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João Victor Barbosa.Pdf Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC-SP JOÃO VICTOR BARBOSA Deuses do rock: a construção do mito no audiovisual. Mestrado em Comunicação e Semiótica São Paulo 2018 JOÃO VICTOR BARBOSA Deuses do rock: a construção do mito no audiovisual. Mestrado em Comunicação e Semiótica Dissertação apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência para obtenção do título de Mestre em Comunicação e Semiótica sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Amálio Pinheiro. São Paulo 2018 2 Banca Examinadora _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 3 Agradecemos o apoio da CAPES – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – a qual viabilizou esta pesquisa. 4 Agradecimentos Amálio Pinheiro, essa figura emblemática, orientadora e camarada. E por ser tão compreensivo com a minha atual situação. Cecília Salles e Norval Baitello Junior, pelos ensinamentos, leituras e colaborações. Bernardo Queiroz, pelas dicas valiosas na qualificação e pelos livros emprestados. Silvio Anaz, por compartilhar sabedoria e manter vivo e real o imaginário. Cida, pela paciência de sempre. Aos Bons Amigos, de tempos e espaços distintos, mas que, de alguma maneira, me fizeram sorrir. E, principalmente, aos que passaram noites e mais noites falando sobre rock, bebendo, jogando... (Finão, Lelinha, Kejo e Góvinho). Minha família, especialmente Victinho, Julie, Ceretta, Beth, Thundera, Robocop, Ruivinham e Désirée. Tchellão, irmão e referência. Influência direta para a publicidade. Para a ilustração. Para o photoshop. Para a fotografia. Para o cinema. E para o Palestra! Aos meus pais: Victor e Maria Cristina, que nenhuma palavra é capaz de, sequer, tentar explicar. Aqui, apenas agradeço pelos primeiros discos e por permitir o cabelo comprido desde pequeno. Shimoo, eterno. Meu Sol Fernanda, fonte da minha vida. À vida e pós-vida do Rock and Roll, e todos os seus deuses. 5 RESUMO Esta pesquisa analisa a construção do mito dos “Deuses do Rock” a partir de processos comunicacionais e culturais presentes em documentários musicais produzidos entre os anos 1968-1971 e denominados rockumentários, por abordarem especificamente músicos do gênero rock and roll em suas redes. Em uma época em que o rock and roll tornava-se o principal produto midiático pensado para o consumo dos jovens, The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1968), Woodstock (1969) e Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii (1971), produções que constituem o corpus da presente pesquisa, capturaram registros de apresentações com o diferencial de trazer conteúdos extras em linguagem documental, como depoimentos e imagens de bastidores. Nas décadas seguintes, os três rockumentários foram reeditados para agregar imagens inéditas e novas propostas de montagem. Investigamos os processos de criação destas obras audiovisuais e argumentamos que, sobretudo em suas reedições, as peças, de formas distintas, se apropriam de narrativas míticas e personagens épicos, fazendo uma tradução dentro de um determinado tempo e espaço para compor o imaginário social dos "Deuses do Rock”. A pesquisa parte da análise dos documentários, com ênfase nas reverberações socioculturais que interferem nos processos de criação dessas peças audiovisuais e na memória social do rock and roll. A fundamentação teórica envolve a reflexão sobre cultura e processos de criação de Edgar Morin e Cecília Salles e discussões acerca do imaginário e dos mitos em Michel Maffesoli e Joseph Campbell. Palavras-chave: cultura, audiovisual, imaginário, rock and roll 6 ABSTRACT This research analyzes the construction of the myth of the "Gods of Rock" from the communication and cultural processes that are present in musical documentaries produced between the years 1968-1971 and denominated rockumentaries, for specifically approaching musicians of the rock and roll genre in their networks. In a time when rock and roll became the mainstream media product for young people, The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1968), Woodstock (1969) and Pink Floyd: Live at Pompeii (1971), productions which constitute the corpus of the present research, captured images of the presentations mentioned with the differential of bringing extra contents in documentary language, such as testimonials and backstage images. In the following decades, the three rockumentaries were reedited to add unpublished images and new proposals of assembly. We investigate the creative processes of these audiovisuals and argue that, especially in their reissues, the rockumentaries, in different ways, present mythical narratives and epic characters, making a translation within a certain time and space to compose the social imaginary of the " Gods of Rock. "The research is based on the analysis of documentaries, with emphasis on the socio-cultural reverberations that interfere in the processes of creation of these audiovisual pieces and in the social memory of rock and roll. The theoretical foundation is in the reflection on culture and creation processes by Edgar's Morin and Cecilia Salles and in discussions about the imaginary and the myths by Michel Maffesoli and Joseph Campbell. Palavras-chave: culture, audiovisual, imaginary, rock and roll 7 SUMÁRIO Introdução.......................................................................................................10 1. Imaginário, música e mídia.......................................................................... 22 1.1 A contracultura.............................................................................................. 22 1.2 O rock and roll............................................................................................... 36 1.3 O contexto da contracultura rock and roll.................................................. 44 1.4 Os rockumentários: apresentando as atrações......................................... 52 1.4.1 The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus................................................... 52 1.4.2 Woodstock: Three Days of Peace and Music............................................. 55 1.4.3 Pink Floyd Live at Pompeii........................................................................... 57 2. Comunidade musical: sujeitos colaborativos e interações coletivas nos processos de construção de obras e mitos....................... 63 2.1 Processos de criação em rede: traduzindo o imaginário em imagens.................................................................................................... 63 2.2 Reverberações............................................................................................... 79 3. Memória, imagem, movimento e mito......................................................... 84 3.1 Métodos de apropriação de histórias e memórias..................................... 84 3.2 A força da imagem........................................................................................ 91 3.3 O poder do filme............................................................................................ 98 Considerações finais.................................................................................. 118 Bibliografia.................................................................................................. 120 8 “…for a brief moment it seemed that rock ‘n’ roll would inherit the earth.” (David Dalton) 9 INTRODUÇÃO Esta pesquisa analisou o contexto cultural da emergência do mito do “Deus do Rock” a partir da análise de filmes sobre rock and roll, estes híbridos documentais e musicais, também conhecidos como rockumentários. O professor de música Henrique Autran Dourado, da Universidade de São Paulo, explica que rockumentário é o “neologismo que designa documentário sobre artistas ou assuntos pertinentes ao rock” (Dourado, 2004, p.284). Filmes que trazem apresentações musicais completas são obras presentes no cinema desde os anos 1940. Este gênero é conhecido como filme concerto (concert movie). O filme concerto Concert Magic, de 1948, mostra uma apresentação completa do maestro e violinista norte-americano Yehudi Menuhin, em filmagens no Charlie Chaplin Studios, feitas em 1947. Acompanhado por outros músicos, o maestro apresenta releituras de obras clássicas de grandes compositores como Bach, Beethoven, Wieniawski, Paganini, entre outros. Figura 1. Poster do filme-concerto Concert Magic, de 1948. 10 Em 1958, durante o quinto Festival de Jazz de Newport, nos Estados Unidos, foi capturado o primeiro documentário sobre música: Jazz On A Summer’s Day (lançado em 1960). O diretor musical do filme foi George Avakian, produtor de jazz da Columbia Records. O filme mescla imagens da cidade e das águas com os artistas e o público, e cenas da America's Cup Yacht Races, competição de iatismo. O documentário não apresenta narração ou diálogos. Possui apresentações de Louis Armstrong, Chuck Berry, Anita O'Day, entre outros renomados artistas da época. Em 1999, o filme foi selecionado para preservação na Biblioteca do Congresso dos Estados Unidos, na National Film Registry. Figura 2. Poster do filme Jazz On A Summer’s Day, documentário sobre música lançado em 1960. Na próxima década, em 1964, foi gravado o primeiro filme concerto de rock and roll. T.A.M.I. Show (Teenage Awards Music International) lançado pela American International Pictures, contou com performances de grandes nomes da música rock and roll e R&B (rhythm and blues). Artistas dos Estados Unidos e Inglaterra se reuniram no Auditório Cívico de Santa Mônica, durante dois dias. O 11 público,
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