Venemous Snakes
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Phylogeny of the Black Snakes (Pseudechis: Elapidae: Serpentes
1 Multi-locus phylogeny and species delimitation of Australo-Papuan blacksnakes 2 (Pseudechis Wagler, 1830: Elapidae: Serpentes) 3 4 Simon T. Maddock 1,2,3,4,*, Aaron Childerstone 3, Bryan Grieg Fry 5, David J. Williams 5 6,7, Axel Barlow 3,8, Wolfgang Wüster 3 6 7 1 Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK. 8 2 Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, 9 London, WC1E 6BT, UK. 10 3 School of Biological Sciences, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, 11 LL57 2UW, United Kingdom. 12 4 Department of Animal Management, Reaseheath, College, Nantwich, Cheshire, CW5 13 6DF, UK. 14 5 Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St 15 Lucia QLD, 4072 Australia. 16 6 Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of 17 Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia. 18 7 School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Boroko, 19 NCD, 121, Papua New Guinea. 20 8 Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam (Golm), 21 Germany. 22 23 * corresponding author: [email protected] 24 25 Abstract 26 Genetic analyses of Australasian organisms have resulted in the identification of 27 extensive cryptic diversity across the continent. The venomous elapid snakes are among 28 the best-studied organismal groups in this region, but many knowledge gaps persist: for 29 instance, despite their iconic status, the species-level diversity among Australo-Papuan 30 blacksnakes (Pseudechis) has remained poorly understood due to the existence of a group 31 of cryptic species within the P. -
Neurotoxic Effects of Venoms from Seven Species of Australasian Black Snakes (Pseudechis): Efficacy of Black and Tiger Snake Antivenoms
Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology (2005) 32, 7–12 NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF VENOMS FROM SEVEN SPECIES OF AUSTRALASIAN BLACK SNAKES (PSEUDECHIS): EFFICACY OF BLACK AND TIGER SNAKE ANTIVENOMS Sharmaine Ramasamy,* Bryan G Fry† and Wayne C Hodgson* *Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton and †Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia SUMMARY the sole clad of venomous snakes capable of inflicting bites of medical importance in the region.1–3 The Pseudechis genus (black 1. Pseudechis species (black snakes) are among the most snakes) is one of the most widespread, occupying temperate, widespread venomous snakes in Australia. Despite this, very desert and tropical habitats and ranging in size from 1 to 3 m. little is known about the potency of their venoms or the efficacy Pseudechis australis is one of the largest venomous snakes found of the antivenoms used to treat systemic envenomation by these in Australia and is responsible for the vast majority of black snake snakes. The present study investigated the in vitro neurotoxicity envenomations. As such, the venom of P. australis has been the of venoms from seven Australasian Pseudechis species and most extensively studied and is used in the production of black determined the efficacy of black and tiger snake antivenoms snake antivenom. It has been documented that a number of other against this activity. Pseudechis from the Australasian region can cause lethal 2. All venoms (10 g/mL) significantly inhibited indirect envenomation.4 twitches of the chick biventer cervicis nerve–muscle prepar- The envenomation syndrome produced by Pseudechis species ation and responses to exogenous acetylcholine (ACh; varies across the genus and is difficult to characterize because the 1 mmol/L), but not to KCl (40 mmol/L), indicating activity at offending snake is often not identified.3,5 However, symptoms of post-synaptic nicotinic receptors on the skeletal muscle. -
Reptiles in and Around the House Identification and Distribution Reptiles Inhabit Every Environment in Australia
Reptiles in and around the house Identification and Distribution Reptiles inhabit every environment in Australia. Common reptiles found in Western Australian backyards include: Tiger snakes Notechis scutatus occur in southwest WA, and are often seen near water, including rivers, dams, drains and wetlands. Unlike most other Australian elapids, tiger snakes climb well. They can range from grey, olive, brown to black in colour and often have yellow and black cross-bands, but not all have this pattern. Venomous Dugite. Photo: R. Lloyd/Fauna Track Dugites Pseudonaja affinis occur in southwest WA and Gwarda Pseudonaja nuchalis occur from Perth northwards. They live in a wide variety of habitats including coastal dunes, heathlands, shrublands, woodlands and forests. They are long and slender, with relatively large scales that have a semi-glossy appearance. They can range from brown, olive to grey in colour, and can have irregular black/dark grey spotting, but patterning varies. Venomous Mulga snakes Pseudechis australis occur in a wide variety of habitats, northwards from Perth and Narrogin. They are quite robust, with a broad, deep head and bulbous cheeks. They can range from pale brown, dark olive to reddish-brown in colour, and darker snakes often have two-toned scales with a lighter colour that contrasts with the darker colour to produce a reticulated effect. The belly is cream to salmon-coloured. Venomous There are two subspecies of carpet pythons found in a large variety of habitats in WA: Morelia spilota imbricata occurs in the southwest and Morelia spilota variegata occurs in the Kimberley. They are 1-4m in length, tend to be pale to dark brown with black blotches that sometimes have a Carpet python. -
Does Urbanization Influence the Diet of a Large Snake?
Current Zoology, 2018, 64(3), 311–318 doi: 10.1093/cz/zox039 Advance Access Publication Date: 27 June 2017 Article Article Does urbanization influence the diet of a large snake? a, a b Ashleigh K. WOLFE *, Philip W. BATEMAN , and Patricia A. FLEMING aDepartment of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia and bSchool of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia *Address correspondence to Ashleigh K. Wolfe. E-mail: [email protected] Received on 10 April 2017; accepted on 21 May 2017 Abstract Urbanization facilitates synanthropic species such as rodents, which benefit the diets of many preda- tors in cities. We investigated how urbanization affects the feeding ecology of dugites Pseudonaja affi- nis, a common elapid snake in south-west Western Australia. We predicted that urban snakes: 1) more frequently contain prey and eat larger meals, 2) eat proportionally more non-native prey, 3) eat a lower diversity of prey species, and 4) are relatively heavier, than non-urban dugites. We analyzed the diet of 453 specimens obtained from the Western Australian Museum and opportunistic road-kill collections. Correcting for size, sex, season, and temporal biases, we tested whether location influenced diet for our 4 predictions. Body size was a strong predictor of diet (larger snakes had larger prey present, a greater number of prey items, and a greater diversity of prey). We identified potential collection biases: urban dugites were relatively smaller (snout-vent length) than non-urban specimens, and females were relatively lighter than males. Accounting for these effects, urban snakes were less likely to have prey present in their stomachs and were relatively lighter than non-urban snakes. -
Death Adders {Acanthophis Laevis Complex) from the Island of Ambon
ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Herpetozoa Jahr/Year: 2006 Band/Volume: 19_1_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kuch Ulrich, McGuire Jimmy A., Yuwono Frank Bambang Artikel/Article: Death adders (Acanthophis laevis complex) from the island of Ambon (Maluku, Indonesia) 81-82 ©Österreichische Gesellschaft für Herpetologie e.V., Wien, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at SHORT NOTE HERPETOZOA 19(1/2) Wien, 30. Juli 2006 SHORT NOTE 81 O. & PINTO, I. & BRUFORD, M. W. & JORDAN, W. C. & NICHOLS, R. A. (2002): The double origin of Iberian peninsular chameleons.- Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, London; 75: 1-7. PINHO, C. & FER- RAND, N. & HARRIS, D. J. (2006): Reexamination of the Iberian and North African Podarcis phylogeny indi- cates unusual relative rates of mitochondrial gene evo- lution in reptiles.- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolu- tion, Chicago; 38: 266-273. POSADA, D. &. CRANDALL, K. A. (1998): Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution- Bioinformatics, Oxford; 14: 817-818. SWOFFORD, D. L. (2002): PAUP*. Phylogenetic analy- sis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0. Sinauer Associates, Uderland, Massachusetts. WADK, E. (2001): Review of the False Smooth snake genus Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae) in Algeria with a description of a new species.- Bulletin National Fig. 1 : Adult death adder (Acanthophis laevis com- History Museum London (Zoology), London; 67 (1): plex) from Negeri Lima, Ambon (Central Maluku 85-107. regency, Maluku province, Indonesia). Photograph by U. KUCH. KEYWORDS: mitochondrial DNA, cyto- chrome b, Macroprotodon, evolution, systematics, Iberian Peninsula, North Africa SUBMITTED: April 1,2005 and Bali by the live animal trade. -
Jemena Northern Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd
Jemena Northern Gas Pipeline Pty Ltd Northern Gas Pipeline Draft Environmental Impact Statement CHAPTER 12 – MATTERS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE Public August 2016 MATTERS OF NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE — 12 Contents 12. Matters of National Environmental Significance ............................................................. 12-1 12.1 Overview .................................................................................................................... 12-1 12.2 Relevant MNES ......................................................................................................... 12-2 12.2.1 Threatened species ............................................................................................ 12-2 12.2.2 Plains Death Adder (Acanthophis hawkei) ........................................................ 12-13 12.2.3 Carpentarian Antechinus (Pseudantechinus mimulus) ...................................... 12-18 12.2.4 Threatened species conclusion ......................................................................... 12-23 12.3 Risk assessment ...................................................................................................... 12-23 12.3.1 Potential impacts .............................................................................................. 12-23 12.3.2 Planning ............................................................................................................ 12-24 12.3.3 Construction .................................................................................................... -
The Brown Snake Complex Genus Pseudonaja Formally Demansia
The Brown Snake Complex Genus Pseudonaja formally Demansia All Brown Snakes are egg layers not live bearers and all but one species the Ringed Brown (Pseudonaja modesta) should be classed as deadly. Specific antivenom is Brown snake antivenom. The Common or Eastern Brown (Pseudonaja textilis textilis) Found over much of Victoria especially in the drier areas. It is to be found in the south eastern corner of South Australia and most of New South Wales. Its range covers most of Queensland and has been recorded in a few spots of the Northern Territory; it is also found in parts of New Guinea. The venom of this snake is strongly coagulant and neurotoxic though other toxins are also present. The Eastern brown usually produces from 10 to 30 eggs. Egg counts will usually depend on the size of the snake. Browns are quite common in the wheat and other grain growing areas and their numbers have multiplied to take advantage of the mice that follow the grain. Browns being rather slender snakes can get their heads down mouse burrows or into places where mice would otherwise be safe. The Browns eat all the mice meaning the whole family. After taking care of the larger mice they’ll consume all the baby mice. If the mother gets away and these baby mice were left then she would return and rear them. Within a few more weeks all the females would be pregnant and then they would of course, start to breed like mice. My belief is that without Brown snakes in Australia we would find it very difficult to grow any grain (cereal) crops at all. -
Myths Surrounding Snakes
MYTHS SURROUNDING SNAKES MYTH 1: Bites from baby venomous snakes are more dangerous than those from adults because they always deliver a full dose of venom. The legend goes that young snakes have not yet learned how to control the amount of venom they inject. They are therefore more dangerous than adult snakes, which will restrict the amount of venom they use in a bite or “dry bite”. This is simply untrue and all the evidence points towards bites from adults being more severe. Tests have shown that juvenile snakes can control their venom just as much as adults. Furthermore lets consider the following factors: adults have significantly larger fangs to deliver their venom and considerably more venom available than a juvenile. Therefore if a juvenile has venom glands only big enough to hold a 2ml of venom compared to an adult that can hold 30ml or more, then the bite from an adult will always have the potential to be more severe. I presume the reason this myth came into existence was to dissuade people from having a carefree attitude towards the potential dangers of a juvenile snake. The moral of the story is to treat every snake as a potentially dangerous and never expose your self to a situation where a snake of any size can bite you. MYTH 2: If you see a snake they’ll always be more Although it is possible to see more than one snake, for the most part this statement is untrue. Snakes are solitary animals for most of their lives so generally you will only ever encounter individuals. -
A Taxonomic Framework for Typhlopid Snakes from the Caribbean and Other Regions (Reptilia, Squamata)
caribbean herpetology article A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata) S. Blair Hedges1,*, Angela B. Marion1, Kelly M. Lipp1,2, Julie Marin3,4, and Nicolas Vidal3 1Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA. 2Current address: School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA. 3Département Systématique et Evolution, UMR 7138, C.P. 26, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75231 Paris cedex 05, France. 4Current address: Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-5301 USA. *Corresponding author ([email protected]) Article registration: http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:47191405-862B-4FB6-8A28-29AB7E25FBDD Edited by: Robert W. Henderson. Date of publication: 17 January 2014. Citation: Hedges SB, Marion AB, Lipp KM, Marin J, Vidal N. 2014. A taxonomic framework for typhlopid snakes from the Caribbean and other regions (Reptilia, Squamata). Caribbean Herpetology 49:1–61. Abstract The evolutionary history and taxonomy of worm-like snakes (scolecophidians) continues to be refined as new molec- ular data are gathered and analyzed. Here we present additional evidence on the phylogeny of these snakes, from morphological data and 489 new DNA sequences, and propose a new taxonomic framework for the family Typhlopi- dae. Of 257 named species of typhlopid snakes, 92 are now placed in molecular phylogenies along with 60 addition- al species yet to be described. Afrotyphlopinae subfam. nov. is distributed almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa and contains three genera: Afrotyphlops, Letheobia, and Rhinotyphlops. Asiatyphlopinae subfam. nov. is distributed in Asia, Australasia, and islands of the western and southern Pacific, and includes ten genera:Acutotyphlops, Anilios, Asiatyphlops gen. -
Taxonomy of the Genus Pseudonaja (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia
AUSTRALIAN BIODIVERSITY RECORD ________________________________________________________ 2002 (No 7) ISSN 1325-2992 March, 2002 ________________________________________________________ Taxonomy of the Genus Pseudonaja (Reptilia: Elapidae) in Australia. by Richard W. Wells “Shiralee”, Major West Road, Cowra, New South Wales, Australia The clear morphological differences that exist within the genus as previously considered strongly indicate that it is a polyphyletic assemblage. Accordingly, I have taken the step of formally proposing the fragmentation of Pseudonaja. In this work I have decided to restrict the genus Pseudonaja to the Pseudonaja nuchalis complex. Additionally, I herein formally resurrect from synonymy the generic name Euprepiosoma Fitzinger, 1860 for the textilis group of species, erect a new generic name (Placidaserpens gen. nov.) for the snakes previously regarded as Pseudonaja guttata, erect a new generic name (Notopseudonaja gen. nov.) for the group of species previously regarded as the Pseudonaja modesta complex, and erect a new generic name (Dugitophis gen. nov.) for snakes previously regarded as the Pseudonaja affinis complex. Genus Pseudonaja Gunther, 1858 The Pseudonaja nuchalis Complex It is usually reported that Pseudonaja nuchalis occurs across most of northern, central and western Australia, ranging from Cape York Peninsula, in the north-east, through western, southern and south-eastern Queensland, far western New South Wales, north-western Victoria, and most of South Australia, Northern Territory and Western Australia. However, this distribution pattern is now known to actually represents several different species all regarded by most authorities for convenience as the single highly variable species, 'Pseudonaja nuchalis'. As usually defined, this actually is a highly variable and therefore confusing group of species to identify and it is not all surprising that there has been difficulty in breaking up the group. -
Analysis of Colubroidea Snake Venoms by Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry: Evolutionary and Toxinological Implications
RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003; 17: 2047–2062 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1148 Analysis of Colubroidea snake venoms by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry: evolutionary and toxinological implications Bryan G. Fry1,2*, Wolfgang Wu¨ ster3, Sheik Fadil Ryan Ramjan2, Timothy Jackson1, Paolo Martelli4 and R. Manjunatha Kini2 1Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3010, Australia 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore 119260, Singapore 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, UK 4Veterinary Department, Singapore Zoo, Mandai Rd., Singapore Received 12 June 2003; Revised 7 July 2003; Accepted 9 July 2003 The evolution of the venomous function of snakes and the diversification of the toxins has been of tremendous research interest and considerable debate. It has become recently evident that the evo- lution of the toxins in the advanced snakes (Colubroidea) predated the evolution of the advanced, front-fanged delivery mechanisms. Historically, the venoms of snakes lacking front-fanged venom- delivery systems (conventionally grouped into the paraphyletic family Colubridae) have been lar- gely neglected. In this study we used liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to analyze a large number of venoms from a wide array of species representing the major advanced snake clades Atractaspididae, -
Very Venomous, But...- Snakes of the Wet Tropics
No.80 January 2004 Notes from Very venomous but ... the Australia is home to some of the most venomous snakes in the world. Why? Editor It is possible that strong venom may little chance to fight back. There are six main snake families have evolved chiefly as a self-defence in Australia – elapids (venomous strategy. It is interesting to look at the While coastal and inland taipans eat snakes, the largest group), habits of different venomous snakes. only mammals, other venomous colubrids (‘harmless’ snakes) Some, such as the coastal taipan snakes feed largely on reptiles and pythons, blindsnakes, filesnakes (Oxyuranus scutellatus), bite their frogs. Venom acts slowly on these and seasnakes. prey quickly, delivering a large amount ‘cold-blooded’ creatures with slow of venom, and then let go. The strong metabolic rates, so perhaps it needs to Australia is the only continent venom means that the prey doesn’t be especially strong. In addition, as where venomous snakes (70 get far before succumbing so the many prey species develop a degree of percent) outnumber non- snake is able to follow at a safe immunity to snake venom, a form of venomous ones. Despite this, as distance. Taipans eat only mammals – evolutionary arms race may have been the graph on page one illustrates, which are able to bite back, viciously. taking place. very few deaths result from snake This strategy therefore allows the bites. It is estimated that between snake to avoid injury. … not necessarily deadly 50 000 and 60 000 people die of On the other hand, the most Some Australian snakes may be snake bite each year around the particularly venomous, but they are world.