Nursing & History
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Nursing & History Proceedings First Danish History of Nursing Conference Edited h) Susanne !\1alchau Dietz r ul11 ,., 11. ,,1 -._ •·-.-·- .,,.,1;,,. j.:,,,. !\\ 1.1: ' Nursing & History Proceedings First Danish History of Nursing Conference Edited by Susanne Malchau Dietz Facuhy of Heahh Scicnces Aarhus Univcrsi1y School of Public Heahh Dcpanment of Nursing Science 2009 Published by Department ofNursing Science School of Public Health Aarhus University Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 6A Building 1633 DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.au.dk/sygepleje ISSN 1602-1541 ISBN 978-87-92261-90-8 All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems or transmittcd in any formor by any means, clcctronic, mcchanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without indication of the source Nuns Hospitals andNursing in Denmark in the 19th and 20th Centuries Susanne Malchau Dietz .......................................................................................................... 13 7 "Hellige profeter" eller professionelle sygeplejersker? Danske missionssygeplejersker i Indien og Kina 1890 - 1940 Anne Marie Overgaard......................... .................................................................................. 151 Theme IV: Education and Strategies towards a Profession Land of Possibilities: The Challenge of Making the Right Decision. A Bourdieu inspired analysis of the DanishNurses Organization's strategies concerning nursing education in the I 970's Birte Glinsvad......................................................................................................................... 167 The Red CrossNurses in Dcnmark: Origin of theNurses Training and the First Years of Service Michael Nielsen ...................................................................................................................... 175 Virginia Henderson and the Concept ofBasicNursing Care in a Danish Nursing Context 1967 - 2006 Gitte Bekker ............................................................................................................................ 184 Conference Program Conference Program: First Danish History ofNursing Conference September 28 - 29, 2007 ........................................................................................................ 197 Foreword Susanne Ma/chau Dietz In September 2007 the Danis/, Society of Nursing Histo1y marked its I o•h annivcrsary by arranging the First Danis/i Histo1y of Nursing Conference in cooperation with the Danis/, M11se11111 of Nursing Histo,y. Vcnue of the conference was the Danis!, M11se11111 of Nursing Histo,y opcned 1999 and situated in beautiful surroundings in a former tuberculosis sanatorium. The Conference made two successful and inspiring days for the participants in a highly spirited nursing history atmosphere. The success was due to - and with great thanks to - 30 speakers from Canada, England, USA, the Netherlands, and the Nordic Countries, presenting an ex tens i ve scope of international papers. The 70 participants of the confcrence were presented to multiple perspectives on methods, approaches and objcctivcs in the history of nursing. Thc scenery was absolutcly wonderful with a constant humming in the museum corridors by panicipants attending sessions, networking or exchanging ideas. Kcynote speakers were Professor Sioban Nelson, University of Toronto in Canada talking about "Nursing History: the Grand Pieture"; Professor Marit Kirkevold, University of Aarhus in Denmark talking about "Nursing History in Nursing Academia Today"; and Associate Professor Barbra Mann Wa/1, University of Pennsylvania in USA talking about "The History ofNursing History: International Perspectivcs". The publishing of the proceedings of the confercnec is the result of intercst from the conference participants and a positive responsc from the scholars submitting papers for the publication. As thc conferencc took place in a Nordic cnvironment it was made possible to make presentations in both theNordic languages and in English. This ehoice is mirrored in the procecdings as two of the 14 articlcs are in Danish. In the introducing anicle "The History of Nursing History: International perspcctives" Barbra Mann Wa/1 cxamines how historians wrote their histories when the field of history became a professional discipline in the late 19•h and early 20'h century and 3 how nursing historiography fit into thai model. This examination is followed by an examination of how nursing history after the I 960ies bencfitcd from the support provided by professors in the social sciences and history dcpartments and how research from a growing array of historically trained nurse researchers expanded from the I 990ics to thc present. The articles in the Proceedings arc organized according to the themes in the conference program: I: Function, Roles and Responsibilities of the Nurse - II: Pcrspcctives on Culture and Ethnicity - III: Religious Nursing: Mission and Hospitals - IV: Education and Strategies towards a Profession. The Danish Sociely of Nursing Histo,y owes great thanks to all the speakers submitting articles for the Proceedings. And also !hanks to the Danish Nurses Organization who financially supported the conference. When it concems the background history of the Danish Socief)1 of Nursing Histo,y it can shortly be said that Danish nurscs in the I 980ies took an increasing interest in thc history of their profession. The interest was promoted by Kirsten Stal/knecht at that time the Prcsident of the Danish Nurses Organization. She took the first initiatives into planning a museum for the history of nursing and accordingly she started a proccss into collecting items for the museum. Within a few years there wcrc donated an enormous amount of items for the museum. Another initiativc was the foundation of the Donish Society of Nursing Histo,y in September 1997. The purpose of the Society is to promote the interest in nursing history in general and to support the Danish Museum of N11rsing Histmy. The means for communication between thc members of the Society became a newslettcr which in 2004 was upgraded to thejoumal Sygepleje & Historie [Nursing & History]. The location chosen for the Danish Museum of Nursing Histo,y was a former tuberculosis sanatorium for children built in 1911 and situated close to the provincial town Kolding in Jutland. The sanatorium was placed close to the sca (a fjord) and a forest (being planted for the purpose) and by that it followcd thoroughly the directives in building sanatoriums at the time bcing. The Museum was opened 27 August 1999 in the sanatorium's pavilions for the youngest children; historical buildings whcrc nurses have cared for hundreds of homesick children diagnosed with tuberculosis. A new era for the 4 pavilions began when it became the frame for a museum of nursing history. At the museum the visitor is taken on a historical tour in Danish nursing from medicval time to thc present. With modem means the exhibition presents multiple perspectives of this history; e.g. professionalization, cducation, the Danish Nurses Organization, state authorisation, nursing conditions in specializcd areas, the life and work of thc pioneers, the private lifc of thc nurse and the conditions for the patient. Presidenl o/the Danis/, Societyo/Nursing Histo,y Susanne Malchau Dielz, Associate Professor, PhD School o/ Public Health, Departmenl o/ Nursing Science Aarhus University Hoegh-Guldbergs Gade 6A DK-8000 Aarhus C De11111ark [email protected] s The History of N ursing History: International Perspectives Barbra Mann Wa/1 Introduction 1 In 1961, E.H. Carr did a series of lectures at Cambridge University that focused on the question: "What is History?" To him, history "was an attempt to understand and interpret the past, to explain the causes and origins of things in intelligible terms."2 Today I would like to talk about the work thai has been written on the question, "What is Nursing History?" and l would argue that most of us in this room would agrcc with Carr's definition. How we have wrillen about our history, however, has changed over time. Historiography is the study of history as an academic discipline, and thus, it concerns its methods, practices, and its devclopment as a discipline over time. It also is a construction of the past, for it brings meaning to it. As I examine international nursing historical thought and writing, I will discuss three phases. The first phase includes how historians wrotc their histories when the field of history becamc a professional discipline in thc late 19th and early 20th centurics. Hcre, l am talking about the history field at large. I also want to discuss how nursing historiography tit into that model. Thc second phase will cover thc pcriod after 1960 when nursing history benefited from the support providcd by professors in the social scicnces and history departments. The third phase examines 1990 to the present, as research from a growing array of historieally trained nurse researchers expanded. In each period, I will discuss certain historical subjects in nursing that have been approached by international authors. I will conclude by discussing historiographieal shifts in thinking and writing by historians today, including thc challenges of postcolonialism, cultural history, global studies, and 1 A more formalasscssmcnt of the historiography will appear in Nursing His1ory Review, volume 18, 2011. 2 David Cannadine, ed., Wlwt is His/Ol)' Now? (New