DOCSLIB.ORG

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Ricinus Communis Linn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Fungi from Ricinus Communis Linn IJRPC 2014, 4(3), 611-618 Sardul Singh Sandhu et al. ISSN: 22312781 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY Available online at www.ijrpc.com Research Article ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM RICINUS COMMUNIS LINN. AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY Sardul Singh Sandhu*, Suneel Kumar and Ravindra Prasad Aharwal Fungal Biotechnology and Invertebrate Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur- 482001, Madhya Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to identify the endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Ricinus communis and to investigate their potential antibacterial activity. 10 fungal species of endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from Ricinus communis including Aspergillus fumigates, Aspergillus japonicas, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium semitectum, Curvularia pallescens, Phoma hedericola, Alternaria tenuissima, Fusarium solani, Drechslera australien and Aspergillus repens. The fungal extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against six human pathogenic bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcous sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Most of the extracts showed in vitro inhibition of bacterial growth. The phytochemical screening revealed the existence of a diverse group of secondary metabolites in the crude extracts of the endophytic fungi that resemble those in the host plant extracts. Keywords: Antibacterial Activity, Endophytes, Bioactive Compounds, pharmaceutical products. INTRODUCTION capable to produce antimicrobial metabolites. Endophytes are microorganisms that are The production of Hypericin (C30H16O8), a present in living tissue of various plants (root, naphthodianthrone derivative and Emodin fruit, stem, seed, leaf etc.) establishing mutual (C15H10O5) believed to be the main precursor of relationship without apparently any symptom of hypericin, by the endophytic fungus isolated diseases.1, 2 These endophytes protect their from an Indian medicinal plant, having an hosts from infectious agents and adverse antimicrobial activity against several bacteria conditions by secreting bioactive secondary and fungi, including Staphylococcus aureus, metabolites.3,4 The endophytic fungi play Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas important physiological and ecological roles in aeruginosa, Salmonella enteric and Escherichia their host life. Recent investigations have been coli, and fungal organisms Aspergillus niger and intensified by the potentialities of endophytic Candida albicans.9 A compound polyketide fungal strains in production of bioactive citrinin produced by endophytic fungus metabolites like taxol, pestaloside, torreyanic Penicillium janthinellum from fruits of Melia acid and enzymes, i.e: Xylanase, Isoflavonoids, azedarach, presented 100% antibacterial activity Asparaginase.5,6,7,8 against Leishmania sp.10 Endophytic fungi are a good source of Medicinal plants are known to harbor endophytic antibiotics. Natural products from entophytic fungi that are believed to be associated with the microbes have been observed to inhabit or kill a production of pharmaceutical products.11 wide variety of harmful disease causing agents Therefore, it is important to explore endophytic but not limited to phytopathogens, as well as mycoflora in the medicinal plants. The present bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoan that affect study was carried out to isolate, identify and test humans and animals. Endophytic fungi are also antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi which 611 IJRPC 2014, 4(3), 611-618 Sardul Singh Sandhu et al. ISSN: 22312781 are isolated from Ricinus communis (Aurundi) counting. Colonization frequency (%) of an against a number of pathogenic bacteria. It is an endophyte species was equal to the number of indigenous medicinal plant in India and USA. segments colonized by a single endophyte Ricinus communis is an evergreen plant of the divided by the total number of segments tropical and temperate climates of the world observed x 100. (Table 2 & figure 1) belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. It is widely used in India traditional medicine for Number of segment Colonizing colonized by fungi various therapeutic purposes as well as the frequency % = X 100 source of agrochemical and castor oil from many Total number of centuries. Petroleum ether extracts of this plant segment observed roots posses anti inflammatory in formaldehyde and adjuvant induced rat’s paw arthritis and also Morphological Identification of Endophytic effective against skin diseases such as burns, fungi ulcers etc. The fungi were identified on the basis of morphological characteristics according to MATERIALS AND METHODS Domsch (1980) and Aggarwal and Hasija Plant Material (1980).15,16 The colonies appearing on petri- In the present study fungal species were plates were sub-cultured into the tube containing isolated from different parts of the Ricinus potato dextrose agar medium for identification. communis Linn. medicinal plant commonly Fungi were again cultured from slant to petri- called Aurundi was collected from different sites plates containing potato dextrose agar medium of Priyadarshni colony Dumna road Jabalpur, without antibiotic (Tetracycline) for 7 days. Madhya Pradesh (India). Healthy and mature Morphological identification was done according plant was carefully chosen for sampling. The to the standard taxonomic key included colony plant parts were brought to the laboratory in diameter, texture, color and the dimensions and sterilized bags and processed within a few hours morphology of hyphae and conidia. after sampling. Mass Production of Antibacterial Metabolites Isolation of Endophytic fungi 150 ml of Potato Dextrose Broth was prepared Isolation of endophytic fungi from plant parts in 250 ml flasks and autoclaved at 15 lbs psi for was done according to the method described by 12 20 min. The medium was inoculated with various Petrini (1986). First the plant material was fungi culture and incubated at 28±1°C in the rinsed in tap water to remove the dust and incubator. After 7, 14 and 21 days of incubation debris then cut into small pieces by a sterilized the crude culture broth was filtered and tested blade under aseptic conditions. Each sample for antibacterial activity against the six was surface sterilized by 70% ethanol for 1 pathogenic bacteria by using agar well diffusion minute and after that immersed the plant parts in methods. sodium hypochloride (NaOCl) solution for 30 seconds to 1 minute. The samples were rinsed Antibacterial Activity in sterile distilled water for 1 minute and then Test organisms allowed to surface dry on filter paper. After There were six strains of pathogenic bacteria proper drying 4 pieces of plant parts were such as Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcous sp., inoculated in PDA plate supplemented with Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, antibiotic (Tetracycline) and incubated at 28 0 Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus ±1 C for 5 to 7 days. Pure colonies were aureus were used to evaluate the antibacterial transferred on PDA slant. The fungal strains in activity of fungi. These bacterial strains were the pure culture were preserved on potato o taken from Microbial Type Culture Collection dextrose agar (PDA) slant at 4 to 5 C with (MTCC) Chandigarh (India). proper labeling and were sub-cultured from time to time. Antibacterial Activity The agar well diffusion assay method was used Calculation of colonizing frequency to assess the antibacterial activity of the fungi. In Colonization frequency (CF %) was calculated this method wells were aseptically made in the as described by Suryanarayanan et al. (2003) 13,14 seeded media using sterile cork borer and and Photita (2001). Briefly, proper time of appropriate amount of the bioactive metabolite incubation was given for colonizing frequency 612 IJRPC 2014, 4(3), 611-618 Sardul Singh Sandhu et al. ISSN: 22312781 was dropped in the prepared wells and Curvularia pallescens give maximum zone of incubated at 37°C in bacteriological incubator for inhibition against S. typhimurium (20mm), B. 24 hrs. Finally plates were observed for zones of subtilis (18mm) and Enterococcous sp. (15mm) inhibition and their diameter was measured with and least activity against S. aureus (15mm), E. the help of Hi-Antibiotic zone scale, Hi Media coli (12mm) and K. pneumoniae (13mm). The Laboratories Mumbai. 17 other fungi Drechslera australiensis show antibacterial activity against B. subtilis (15mm), S. RESULTS aureus (19mm) E. coli (10mm), K. pneumoniae Isolation of endophytic fungi (12mm), Enterococcous sp. (22mm), S. In the present study, fungal strains were isolated typhimurium (10mm). from the different parts of Ricinus communis. In this, we taken total 46 segments (16 leaves, 16 Growth Pattern and Bioactive Metabolite stem and 14 segment of root) were processed for production analysis of potent Fungi the isolation of fungi. A total 10 fungi were Time duration required for growth and isolated out of which five fungal strains belong to metabolite production by different fungi varies Ascmycetes, one belong to Ulovophycetes and significantly.19 In the present investigation, the two belongs to class Hypomycetes and one extract of Phoma hedericola isolated from belong to Ascomycota which showed in table 1. Ricinus communis was showed maximum antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Identification of Endophytic Fungi It produced the maximum inhibition of zone Identification of these fungal strains was
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes in Fungal Community Composition of Biofilms On
    117: 59-77 Octubre 2016 Research article Changes in fungal community composition of biofilms on limestone across a chronosequence in Campeche, Mexico Cambios en la composición de la comunidad fúngica de biopelículas sobre roca calcárea a través de una cronosecuencia en Campeche, México Sergio Gómez-Cornelio1,4, Otto Ortega-Morales2, Alejandro Morón-Ríos1, Manuela Reyes-Estebanez2 and Susana de la Rosa-García3 ABSTRACT: 1 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Ran- Background and Aims: The colonization of lithic substrates by fungal communities is determined by cho polígono 2A, Parque Industrial the properties of the substrate (bioreceptivity) and climatic and microclimatic conditions. However, the Lerma, 24500 Campeche, Mexico. effect of the exposure time of the limestone surface to the environment on fungal communities has not 2 Universidad Autónoma de Campe- been extensively investigated. In this study, we analyze the composition and structure of fungal commu- che, Departamento de Microbiología nities occurring in biofilms on limestone walls of modern edifications constructed at different times in a Ambiental y Biotecnología, Avenida subtropical environment in Campeche, Mexico. Agustín Melgar s/n, 24039 Campe- Methods: A chronosequence of walls built one, five and 10 years ago was considered. On each wall, three che, Mexico. surface areas of 3 × 3 cm of the corresponding biofilm were scraped for subsequent analysis. Fungi were 3 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Ta- isolated by washing and particle filtration technique and were then inoculated in two contrasting culture basco, División Académica de Cien- cias Biológicas, Carretera Villahermo- media (oligotrophic and copiotrophic). The fungi were identified according to macro and microscopic sa-Cárdenas km 0.5 s/n, entronque a characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Curvularia Keratitis*
    09 Wilhelmus Final 11/9/01 11:17 AM Page 111 CURVULARIA KERATITIS* BY Kirk R. Wilhelmus, MD, MPH, AND Dan B. Jones, MD ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the risk factors and clinical signs of Curvularia keratitis and to evaluate the management and out- come of this corneal phæohyphomycosis. Methods: We reviewed clinical and laboratory records from 1970 to 1999 to identify patients treated at our institution for culture-proven Curvularia keratitis. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to identify variables associ- ated with the length of antifungal therapy and with visual outcome. In vitro susceptibilities were compared to the clini- cal results obtained with topical natamycin. Results: During the 30-year period, our laboratory isolated and identified Curvularia from 43 patients with keratitis, of whom 32 individuals were treated and followed up at our institute and whose data were analyzed. Trauma, usually with plants or dirt, was the risk factor in one half; and 69% occurred during the hot, humid summer months along the US Gulf Coast. Presenting signs varied from superficial, feathery infiltrates of the central cornea to suppurative ulceration of the peripheral cornea. A hypopyon was unusual, occurring in only 4 (12%) of the eyes but indicated a significantly (P = .01) increased risk of subsequent complications. The sensitivity of stained smears of corneal scrapings was 78%. Curvularia could be detected by a panfungal polymerase chain reaction. Fungi were detected on blood or chocolate agar at or before the time that growth occurred on Sabouraud agar or in brain-heart infusion in 83% of cases, although colonies appeared only on the fungal media from the remaining 4 sets of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Curvulin and Phaeosphaeride a from Paraphoma Sp. VIZR 1.46 Isolated from Cirsium Arvense As Potential Herbicides
    molecules Article Curvulin and Phaeosphaeride A from Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46 Isolated from Cirsium arvense as Potential Herbicides Ekaterina Poluektova 1, Yuriy Tokarev 1 , Sofia Sokornova 1 , Leonid Chisty 2, Antonio Evidente 3 and Alexander Berestetskiy 1,* 1 All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, 196608 Pushkin, Russia; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-(812)-4705110 Received: 8 October 2018; Accepted: 25 October 2018; Published: 28 October 2018 Abstract: Phoma-like fungi are known as producers of diverse spectrum of secondary metabolites, including phytotoxins. Our bioassays had shown that extracts of Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46, a pathogen of Cirsium arvense, are phytotoxic. In this study, two phytotoxically active metabolites were isolated from Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46 liquid and solid cultures and identified as curvulin and phaeosphaeride A, respectively. The latter is reported also for the first time as a fungal phytotoxic product with potential herbicidal activity. Both metabolites were assayed for phytotoxic, antimicrobial and zootoxic activities. Curvulin and phaeosphaeride A were tested on weedy and agrarian plants, fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and on paramecia. Curvulin was shown to be weakly phytotoxic, while phaeosphaeride A caused severe necrotic lesions on all the tested plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 550.92 K
    Trends Phytochem. Res. 1(4) 2017 207-214 ISSN: 2588-3631 (Online) ISSN: 2588-3623 (Print) Trends in Phytochemical Research (TPR) Trends in Phytochemical Research (TPR) Volume 1 Issue 4 December 2017 © 2017 Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch Journal Homepage: http://tpr.iau-shahrood.ac.ir Press, All rights reserved. Original Research Article Isolation and identification of growth promoting endophytic fungi from Artemisia annua L. and its effects on artemisinin content Mir Abid Hussain1^, Vidushi Mahajan1,2^, Irshad Ahmad Rather1, Praveen Awasthi1, Rekha Chouhan1, Prabhu Dutt1, Yash Pal Sharma3, Yashbir S. Bedi1,2 and Sumit G. Gandhi1,2, 1Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial esearch,R Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110 001, India 3Post Graduate Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is a well-known antimalarial drug isolated from Received: 03 July 2017 Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae). Semi-synthetic derivatives of artemisinin like arteether, Revised: 31 August 2017 artemether, artesunate, etc. have also been explored for antimalarial as well as other Accepted: 11 October 2017 pharmacological activities. Endophytes are microorganisms which reside inside the living ePublished: 09 December 2017 tissues of host plants and can form symbiotic, parasitic or commensalistic relationship depending on the climatic conditions and host genotype. In this study, endophytic fungi KEYWORDS were isolated from the leaves of A. annua and were identified using the conventional as well as molecular taxonomic methods. Endophytes were identified as: Colletotrichum Acremonium persicum gloeosporioides, Cochliobolus lunatus, Curvularia pallescens and Acremonium persicum.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia Biodiversity of Biodiversity Taxonomy and and Taxonomy Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fungi Plant Pathogenic
    Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan 2019 Tan Pei Yu Australia and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Taxonomy Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Australia Bipolaris Botryosphaeriaceae Yu Pei Tan Curvularia Diaporthe Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan Yu Pei Tan Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2019) ISBN: 978-90-393-7126-8 Cover and invitation design: Ms Manon Verweij and Ms Yu Pei Tan Layout and design: Ms Manon Verweij Printing: Gildeprint The research described in this thesis was conducted at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia. Copyright © 2019 by Yu Pei Tan ([email protected]) All rights reserved. No parts of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any other forms by any means, without the permission of the author, or when appropriate of the publisher of the represented published articles. Front and back cover: Spatial records of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Diaporthe and Botryosphaeriaceae across the continent of Australia, sourced from the Atlas of Living Australia (http://www.ala. org.au). Accessed 12 March 2019. Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Taxonomie en biodiversiteit van plantpathogene schimmels van Australië (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 9 mei 2019 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Yu Pei Tan geboren op 16 december 1980 te Singapore, Singapore Promotor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala Part of the Western Ghats
    Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats (Final Report of the Project No. KFRI 375/01) C. Mohanan Forest Pathology Discipline Forest Protection Division K. Yesodharan Forest Botany Discipline Forest Ecology & Biodiversity Conservation Division KFRI Kerala Forest Research Institute An Institution of Kerala State council for Science, Technology and Environment Peechi 680 653 Kerala January 2005 0 ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL 1. Project No. : KFRI/375/01 2. Project Title : Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats 3. Objectives: i. To undertake a comprehensive disease survey in natural forests, forest plantations and nurseries in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats and to document the fungal pathogens associated with various diseases of forestry species, their distribution, and economic significance. ii. To prepare an illustrated document on plant pathogenic fungi, their association and distribution in various forest ecosystems in this region. 4. Date of commencement : November 2001 5. Date of completion : October 2004 6. Funding Agency: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….. 3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 6 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………….……... 11 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………….……... 15 Diversity of plant pathogenic fungi in different forest ecosystems ……………. 27 West coast tropical evergreen forests…………………………………..…..
    [Show full text]
  • Original Research Article 2 3 Optimization of Cellulose Production by Curvularia Pallescens 4 Isolated from Textile Effluent 5 6 Abstract
    1 Original Research Article 2 3 Optimization of Cellulose Production by Curvularia pallescens 4 Isolated from Textile Effluent 5 6 Abstract: 7 Introduction: Celluloses are important industrial enzymes and find application in several 8 industrial processes. Effects of pH, temperature, incubation time, source of carbon and nitrogen 9 were tested in submerged fermentation process in the production of cellulose by Curvularia 10 pallescens isolated from textile effluent. 11 Aims: The present study was attempted in a fungus; Curvularia pallescens isolated from textile 12 effluent for maximizing its production under optimal conditions in submerged fermentation by 13 using inexpensive substrate wheat bran. 14 Study design: The production medium was prepared in distilled water, supplemented with 4.5% 15 wheat bran, 0.05% KCl, 0.2% KH2PO4, (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), 16 maintained with pH of 5.5 and incubated at 280C for 120h was found optimal for the production 17 of cellulose. 18 Results: The test fungus achieved maximum FPA activity followed by cellobiohydrolase, 19 endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activity at 46.76, 42.06, 26.94 and 3.56 U/ml respectively at 20 pH 5.5 (figure-4). The temperature of 280C produced maximum cellulase activity. Highest 21 activity recorded was of FPA (38.94 U/ml), followed by cellobiohydrolase (30.29 U/ml), 22 endoglucanase (22.41 U/ml), and β-glucosidase (3.98 U/ml). The effect of process parameters 23 such as the effect of temperature, pH and inoculum size was investigated. Maximum cellulase 24 and xylanase having an enzyme activity of 694.45 and 931.25 IU, respectively, were produced at 25 30°C incubation temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • A Worldwide List of Endophytic Fungi with Notes on Ecology and Diversity
    Mycosphere 10(1): 798–1079 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity Rashmi M, Kushveer JS and Sarma VV* Fungal Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry 605014, Puducherry, India Rashmi M, Kushveer JS, Sarma VV 2019 – A worldwide list of endophytic fungi with notes on ecology and diversity. Mycosphere 10(1), 798–1079, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/19 Abstract Endophytic fungi are symptomless internal inhabits of plant tissues. They are implicated in the production of antibiotic and other compounds of therapeutic importance. Ecologically they provide several benefits to plants, including protection from plant pathogens. There have been numerous studies on the biodiversity and ecology of endophytic fungi. Some taxa dominate and occur frequently when compared to others due to adaptations or capabilities to produce different primary and secondary metabolites. It is therefore of interest to examine different fungal species and major taxonomic groups to which these fungi belong for bioactive compound production. In the present paper a list of endophytes based on the available literature is reported. More than 800 genera have been reported worldwide. Dominant genera are Alternaria, Aspergillus, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Phoma. Most endophyte studies have been on angiosperms followed by gymnosperms. Among the different substrates, leaf endophytes have been studied and analyzed in more detail when compared to other parts. Most investigations are from Asian countries such as China, India, European countries such as Germany, Spain and the UK in addition to major contributions from Brazil and the USA.
    [Show full text]
  • I^ Pearl Millet United States Department of Agriculture
    i^ Pearl Millet United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Service^««««^^^^ A Compilation■ of Information on the Agriculture Known PathoQens of Pearl Millet Handbook No. 716 Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br April 2000 ^ ^ ^ United States Department of Agriculture Pearl Millet Agricultural Research Service Agriculture Handbook j\ Comp¡lation of Information on the No. 716 "^ Known Pathogens of Pearl Millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Jeffrey P. Wilson Wilson is a research plant pathologist at the USDA-ARS Forage and Turf Research Unit, University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793-0748 Abstract Wilson, J.P. 1999. Pearl Millet Diseases: A Compilation of Information on the Known Pathogens of Pearl Millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 716. Cultivation of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] for grain and forage is expanding into nontraditional areas in temperate and developed countries, where production constraints from diseases assume greater importance. The crop is host to numerous diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, and parasitic plants. Symptoms, pathogen and disease characteristics, host range, geographic distribution, nomenclature discrepancies, and the likelihood of seed transmission for the pathogens are summarized. This bulletin provides useful information to plant pathologists, plant breeders, extension agents, and regulatory agencies for research, diagnosis, and policy making. Keywords: bacterial, diseases, foliar, fungal, grain, nematode, panicle, parasitic plant, pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum, preharvest, seedling, stalk, viral. This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use nor does it imply that uses discussed here have been registered.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Natural Products of the Genera Curvularia and Bipolaris
    fungal biology reviews 33 (2019) 101e122 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fbr Review Diversity of natural products of the genera Curvularia and Bipolaris Afra KHIRALLAa,b, Rosella SPINAb, Sahar SALIBAb, Dominique LAURAIN-MATTARb,* aBotany Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Shendi University, P.O. Box 142, Shendi, Sudan bUniversite de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-54000, Nancy, France article info abstract Article history: Covering from 1963 to 2017. Received 24 May 2018 This review provides a summary of some secondary metabolites isolated from the genera Accepted 17 September 2018 Curvularia and Bipolaris from 1963 to 2017. The study has a broad objective. First to afford an overview of the structural diversity of these genera, classifying them depending on their Keywords: chemical classes, highlighting individual examples of chemical structures. Also some in- Anti-malarial activity formation regarding their biological activities are presented. Several of the compounds re- Bipolaris ported here were isolated exclusively from endophytic and pathogenic strains in culture, Curvularia while few from other sources such as sea Anemone and fish. Some secondary metabolites Fungicidal activity of the genus Curvularia and Bipolaris revealed a fascinating biological activities included: Leishmanicidal activity anti-malarial, anti-biofouling, anti-larval, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, Secondary metabolites anti-fungal, anti-cancer, leishmanicidal and phytotoxicity. Herein, we presented a bibliog- raphy of the researches accomplished on the natural products of Curvularia and Bipolaris, which could help in the future prospecting of novel or new analogues of active metabolites from these two genera. ª 2018 British Mycological Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • BIOTROPIA No. 9, 1996: 26 - 37
    BIOTROPIA No. 9, 1996: 26 - 37 BROWN SPOT CAUSED BY CURVULARIA SPP., A NEW DISEASE OF ASPARAGUS B. SALLEH1, A. SAFINAT1, L. JULIA2 and C.H. TEO3 1School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 3, 89207 Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia 3Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Centre, Semogok, P.O. Box 977, 93720 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia ABSTRACT The distribution, aetiology and symptomatology of a new disease on asparagus ferns, which we have termed brown spot, is described. Descriptions of and a key to identification of the causal organisms, Curvularia brachyspora, C. eragrostidis, C. lunata and C. pallescens, are also presented. Pathogenicity tests showed that C. lunata was the dominant and most virulent of the four species. Inoculation with conidial suspensions or mycelial transfers through wounded ferns were more effective in inducing the disease than inoculations on unwounded ferns. This is the first record of C. brachyspora in Malaysia and the first report of this disease on asparagus. Key words: Malaysia/Plant diseases/Brown spotJCurvularia brachyspora/Curvularia eragrostidts/Curvularia lunata/Curvularia pallescens/Asparagus. INTRODUCTION Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) was introducted into Malaysia from Taiwan in the 1950s. Although it is a fairly new crop, asparagus has become a preferred vegetable especially by Malaysians in the higher income groups. Its caloric and nutrient contents are comparable to those of the four most popular local vegetables i.e. kailan (Brassica alboglabra Bailey), Chinese cabbage (B. chinensis L.), cauliflower (B. oler-cea L. var. botrytis) and sawi (B.juncea Bailey) (Anon. 1985).
    [Show full text]
  • ISSN: 0975-8585 March–April 2015 RJPBCS 6(2) Page No
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Review: Plant Extract a Novel for Agriculture. Tansukh Barupal* and Kanika Sharma. Microbial Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, M.L.S. University, Udaipur-313001 Rajasthan, India. ABSTRACT The rising population demand for food poses major challenges to humankind. In favor of facing this challenge humans used enormous amount of chemically synthesize fungicides to control plant diseases because of their diverse use, easiness of synthesis and extreme effectiveness. However, they are not considered as enduring solutions due to their harmful effects on human being as well as soil health so, nowadays focus is shifting in the direction of biological methods to manage plant diseases as they have no adverse consequence on humans as well as environment. The employ of botanicals / natural products for the control of plant diseases is considered as an interesting alternative way to synthetic fungicides due to their no negative impacts on the environment. The present study attempt will be made to develop the plant extract based bio-formulation for systematic control of leaf spot disease of maize caused by Curvularia lunata. Keywords: Plant extracts, Bio-formulation, Antimicrobial activity, Crop plant, Medicinal plants *Corresponding author March–April 2015 RJPBCS 6(2) Page No. 934 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION There are two million kinds of living organisms of which fungi constitutes a hundred thousand species [101] from this we can conclude that fungus is omnipresent. It is responsible for food spoilage, crop deterioration and many health hazards. Plant parasitic fungi cause disease in several economically important crop plants, which lead to enormous losses [131].
    [Show full text]