophysics

NaOH solution and heated under refluxed at 140 °C for DA values were also obtained from the absorbance read- 20 h. The samples were filtrated and washed with dis- ings in the FT-IR spectra; DA values of the samples were tilled water to neutral pH. In the last step, to remove calculated using the following equation: the any pigments or fat content of the sample, the fil- ðÞ trate was placed into a solution of chloroform-metha- Degree of Acetylation DA hi.. nol–water (1:2:4, v:v) and refluxed for 2 h at room : A A Â 100 1:33 ð1Þ temperature. Finally, the material filtrated, washed with 1658 3450 distilled water and dried at 40 °C for 3 days. Upon drying, the samples were weighted to determine the chitin content. Results and Discussion Physicochemical Analysis Chitin Content of Sixteen Species at Dry Basis The physicochemical characterisation of the chitin specimens from 16 species were carried out as described in The chitin content of the organisms varied in a range of 4.7– earlier papers employing the analysis tools; FTIR, TGA, 25.2 % (Table 2). The highest chitin content in the class Insecta XRD, SEM and elemental analysis [11, 19]. The crystal- were recorded for the order Coleoptera (18.2–25.2 %), followed line index (CrI) and degree of acetylation (DA) values of by Hemiptera (10.6–14.5 %), Odonata (9.5–10.1 %), the isolated chitin specimens were performed following Hymenoptra (7.8–9.3 %), Diptera (8.1 %) and Blattodea the same procedure reported in a previous study [11]. (4.7 %). Relatively lower chitin content was determined for

Table 2 Chitin content of 16 species and elemental analysis results of the isolated chitin specimens

Chitin samples isolated from N (%) C (%) H (%) DA (%) (EA) DA (%) (FT-IR) Content of chitin (%)

CLASS: INSECTA Order: Blattodea Blattella germanica 6.84 46.28 6.84 94.5 127 4.7 Order: Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus 6.35 40.6 7.66 72.9 125 20.1 Blaps tibialis 6.43 45.17 6.85 109.6 105 25.2 Cetonia aurata 6.87 43.6 7.13 70.1 128 18.2 Geotrupes stercorarius 6.77 43.1 6.49 71.3 112 20.4 Order: Diptera Calliphora vicina 6.79 48.9 6.54 119.9 135 8.1 Order: Hemiptera Coreus marginatus 6.03 39.2 6.95 79.1 150 14.5 Lygaeus equestris 6.74 46.59 6.34 103.1 161 11.1 Pyrrhocoris apterus 6.77 46.38 6.02 99.5 123 10.6 Order: Hymenoptera Bombus lapidarius 6.11 40.1 7.48 82.7 165 9.3 Formica clara 6.59 46.48 6.45 111.2 102 7.8 Order Odonata Cordulia aenea 6.66 44.6 6.86 90.5 114 9.5 Libellula quadrimaculata 6.42 43.0 6.95 90.6 146 10.1 CLASS: ARACHNIDA Order: Araneae Argiope bruennichi 5.69 40.8 7.38 118.1 98 5.8 Chaetopelma olivaceum 6.35 43.99 6.68 103.9 152 10.8 Order: Ixodida Ixodes ricinus 5.73 39.6 7.39 103 138 6 Food Biophysics the species from the class of Arachnida; Ixodida (6 %) and reports. It can be commented that the species from this Araneae (5.8–10.8 %). The lowest chitin content was recorded order had 10–16 % (average; 12.44±2.65 %). for the species of B. germanica belonging to the Blattodea order. Another study reported 11.4 % of chitin content for Apis Previous studies on the chitin specimens of some spe- mellifera from Hymenoptera order [22], which is higher than cies from Coleoptera order reported chitin contents of the value recorded here (7.8–9.3 %). Geolycosa vultuosa and 15 % for Agabus bipustulatus and Holotrichia parallela, Hogna radiata (from the order of Araneae) had 6.5 and 8.5 % 20 % for Hydrophilus piceus and Leptinotarsa chitin and these values are close to the findings of this present decemlineata, and 14 % for Melolontha melolontha [18, study (5.8–10.8 %). However, the chitin content of this order 20, 21]. Based on the findings of the present and the varied in wider range. previous papers, it can be concluded that the chitin con- Literature review revealed that no earlier study content of the coleopteran species varied in range of 14– ducted on the chitin content of the Ixodida order. In this 25.2 % (average; 18.66±3.54 %). study, isolation and characterisation of chitin from a An earlier paper reported that the hemipteran species species from Ixodida was conducted for the first time. Notonecta glauca and Ranatra linearis had10and This study established that Ixodes ricinus species had 16 % of chitin content [20]. The hemipteran species 6 % of chitin. Further studies on Ixodida can provide studied in this work had chitin content close to those insights into nature of chitin specimens from this order.

Fig. 1 X-ray diffractograms (XRD) of chitin extracted from a Blattella lapidarius, k Formica clara, l Cordulia aenea, m Libellula germanica, b Anoplotrupes stercorosus, c Blaps tibialis, d Cetonia quadrimaculata, n Argiope bruennichi, o Chaetopelma olivaceum, aurata, e Geotrupes stercorarius, f Calliphora vicina, g Coreus p)Ixodes ricinus marginatus, h Lygaeus equestris, i Pyrrhocoris apterus, j Bombus Food Biophysics

Elemental Analysis XRD

Table 2 lists DAvalues (both calculated from Elemental Anal- In the X-ray diffractometry (XRD) patterns of the chitin ysis and FT-IR spectra analysis results) and the N, C and H specimens, two strong peaks approximately at 9 and 19° content of the isolated chitin specimens from 16 species be- and four weak peaks at 13, 21, 23 and 26° were recorded longing to the phylum Arthropoda. The analysis revealed that for all the samples (Fig. 1). According to the study by N% was in a range of 5.69–6.87, C%; 39.2–48.9 and H%; Jang et al. [23], these peaks observed in XRD patterns 6.02–7.66 %. The DA of the chitin specimens differed in of the chitin specimens are characteristics of α form. 70.1–119.9 %. No relationship was observed between the taxa The similarities in the XRD patterns of the chitin speci- based on the findings of elemental and DA analysis. mens can be tracked in the peaks listed in Table 3.This Theoretically, a completely acetylated form of chitin is con- table also lists the CrI values (59.7–86.3 %) calculated sidered to have DA of 100 % and N content of 6.89 % [17]. The from the peak intensities in XRD patterns. CrI of chitin analysis revealed that majority of the chitin samples had some specimens from coleopteran species were relatively higher organic and inorganic residues. Closer N% and DAvalues to the than the others; 80.1–86.3 %. Also, chitin of A. bruennichi theoretical values were recorded for L. equestris and P. apterus from Araneae had higher CrI value. On the other hand, species from the order of Hemiptera. Earlier studies reported chitin of L. quadrimaculata from Odonata and chitin similar findings on DA and N% content of chitin specimens specimens of P. apterus and L. equestris from Hemiptera isolated from Insecta and Crustacea classes; in the range of had lower CrI; 63.9, 62.1 and 59.7 %. 91–237 % and 4.85–6.72 %, respectively [16–18, 21]. On the Kaya et al. [11] reported CrI for the chitin specimens of other hand, DA values calculated from FT-IR spectra analysis Hogna radiata and Geolycosa vultuosa (from the order of were found to be higher than those obtained by EA with excep- Areneae under the class Arachnida); 58.9 and 78.6 %. In this tion of two chitin samples from A. bruennichi and F. clara. study, the CrI of chitin specimens from the species of this order

Table 3 X-ray diffraction data of chitin specimens isolated from 16 Organisms XRD Peaks at 2θ CrI (%) different arthropod species CLASS INSECTA Order: Blattodea Blattella germanica 9.4, 12.7, 19.5, 20.68, 23.33 and 26.66° 70.1 Order: Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus 9.58, 13.36, 19.66, 21.14, 23.18 and 26.52° 83.5 Blaps tibialis 9.48, 12.76, 19.38, 21.08, 23.04 and 26.64° 80.1 Cetonia aurata 9.44, 13.04, 19.52, 21.28, 23.46 and 26° 86.3 Geotrupes stercorarius 9.64, 13.14, 19.56, 21.38, 23.22 and 26.76° 80.1 Order: Diptera Calliphora vicina 9.38, 12.88, 19.3, 20.8, 22.84 and 26.8° 67.1 Order: Hemiptera Coreus marginatus 9.7, 13.2, 19.86, 21.24, 23.42 and 26.54° 76.9 Lygaeus equestris 9.64, 13, 19.76, 21.16, 22.8 and 26.7° 59.7 Pyrrhocoris apterus 9.44, 12.52, 19.14, 20.84, 22.66 and 26.7° 62.1 Order: Hymenoptera Bombus lapidarius 9.64, 13.02, 19.58, 21.22, 23.44 and 26.78° 75.5 Formica clara 9.5, 13.38, 19.78, 20.84, 23.1 and 26.76° 69.8 Order: Odonata Cordulia aenea 9.54, 13.18, 19.62, 21.4, 23.76 and 26.92° 73.2 Libellula quadrimaculata 9.54, 13.24, 19.68, 21.06, 23.1 and 26.88° 63.9 CLASS ARACHNIDA Order: Araneae Argiope bruennichi 9.36, 13.04, 19.56, 21.01, 23 and 26.4° 82.9 Chaetopelma olivaceum 9.5, 12.9, 19.58, 21.1, 23.16 and 26.46° 70.1 Order: Ixodida Ixodes ricinus 9.38, 13.04, 19.05, 21.38, 23.62 and 26.56° 66.2 Food Biophysics were recorded to be closer the reported study; 70–82.9 % but a Earlier studies reported that CrI value of chitin can differ in a higher CrI was recorded for A. bruennichi;82.9%. range of 50–91 % according to the organism used as a chitin Kaya et al. [20] in a study on the order of Coleoptera source [18, 20, 25, 26]. Based on the earlier reports on crystal- recorded CrI values of 89.4–90.6 % for the chitin speci- linity indexes of chitin specimens and the findings of this study, mens from the species Hydrophilus piceus and Agabus it can be suggested that chitin specimens isolated from the order bipustulatus. Another study by Kaya et al. [24] showed that of Coleoptera had high crystallinity. This can be attributed to adult potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) chitin had the hard exoskeletons of the species in the order of Coleoptera. CrI of 76.0 %. The CrI value of chitin from Melolontha melolontha wasdeterminedtobe75.2%[21]. Also Liu SEM et al. [18] recorded CrI value from the Holotrichia parallela chitin as 89.05 %. The CrI values recorded in this present The surface features of the chitin specimens of 16 species study (80.1–86.3 %) are consistent with the reports in the from the classes of Insecta and Arachnida were examined with literature. As seen from the results, CrI values of the cole- SEM (Fig. 2). Not taking into the small differences, it can be opteran chitin specimens are high. commented that seven different chitin surface morphologies The crystallinity of the chitin specimens of the hemipterans were observed for all the chitin specimens. The first type, (Coreus marginatus, Lygaeus equestris and Pyrrhocoris which was porous and consisted of fibrous structures, was apterus) in the present study were determined to be lower observed in the chitin specimens of the species B. germanica (59.7–76.9 %) than that of chitin specimens from two hemip- and F. clara (Fig. 2a, k). The second had long weak fibres, terans species (Notonecta glauca and Ranatra linearis)report- which was recorded for the chitin specimens from ed by Kaya et al. [20]; 84.8–87.3 %. A. stercorosus and B. tibialis (Fig. 2b, c). The chitin specimens

Fig. 2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of chitin specimens isolated lapidarius, k Formica clara, l Cordulia aenea, m Libellula from a Blattella germanica, b Anoplotrupes stercorosus, c Blaps tibialis, quadrimaculata, n Argiope bruennichi, o Chaetopelma olivaceum, p d Cetonia aurata, e Geotrupes stercorarius, f Calliphora vicina, g Coreus Ixodes ricinus marginatus, h Lygaeus equestris, i Pyrrhocoris apterus, j Bombus Food Biophysics of C. aurata, C. vicina and A. bruennichi had the third differentiation was recorded in the surface morphology type with long strong fibres (Fig. 2d, f, n). The chitin of chitin specimens from species belonging to the same surface with weak and broken fibres from G. stercorarius order. and L. quadrimaculata was called as the fourth type In a study by Kaya et al. [11] on chitin isolation from two (Fig. 2e, m). The fifth type consisted of both fibres and spider species (Geolycosa vultuosa and Hogna radiata)in pores, and the chitin specimens from the species the Lycosidae family, it was revealed that the surface fea- C. marginatus, L. equestris, B. lapidarius and C. aenea tures of the isolated chitin specimens were largely different exhibited this type of morphology (Fig. 2g,h,j,l). The even following the same extraction procedure. Another sixth one with both mesh-shaped fibres and large pores study conducted on chitin specimens from seven grasshop- was observed in the chitin specimens of the species pers by Kaya et al. [12] suggested that the surface charac- P. apterus and C. olivaceum (Fig. 2 i, o). The last type teristics of the chitin specimens were completely different belonged to the species I. ricunus whose morphology had from each other even in the same genus. The discussion of nested complex fibres (Fig. 2p). As illustrated in Fig. 2, the previous literature and the SEM analysis of this study chitin specimens from different orders exhibited similar suggested that surface characteristics of chitin specimens surface characteristics. On the other hand, much isolated by employing the same isolation method exhibited

Fig. 3 TGA of chitin specimens isolated from Scanning electron marginatus, h Lygaeus equestris, i Pyrrhocoris apterus, j Bombus microscopy (SEM) of chitin specimens isolated from a Blattella lapidarius, k Formica clara, l Cordulia aenea, m Libellula germanica, b Anoplotrupes stercorosus, c Blaps tibialis, d Cetonia quadrimaculata, n Argiope bruennichi, o Chaetopelma olivaceum, p aurata, e Geotrupes stercorarius, f Calliphora vicina, g Coreus Ixodes ricinus Food Biophysics different surface structures, demonstrating no correspon- second phase was recorded for the chitin specimens of dence between the taxonomic relation and the surface of C. aurata and A. bruennichi, whereas the lowest for the chitin the chitin. specimens from C. vicina and L. equestris. The chitin speci-

mens of C. aurata and I. ricinus exhibited the lowest DTGmax while the chitin samples from B. germanica, G. stercorarius TGA and C. marginatus had the highest. The findings of the thermal analysis revealed that the chitin specimens isolated from the As illustrated in the thermograms (Fig. 3), most of the chitin species belonging to the order of Coleoptera had the lowest samples decomposed in two phases; the first mass loss, vary- and the highest DTGmax values. Based on TGA analysis re- ing between 3 and 9 %, can be accounted for the evaporation sults, it can be suggested that there was a lack of the relation- of the water molecules present in the samples (Table 4). The ship between the thermal characteristics and taxa. amount of the sample decomposed in the second phase varied in 65–86 %; and this resulted from the decomposition of the chitin itself (Table 4). The maximum decomposition temper- FT-IR ature (DTGmax) for each sample was found to be in 361– 390 °C (Table 4). Similarly, two decomposition phases were Large similarities were observed in the FT-IR spectra of the observed and DTGmax values were in range of 360–390 °C in chitin specimens. Therefore, an average was used for each of the earlier papers [13, 15, 17, 27]. the band in the spectra of the chitin specimens to form a It was observed that the chitin sample from C. marginatus standard (Fig. 4). The followings are the bands in the standard had the highest moisture content; this can be ascribed to the with deviation values: 3434±4.44 cm−1 (O–H stretching); insufficient drying upon isolation. The largest mass loss in the 3262±2.27 cm−1 and 3103±3.08 cm−1 (N-H stretching);

Table 4 TG/DTG analysis results of chitin extracted from 16 different Arthropod species

Chitin samples isolated from First mass loss (%) Second mass loss (%) DTGmax (°C) Ash content (%)

CLASS INSECTA Order: Blattodea Blattella germanica 47738919 Order: Coleoptera Anoplotrupes stercorosus 47438722 Blaps tibialis 77638517 Cetonia aurata 78236111 Geotrupes stercorarius 57739018 Order: Diptera Calliphora vicina 46537931 Order: Hemiptera Coreus marginatus 97338918 Lygaeus equestris 36637531 Pyrrhocoris apterus 57838717 Order: Hymenoptera Bombus lapidarius 57238423 Formica clara 47837418 Order Odonata Cordulia aenea 47537821 Libellula quadrimaculata 67638418 CLASS ARACHNIDA Order: Araneae Argiope bruennichi 5863859 Chaetopelma olivaceum 67538119 Order: Ixodida Ixodes ricinus 57336522 Food Biophysics

Fig. 4 Standardized FT-IR spectra of the chitin specimens isolated from 16 different Arthropod species

−1 2924±14.5 cm (CH3 sym. Stretch and CH2 asym. One of the crucial properties of chitin is it’s resistance to −1 stretch); 2865±14.5 cm (CH3sym. stretch); 1654± alkaline solutions [29, 30]. However, in this study, the char- 2.32 cm−1 (C=O secondary amide stretch); 1620± acterisation results revealed that chitin isolation from 16 dif- 0.94 cm−1 (C=O secondary amide stretch); 1553± ferent species was carried successfully. 1.82 cm−1 (N–Hbend,C–N stretch); 1420±3.22 cm−1 −1 (CH2 bending and CH3 deformation); 1376±0.61 cm (CH bend, CH3 sym. deformation); 1308±1.09 (CH2 wag- Conclusions ging); 1258±1.4 cm−1 (NH bending); 1203±1.82 cm−1 (C– H bonds); 1154±0.88 cm−1 (Asymmetric bridge oxygen Chitin specimens of sixteen species belonging to the phylum stretching); 1113±1.29 cm−1 (Asymmetric in-phase ring Arthropoda (13 species of Insecta and 3 species of Arachnida) stretching mode); 1067±3.18 cm−1 (C–O–C asym. stretch were extracted for the first time and physicochemically char- in phase ring); 1010±2.16 cm−1 (C–O asym. stretch in acterized. FTIR bands, XRD peaks, thermal properties, ele- −1 phase ring); 952±1.12 cm (CH3 wagging); 895± mental analysis results, DA values and surface morphologies 1.91 cm−1 (CH ring stretching) (Fig. 4). of the chitin specimens were observed not specific to the taxa, FT-IR spectrum analysis demonstrates the crystalline whereas chitin contents and CrI values were found specific to form of the chitin; α or β. The divided amide I bands the taxa. Especially, chitin contents in the class Insecta were at round 1650 and 1620 cm−1 that can be corresponded recorded specific to the orders. Also CrI values were found to α form were observed in the spectra of the isolated high in all species from the order Coleoptera. This study indi- chitin specimens [23], demonstrating the chitin isolation cated that the chitin contents and CrI values can be related was successfully achieved. Also, the bands appeared at with taxonomical relationships. And, more studies should be 895±1.91 are characteristic to chitin; and they signify done to elucidate the correspondence between the chitin prop- the stretching of β-1,4-glycosidic linkage [28]. erties and the source based on taxonomic relation. Food Biophysics

Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of 15. A.T. Paulino, J.I. Siminato, J.C. Carcia, J. Nozaki, Carbohydr. interest. Polym. 64,98–103 (2006) 16. J. Majtan, K. Bilikova, O. Markovic, J. Grof, G. Kogan, J. Simuth, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 40,237–241 (2007) 17. W. Sajomsang, P. Gonil, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 30,357–363 (2010) References 18. S. Liu, J. Sun, L. Yu, C. Zhang, J. Bi, F. Zhu, M. Qu, C. Jiang, Q. Yang, Molecules 17,4604–4611 (2012) 1. M. Rinaudo, Prog. Polym. Sci. 31,603–632 (2006) 19. M. Kaya, T. Baran, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 75C,7–12 (2015) 2. Y. Zhao, R.D. Park, R.A.A. Muzzarelli, Mar. Drugs 8,24–46 20. M. Kaya, T. Baran, A. Mentes, M. Asaroglu, G. Sezen, K.O. Tozak, (2010) Food Biophys. 9,145–157 (2014) 3. W. Arbia, L. Arbia, L. Adour, A. Amrane, Food Technol. 21. M.Kaya,V.Baublys,E.Can,I.Satkauskiene,B.Bitim,V. Biotechnol. 51,12–25 (2013) Tubelyte, T. Baran, Zoomorphology 133,285–293 (2014) 4. A. Anithaa, S. Sowmyaa, P.T. Sudheesh Kumar, S. Deepthi, K.P. 22. S.V. Nemtsev, O.Y. Zueva, M.R. Khismatullin, A.I. Albulov, V.P. Chennazhi, H. Ehrlich, M. Tsurkan, R. Jayakumar, Prog. Polym. Varlamov Appl, Biochem. Microbiol. 40,39–43 (2004) Sci. 39, 1644–1667 (2014) 23. M.K. Jang, B.G. Kong, Y.I. Jeong, C.H. Lee, J.W. Nah, J. Polym. 5. I. Aranaz, M. Mengibar, R. Harris, I. Panos, B. Miralles, N. Acosta, Sci. A Polym. Chem. 42,3423–3432 (2004) G. Galed, A. Heras, Curr. Chem. Biol. 3,203–230 (2009) 24. M. Kaya, T. Baran, S. Erdogan, A. Mentes, M.A. Ozusaglam, Y.S. 6. J. Synowiecki, N.A. Al-Khateeb, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 43, Cakmak, Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl. 45,72–81 (2014) 145–171 (2003) 25. M.Zhang,A.Haga,H.Sekigushi,S.Hirano,Int.J.Biol. 7. O. Ghorbel-Bellaaj, N. Hmidet, K. Jellouli, I. Younes, H. Maalej, R. Macromol. 27,99–105 (2000) Hachicha, M. Nasri, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 48,596–602 (2011) 26. G. Cárdenas, G. Cabrera, E. Taboada, S.J. Patricia Miranda, Appl. 8. O. Ghorbel-Bellaaj, I. Younes, H. Maalej, S. Hajji, M. Nasri, Int. J. Polym. Sci. 93, 1876–1885 (2004) Biol. Macromol. 51, 1196–61201 (2012) 27. M. Wysokowski, I. Petrenko, A.L. Stelling, D. Stawski, T. 9. N.E. Mushi, N. Butchosa, M. Salajkova, Q. Zhou, L.A. Berglund, Jesionowski, H. Ehrlich, Polymers 7,235–265 (2015) Carbohydr. Polym. 112,255–263 (2014) 28. H. Ehrlich, M. Maldonado, K.-D. Spindler, C. Eckert, T. Hanke, R. 10. S.P. Ospina Alvarez, D.A. Ramirez Cadavid, D.M. Escobar Sierra, Born, C. Goebel, P. Simon, S. Heinemann, H. Worch, J. Exp. Zool. C.P. Ossa Orozco, D.F. Rojas Vahos, P. Zapata Ocampo, L. BMol.Dev.Evol.308,347–356 (2007) Atehortua, Biomed. Res. Int., 169071 (2014) 29. M. Wysokowski, V.V. Bazhenov, M.V. Tsurkan, R. Galli, A.L. 11. M.Kaya,O.Seyyar,T.Baran,S.Erdogan,M.Kar,Int.J.Biol. Stelling, H. Stöcker, S. Kaiser, E. Niederschlag, G. Gärtner, T. Macromol. 65,553–558 (2014) Behm, M. Ilan, A.Y. Petrenko, T. Jesionowski, H. Ehrlich, Int. J. 12. M. Kaya, S. Erdogan, A. Mol, T. Baran, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 72, Biol. Macromol. 62,94–100 (2013) 797–805 (2015) 30. H. Ehrlich, O.V. Kaluzhnaya, E. Brunner, M.V. Tsurkan, A. 13. F.A. Al Sagheer, M.A. Al-Sughayer, S. Muslim, M.Z. Elsabee, Ereskovsky, M. Ilan, K.R. Tabachnick, V.V. Bazhenov, S. Paasch, Carbohydr. Polym. 77,410–419 (2009) M. Kammer, R. Born, A. Stelling, R. Galli, S. Belikov, O.V. 14. Y. Wang, Y. Chang, L. Yu, C. Zhang, X. Xu, Y. Xue, Z. Li, C. Xue, Petrova, V.V. Sivkov, D. Vyalikh, S. Hunoldt, G. Wörheide, J. Carbohydr. Polym. 92,90–97 (2013) Struct. Biol. 183,474–483 (2013)

View publication stats