3 Inactivation (Disinfection) Processes
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Who Is MIOX®?
Who is MIOX®? Control and Prevention (CDC), the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the World Health Organization With a history of scientific innovation, MIOX Corporation (WHO) and other internationally‐recognized scientific began manufacturing on‐site water disinfectant generators institutions and universities, to build a substantial body of in 1994. Now with more than 1,700 MIOX installations in scientific documentation to demonstrate the dramatic hundreds of U.S. communities and over 30 countries, MIOX improvements in human health when mixed oxidants are systems are treating used to treat drinking water. more than 6.5 billion gallons of water per Individual treatment for individual needs day, serving millions of We know all treatment needs are not alike. For standard people worldwide. disinfection needs, we offer a state‐of‐the‐art on‐site hypochlorite generator engineered with superior salt and MIOX is used for energy efficiencies. For more advanced treatment needs, potable water, MIOX mixed oxidant technology offers all the disinfection wastewater and reuse, power of hypochlorite with additional treatment benefits commercial swimming including biofilm removal, disinfection by‐product (DBP) MIOX Headquarters pools, on board reduction, improved taste and odor, and improved water Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA military and cruise clarification processes. With mixed oxidant technology, ships, cooling towers, you’ll maintain more persistent and consistent chlorine the beverage industry, oil and gas water treatment, and residuals with lower doses. And compared to conventional other commercial and industrial applications. chlorination, laboratory studies show that mixed oxidants offer a much more effective kill of Cost effective and environmentally even difficult‐to‐inactivate responsible? Absolutely. -
Whole Grain Processing, Funcqonal Components for Posiqve Food
Whole Grain Processing, Func3onal Components for Posi3ve Food A<ributes and Health Eric A. Decker Department of Food Science University of Massachuse<s How We Decide What Food to Buy? Nutri3on Convenience Value Taste Convenience Time Management • 1887: Half of a households labor hours were for preparing foods • 2010: – Food preparaon < 25 min/day www.d.umn.edu www.businessinsider.com Convenience Time Management • Households are also spending less 3me shopping for foods (< 15 min/day) – Requires foods will long shelf-life so food shopping is not a daily event – Requires one stop shopping vs. individual food vendors www.ers.usda.gov www.getrealmaine.com Value Increased Spending Power • Food Cost are declining 30 23.4% in 1929 25 20 15 10 9.6% in 2008 % Di sp o5 sab l e I n co me 0 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 Year Whole Grains and Value www.mlive.com www.namamillers.org Whole Wheat Flour • Typically made by recombining the bran, germ and white flour at proper propor3ons • Straight grinding of the wheat berry can cause breaking of the germ and spreading of the germ oil throughout the flour • Germ Oil – 83% linoleic acid (18:2; omega 6) – 7% linolenic acid (18:3; omega 3) Impact of Unsaturation on Susceptibility to Lipid Oxidation RELATIVE OXIDIZIBILITY 1 18:1 10 18:2 20 18:3 30 20:4 40 20:5 Newspapers soaked in linseed oil caused fire due to spontaneous combus3on (Hampshire Gaze<e; Northampton, MA) Value Why are Whole Grain Flour and Products More Expensive? • Shelf-life – Whole wheat flour has a limited shelf-life due to rancidity = 1-3 months -
Qualitative and Quantitative Tier 3 Assessment
Consider It Done www.ehs-support.com.au Qualitative and Quantitative Tier 3 Assessment Sodium Hypochlorite In accordance with the Chemical Risk Assessment Framework (CRAF), the assessment for this Tier 3 chemical includes the following components: completing the screening; developing a risk assessment dossier and Predicted No-Effects Concentrations (PNECs) for water and soil; and, completing a qualitative and quantitative assessment of risk. Each of these components is detailed within this attachment. Background Sodium hypochlorite is a component in a Water Management Facility (WMF) product (Sodium Hypochlorite Solution 12.5%) used as an oxidising agent/disinfectant during oily water treatment. A safety data sheet (SDS) for the WMF product is included as Attachment 1. Process and usage information for this chemical is included in Attachment 2 and summarised in Table 1. Table 1 Water Management Facility Chemicals – Tier 3 Chemicals Approximate Quantity Stored On- Proprietary Name Chemical Name CAS No. Use Site (plant available storage) Sodium Sodium Hypochlorite 7681-52-9 Oxidising 15000 L Hypochlorite Sodium Hydroxide 1310-73-2 agent/disinfectant Solution 12.5% CAS No = Chemical Abstracts Service Number L = litre The assessment of toxicity of this chemical was used to evaluate human health exposure scenarios and is presented in Attachment 3. Since an Australian Drinking Water Guideline (ADWG) Value is available (see Table 2), toxicological reference values (TRVs) were not derived for the chemical. A detailed discussion of the drinking -
Reducing Trihalomethane Concentrations by Using Chloramines As a Disinfectant
REDUCING TRIHALOMETHANE CONCENTRATIONS BY USING CHLORAMINES AS A DISINFECTANT by Elizabeth Anne Farren A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Engineering by ___________________________________ April 2003 APPROVED: ___________________________________ Dr. Jeanine D. Plummer, Major Advisor ____________________________________ Dr. Frederick L. Hart, Head of Department Abstract Disinfectants such as chlorine are used in drinking water treatment to protect the public health from pathogenic microorganisms. However, disinfectants also react with humic material present in raw water sources and produce by-products, such as trihalomethanes. Total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) include four compounds: chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. TTHMs are carcinogenic and have been found to cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has set the maximum contaminant limit for TTHMs at 80 µg/L. Additional regulations require reliable drinking water disinfection for resistant pathogens and treatment plants must simultaneously control TTHMs and achieve proper disinfection. Research has shown that THM formation depends on several factors. THM concentrations increase with increasing residence time, increased temperature and increased pH. The disinfectant type and concentration is also significant: THM concentrations can be minimized by using lower disinfectant doses or alternative disinfectants to chlorine such as chloramines. Chloramines are formed by the addition of both chlorine and ammonia. The Worcester Water Filtration Plant in Holden, MA currently uses both ozone and chlorine for primary disinfection. Chlorine is also used for secondary disinfection. This study analyzed the effect of using chloramines versus free chlorine on TTHM production at the plant. -
Potable Water Presentation
MIOX for Potable Water MIOX is On-Site Generation Technology A direct replacement for chlorine and other biocide chemicals used in all types of water treatment. MIOX Vault™ OSG system virtually eliminates maintenance Generating chemicals on site, on demand is safer, cost effective, and eco-friendly. Eliminates storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals. Dramatically improved safety; less liability. Lifecycle costs much lower than delivered chemicals. Inherently a “greener” approach with reduced carbon footprint. Why MIOX? NIPSCO Power Plant Safe… Saves Over 70% with MIOX $250,000 $200,000 $150,000 Conventional chemicals $100,000 $50,000 MIOX $0 …saves money… … is more effective! A History of Innovation MIOX Founded in 1994 to replace delivered chemical for disinfection 1994 – 2005 – Early emphasis on public water systems – Listed by NSF International and U.S. EPA – Extensive government funded research – MSR MIOX Purifier developed MIOX today – A fast growing enterprise with proven technology and an established market base (1,700+ installed units) – Sales presence in 30+ countries – Over 16 U.S. patents MIOX® Technology Timeline 2008: Groundbreaking 2010: 2011: “Elfin RIO™ mid-sized OSG Revolutionary Platform” launched; modular cell small series self- available for design allows cleaning Vault™ 0.5-2 ppd unprecedented OSG launched flexibility 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 • 12 year history • Company • RIO™ • Added 3 New • New VP • Vault™ • “Elfin recapitalized Launched Experienced Industrial Launched Platform” • Technology -
The Differences Between On-Site Generated Mixed-Oxidant Solution and Sodium Hypochlorite (Aka the Master Features Summary) Wesley L
The Differences between On-Site Generated Mixed-Oxidant Solution and Sodium Hypochlorite (aka the Master Features Summary) Wesley L. Bradford, Ph.D., formerly Los Alamos Technical Associates, Inc. (LATA), Los Alamos, NM, and Chief Scientist, Product Development, MIOX Corporation, Albuquerque, NM Currently Chief Scientist, MIOX Corporation, Albuquerque, NM Last updated 8 February 2011 Table of Contents Background .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Chemistry ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Differences between MIOX Mixed-Oxidant Solution and Sodium Hypochlorite ................................ 3 Chemical Analyses .......................................................................................................................... 3 Other Laboratory Evidence for the Presence of Oxidants Other than Chlorine ............................ 5 Chemistry-Related Differences in Behavior of Mixed-Oxidant Solution Compared to Chlorine ........ 8 Superior Microorganism Inactivation in Potable Water and Processes ........................................ 8 Superior Effectiveness of Mixed-Oxidant Solution for Cryptosporidium Inactivation ................... 9 Early Work Suggests Effectiveness at Practical FAC Concentrations ..................................... 9 Difficulties in Repeating the Early Observations .................................................................. -
Assessing the Hydrogen Peroxide Effect Along with Sodium Hypochlorite Against Marine Blue Mussels Aimed at Antifouling Usage
Environ. Eng. Res. 2017; 22(1): 108-115 pISSN 1226-1025 https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2016.043 eISSN 2005-968X Assessing the hydrogen peroxide effect along with sodium hypochlorite against marine blue mussels aimed at antifouling usage Md. Niamul Haque1, Sunghyun Kwon2† 1Department of Ocean System Engineering, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, Cheondaegukchi-Gil 38, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea 2Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, College of Marine Science, Engineering Research Institute (ERI), Gyeongsang National University, Cheondaegukchi-Gil 38, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Chlorination has been the most common antifouling method, but alternatives are under searching. In this article, we report how the hydrogen peroxide could enhance the effect of chlorination to prevent fouling by inhibiting larvae settlement and abatement of mussel colonization or by extinct of them; through marine mussel Mytilus edulis. The addition of hydrogen peroxide shows synergic effect on the veliger larvae (up to 19 folds) and effectively reduces required time of mussel mortality by 8-22%. For resolution of micro- and macro-fouling caused by the marine mussel, as well as diminishing of time and conventional chlorine dose could be im- portant factor in favour of environment and economics. Keywords: Biofouling, Hydrogen peroxide, Mytilus edulis, Sodium hypochlorite, Veliger larvae 1. Introduction ozone) and nonoxidizing agents (amines, heavy metals, alde- hydes, organo-bromine compounds) [8]. Chlorination has been the most commonly used to control fouling. However, owing Micro- and macro-fouling can be a potentially serious problem to increasing concern about toxicity of chlorine and its inter- in a submerged cooling system, leading to the reduced heat ex- mediates to aquatic life, several countries are making effort change efficiency [1], to the reduced water flow [2] and to the to minimize chlorine residuals in the discharges [9]. -
Survey of Sodium and Calcium Hypochlorite
Survey of sodium and calcium hypochlorite Part of the LOUS review Environmental project No. 1720, 2015 Title: Author: Survey of sodium and calcium hypochlorite Carlos Escudero-Oñate Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 DK-1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk Year: ISBN no. 2015 978-87-93352-33-9 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning research and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. May be quoted provided the source is acknowledged. 2 Survey of sodium and calcium hypochlorite Contents Preface ...................................................................................................................... 5 Conclusion and Summary .......................................................................................... 7 Sammenfatning og konklusion ................................................................................. 11 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. -
Conversion from Traditional Biocide to Miox On-Site Generation at Nrg Phoenix Chilled Water Plant
Fehr Solutions, LLC Water Treatment Services and Consulting CONVERSION FROM TRADITIONAL BIOCIDE TO MIOX ON-SITE GENERATION AT NRG PHOENIX CHILLED WATER PLANT MICHAEL FEHR, PH.D. FEHR SOLUTIONS, LLC Fehr Solutions, LLC Water Treatment Services and Consulting BACKGROUND ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL • BIOLOGICAL CONTROL WITHIN COOLING TOWERS HAS ALWAYS BEEN IMPORTANT FROM A PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY STANDPOINT. • IT HAS BECOME EVEN MORE IMPORTANT WITH THE ASHRAE 188-2015 STANDARD BEING ISSUED • COOLING TOWERS FOR DISTRICT ENERGY SYSTEMS ARE ALMOST BY DEFINITION LOCATED IN HIGHLY POPULATED AREAS • INCREASES POTENTIAL EXPOSURE • THE TECHNOLOGY USED TO CONTROL BACTERIAL GROWTH HAS STAGNATED Fehr Solutions, LLC Water Treatment Services and Consulting THE “BIOLOGICAL CONTROL” PLAYERS Non-Oxidizers (slow acting) Oxidizers (fast acting) Activated Bromine (Sodium Bromide + Bleach (12.5%) Isothiazolin Glutaraldehyde HOCl) Stabilized Chlorine Bromine (12 Dioxide %) Quats DBNPA BCDMH (Solid) Fehr Solutions, LLC Water Treatment Services and Consulting THE FEED AND CONTROL STRATEGIES • CONTINUOUS • MAINTAIN CONTINUOUS RESIDUAL • SLUG FEED • SLUG FEED ON REGULAR BASIS ON A REPEATING CYCLE • OFTEN OVERLAID WITH REGULAR NON-OXIDIZER USAGE • CONTROL • ORP • FREE CHLORINE ANALYZERS • REAGENT TYPE • MEMBRANE TYPE Fehr Solutions, LLC Water Treatment Services and Consulting THE HANDLING PROBLEM • BIOCIDES ARE GENERALLY THE MOST • CHLORINE DIOXIDE HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN A FACILITY • PRECURSORS CAN BE EXPLOSIVE (IF DRIED) • THEY ARE DESIGNED TO KILL BACTERIA AND • OSHA LIMIT -
Cysteine, Glutathione, and Thiol Redox Balance in Astrocytes
antioxidants Review Cysteine, Glutathione, and Thiol Redox Balance in Astrocytes Gethin J. McBean School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; [email protected]; Tel.: +353-1-716-6770 Received: 13 July 2017; Accepted: 1 August 2017; Published: 3 August 2017 Abstract: This review discusses the current understanding of cysteine and glutathione redox balance in astrocytes. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of oxidative stress and astrocyte activation on pathways that provide cysteine as a precursor for glutathione. The effect of the disruption of thiol-containing amino acid metabolism on the antioxidant capacity of astrocytes is also discussed. − Keywords: cysteine; cystine; cysteamine; cystathionine; glutathione; xc cystine-glutamate exchanger; transsulfuration 1. Introduction Thiol groups, whether contained within small molecules, peptides, or proteins, are highly reactive and prone to spontaneous oxidation. Free cysteine readily oxidises to its corresponding disulfide, cystine, that together form the cysteine/cystine redox couple. Similarly, the tripeptide glutathione (γ-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine) exists in both reduced (GSH) and oxidised (glutathione disulfide; GSSG) forms, depending on the oxidation state of the sulfur atom on the cysteine residue. In the case of proteins, the free sulfhydryl group on cysteines can adopt a number of oxidation states, ranging from disulfides (–S–S–) and sulfenic acids (–SOOH), which are reversible, to the more oxidised sulfinic (–SOO2H) and sulfonic acids (–SOO3H), which are not. These latter species may arise as a result of chronic and/or severe oxidative stress, and generally indicate a loss of function of irreversibly oxidised proteins. Methionine residues oxidise to the corresponding sulfoxide, which can be rescued enzymatically by methionine sulfoxide reductase [1]. -
Monochloramine in Drinking-Water
WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/83 English only Monochloramine in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality © World Health Organization 2004 Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications - whether for sale of for non- commercial distribution - should be addressed to Publications (Fax: +41 22 791 4806; e-mail: [email protected]. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The World Health Organization does not warrant that the information contained in this publication is complete and correct and shall not be liable for any damage incurred as a results of its use. Preface One of the primary goals of WHO and its member states is that “all people, whatever their stage of development and their social and economic conditions, have the right to have access to an adequate supply of safe drinking water.” A major WHO function to achieve such goals is the responsibility “to propose ... regulations, and to make recommendations with respect to international health matters ....” The first WHO document dealing specifically with public drinking-water quality was published in 1958 as International Standards for Drinking-water. -
Method 127: Determination of Monochloramine Concentration in Drinking Water Questions Concerning This Document Should Be Addressed To
Method 127: Determination of Monochloramine Concentration in Drinking Water Questions concerning this document should be addressed to: Matthew T. Alexander, P.E. U.S. EPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, Technical Support Center, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45268 Phone: (513) 569-7380 [email protected] Office of Water (MS-140) EPA 815-B-21-004 January 2021 Version 1.0 Authors Matthew T. Alexander, P.E., U.S. EPA (Cincinnati, OH) Thomas E. Waters, P.E., U.S. EPA (Cincinnati, OH) David G. Wahman, PhD, P.E., U.S. EPA (Cincinnati, OH) Glynda A. Smith, PhD, U.S. EPA (Cincinnati, OH) Acknowledgements The following people are acknowledged for their support in development and/or validation of this method: William A. Adams, PhD, Alison Dugan, Christopher Frebis, and Steven C. Wendelken, PhD, U.S. EPA (Cincinnati, OH) Lili Wang and Richard Weisman, U.S. EPA (Washington, DC) Taylor Rosenhagen and Chris Bobay, Louisville Water Company (Louisville, KY) John Consolvo, Joseph Mockus, Alexandra Rosario-Arocho, and, Philadelphia Water Department (Philadelphia, PA) Julian Fairey, PhD, University of Arkansas (Fayetteville, AR) City of Hamilton Water (Hamilton, OH) Greater Cincinnati Water Works (Cincinnati, OH) Augusta Regional Water Treatment Plant (Augusta, KY) City of Falmouth Water and Wastewater Department (Falmouth, KY) Justin Blashaw and Paul Handke, Pennsylvania DEP (New Stanton, PA) Kayla Quinter, former U.S. EPA intern, for development of free chlorine and monochloramine stock solution preparation and standardization procedures. ii Disclaimer Publication of the method, in and of itself, does not establish a requirement, although the use of this method may be specified by the EPA or a state through independent actions.