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Documento De Trabajo Seminariomaría Cordente Rodríguez PERMANENTE DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES María.Cordente@Uclm.Es Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Cuenca © de los textos: sus autores. © de la edición: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Cuenca. Autores: Águeda Esteban Talaya [email protected] Juan Antonio Mondéjar Jiménez [email protected] de trabajo SEMINARIOMaría Cordente Rodríguez PERMANENTE DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES Marí[email protected] EL CONSEJOEdita: GENERAL DEL PODER JUDICIAL COMO GARANTE FacultadDE LA de CienciasINDEPENDENCIA Sociales de Cuenca DEL PODER JUDICIAL Seminario Permanente de Ciencias Sociales Avda. de los Alfares, 44Mª del Carmen Sánchez de Pedro 16.071–CUENCA Teléfono (+34) 902 204 100 Fax (+34) 902 204SPCS 130 Documento de trabajo 2015/6 http://www.uclm.es/CU/csociales/DocumentosTrabajo http://www.uclm.es/CU/csociales/DocumentosTrabajo I.S.S.N.: 1887-3464 D.L.: CU-532-2005 Impreso en España – Printed in Spain. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Cuenca | Avda. de los Alfares, 44 | 16.071–CUENCA1 Teléfono (+34) 902 204 100 | Fax (+34) 902 204 130 © de los textos: sus autores. © de la edición: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Cuenca. Autores: Mº del Carmen Sánchez de Pedro [email protected] Edita: Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de Cuenca Seminario Permanente de Ciencias Sociales Codirectora: Pilar Domínguez Martínez Codirectora: Silvia Valmaña Ochaita Secretaria: María Cordente Rodríguez Secretaria: Nuria Legazpe Moraleja Avda. de los Alfares, 44 16.071–CUENCA Teléfono (+34) 902 204 100 Fax (+34) 902 204 130 http://www.uclm.es/cu/csociales/documentosTrabajo.asp I.S.S.N.: 1887-3464 (ed. CD-ROM) 1988-1118 (ed. en línea) D.L.: CU-532-2005 Impreso en España – Printed in Spain. 2 EL CONSEJO GENERAL COMO GARANTE DE LA INDEPENDENCIA DEL PODER JUDICIAL Mª del Carmen Sánchez de Pedro1 Abogado del ICACU nº134 RESUMEN La función de hacer justicia, esto es la aplicación de la ley al caso concreto, en una sociedad democrática y de derecho como la nuestra, es una misión atribuida al Estado en su faceta de “Poder Judicial”, el desarrollo de este poder tanto en su configuración organizativa, debido por un lado a la pluralidad de órganos judiciales (tantos como jueces unipersonales y tribunales de justicia existen), Consejo General de Poder Judicial, Ministerio Fiscal, demás personal que lo constituye, y por otro a su función constitucionalmente definida “Juzgar y hacer ejecutar lo juzgado”, son complejas, debido a ello y a otros factores, que aún ajenos a la propia función, interactúan con esta, creando una cadena en la que cada eslabón contribuye adecuadamente para la consecución eficaz de la realización efectiva de dicho poder, siendo imprescindible para ello contar con una adecuada Administración de Justicia El Estado ha de procurar la salvaguarda de este “Poder”, haciendo efectiva su Independencia del resto de poderes que lo configuran, meta que logra a través del instrumento más eficaz del que dispone: la ley. Palabras clave: Poder judicial, Justicia, ley. Indicadores JEL: K36 1 [email protected] 3 ABSTRACT The function of making justice, this mean the enforcement of the law to the particular case, in a democratic and law society like we have, is a mission attributed to the state in its role of “Judiciary Power”. The development of this power in its organizational configuration it´s complicated due to several factors: on the one hand the plurality of judicial organs (as many as a single judges and courts exist), General Council of the Judiciary, Prosecution Ministry and the rest of the staff that constitutes it, on the other hand due to its constitutionally defined function “judging and enforcing judgments”; and finally due to others factors, that although are outside the function itself, interact with it, creating a chain in which each link contributes effectively to the attainment of effective realization of that power, being essential for it having a proper Administration of Justice. The State has to ensure the protection of this power, making effective its independence from the other power that configure the State, objective that will be achieved through the most effective instrument that has: the law. Keywords: Judiciary Power, Justice, law. JEL codes: K36 4 1. INTRODUCCION Desde el nacimiento del Estado como forma de gobierno, este se ha dotado de normas para regular la vida de la sociedad que dirige, la transgresión de dichas normas hace que el Estado despliegue uno de sus poderes más importantes, el poder punitivo, garantía por otra lado de una paz social duradera, este poder el Estado lo ejerce a través de órganos a los que dota de distintos medios y le confiere una bases para la actuación del mismo, desde antiguo tal poder lo confirió el Estado a determinados hombres que cumplían un serie de requisitos (desde el mundo antiguo la función de hacer justicia se encomendaba a personas concretas, al visir en el Egipto faraónico, a los magistrados, tribunos, quaestores, ediles, en Roma, durante la Edad Media la función judicial se atribuyó temporalmente a ciudadanos elegidos por su reconocida honestidad y buen juicio,…, de lo que se aprecia que los llamados a impartir justicia se integran desde antiguo en este Poder del Estado para poder hacerlo efectivo) sujetándose al propio Estado en su actuación. Antes de la evolución al Estado moderno, no existe una verdadera separación de poderes, influyendo el Estado en la esfera punitiva que el mismo atribuye a los Jueces, arrogándose una serie de prerrogativas y vaciando de contenido el poder atribuido a los órganos por el creados para esta lides, reminiscencia de las cuales nos encontramos hoy en día con la llamada institución del “indulto” (art.18.3LOPJ “Lo dispuesto en este artículo se entiende sin perjuicio del derecho de gracia, cuyo ejercicio, de acuerdo con la Constitución y las leyes, corresponde al Rey (art.62i) CE). Con el surgimiento un nuevo modelo de Estado (cuyo origen proviene de las nuevas corrientes de pensamiento sociopolítico liberal al amparo de la formulación de la doctrina de la separación de poderes2 por el francés Charles Louis de Secondat, Barón 2 - MONTESQUIEU B. (1972).El espíritu de las leyes.Madrid. Editorial: Tecnos, pp. 151-157. Hay en cada Estado tres clases de poderes: el poder legislativo, el poder ejecutivo de los asuntos que dependen del derecho de gentes y el poder ejecutivo de los que dependen del derecho civil. Por el poder legislativo, el príncipe o el magistrado, promulga leyes para cierto tiempo o para siempre, enmienda o deroga las existentes. Por el segundo poder (el ejecutivo), dispone de la guerra y de la paz, envía o recibe embajadores, establece la seguridad, previene las invasiones. Por el tercero, castiga los delitos o juzga las diferencias entre particulares. Llamaremos a éste poder judicial, y al otro, simplemente. poder ejecutivo del Estado…..Cuando el poder legislativo está unido al poder ejecutivo en la misma persona o en el mismo cuerpo, no hay libertad porque se puede temer que el monarca o el Senado promulguen leyes tiránicas para hacerlas cumplir tiránicamente, tampoco hay libertad si el poder judicial no está separado del legislativo ni del ejecutivo, si va unido al poder legislativo, el poder sobre la vida y 5 de Montesquieu, en 1748, doctrina sugerida anteriormente por el filósofo inglés John Locke, en la que se atribuye la titularidad del poder al conjunto de la sociedad, siendo esta quien legitima a los distintos representantes que desarrollaran los mismos, la piedra angular del nuevo Estado viene constituida por una verdadera separación de los poderes, legislativo, ejecutivo y judicial, que es lo que trae sin duda la paz en el orden social, seguridad jurídica y la confianza en las instituciones de los ciudadanos. Si bien la selección de los miembros de la institución judicial queda fuera de los mecanismos de expresión de la soberanía popular, precisamente por la labor que el Estado viene en atribuirles. En palabras del autor Calamandrei, la separación absoluta entre la Justicia y la política es posible sólo en periodos tranquilos de la vida social, en aquellos tiempos dice, de aparente quietismo de las instituciones y de las normas que las regulan, en los que existe una sólida y estable legalidad, y en los que las leyes son el resultado de una política aceptada por la mayoría y se incardinan en la conciencia colectiva como expresión de justicia, es en estos momentos cuando la función del juez se ciñe a la aplicación de la norma, pero sin duda, sigue diciendo el autor, existen otros periodos en los que lo que vale como Derecho y lo que se desearía fuese Derecho se distancia; las normas siguen vigentes, pero las corrientes sociopolíticas de las que surgieron están superadas apremiando nuevas exigencias sociales, es entonces cuando el Juez sufre las tensiones propias de una función crítica inevitable, es en estas ocasiones de cambio cuando se acrecienta la responsabilidad de los representantes de la función judicial como garantes del imperio de la ley y de la seguridad de los ciudadanos. Volviendo la mirada hacia nuestro país, España, como el resto de países de nuestro entorno, ha sufrido distintas formas de gobierno a lo largo de la historia (desde la libertad de los ciudadanos sería arbitrario, pues el juez sería al mismo tiempo legislador, si va unido al poder ejecutivo, el juez podría tener la fuerza de un opresor. Todo estaría perdido si el mismo hombre, o el mismo cuerpo de personas principales de nobles o del pueblo, ejercieran los tres poderes: el de hacer las leyes, el de ejecutar las resoluciones públicas y el de juzgar los delitos o las diferencias entre particulares… Por eso siempre que los príncipes han querido hacerse déspotas, han empezado por reunir todas las magistraturas en su persona… El poder judicial no debe darse a un Senado permanente, sino que lo deben ejercer personas del pueblo, nombradas en ciertas épocas del año de la manera presentada por la ley, para formar un tribunal que sólo dure el tiempo que la necesidad lo requiera, de esta manera el poder de juzgar, tan terrible para los hombres, se hace invisible y nulo, al no estar ligado a determinado estado o profesión.
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