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Religious Foundations of Group Identity in Prehistoric Europe: the Germanic Peoples
PETER BUCHHOLZ Religious Foundations of Group Identity in Prehistoric Europe: The Germanic Peoples Any reader of Heimskringla ("circle of the earth"), the history of the kings of Norway by the great 13th century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson, will be struck by the enormous weight which the author attaches to religion. This refers both to Christianity and to pagan phenomena which preceded and even co-existed with it for some time. Snorri's work should, in my view, be ascribed a relatively high source value, if only because it is demonstrably based on older traditions either fixed in poetry or transmitted as oral prose. Öral tradition is of course not the topic of the present paper (cf. Buchholz 1980; Buchholz 1991), but the preservation of such traditions alone, many of which contain religious material, does indeed show that society or parts of it attached sufficient importance to such phenomena as to commit them to memory, parchment, runic signs or pictorial representation. The last scribe or "author" may of course have had considerable antiquarian interests, as is evident e.g. in some of the mythic poems of the Elder Edda, but such interests cannot be regarded as the cause for the existence of the myth, but only as one of the reasons for its preservation. We shall hopefully glimpse something of the role of myth in Germanic societies in the course of my paper. Leaving Myth aside for the moment, I want to stress that ÖN prose material, including Heimskringla, shows a marked interest in the concrete manifestations of cult (which, for paganism as seen through Christian eyes at least, definitely includes magic) and belief. -
Turbulent and Mighty Continent
one Eu rope: Turbulent and Mighty Continent G reece was dying in the summer of 2013, and the drama around the event was as poignant as anything Sophocles has written. I was in Athens to deliver some lectures, but I was witnessing, if press reports were to be believed, what appeared to be the imminent downfall of the cradle of Western civilization and the disturbing inertia toward its plight displayed by the rest of the Eu ro pean family of nations. The pillars of a functioning state were shaking: inflation, unemployment, and the national debt were out of control, and law and order on the verge of collapse. The dying pro cess was confirmed when one day state TV was abruptly and in def initely suspended as employees could no longer receive their salaries. The last straw was the steady trickle of desperate refugees arriving from North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia swelling the ranks of those impoverished mi grants already pres ent. Squeezed by the economic crisis, the traditionally hospitable Greeks vented their frustrations at the unend ing numbers of refugees and immigrants as they sought aid and refuge; and the greater the economic woes, the greater the popularity of the Far Right parties and the more extreme their rhe toric of hate. Groups like the Golden Dawn, with their swastika-like emblem, were parading about dressed up as faux-Nazis, giving Nazi salutes, and even displaying pictures of Adolf Hitler. Their target this time around was the mainly Muslim refugee and immigrant community. Their message was simple and effective, and it was influencing how people thought about the subject: Muslims were not part of Eu ro pean identity, nor had they contributed anything to Western civili zation. -
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE Tacitus Was Probably Born in 56 Or 57 CE in Northern Italy Into an Equestrian (Minor Noble) Family. He
Tacitus, Germania, 98 CE As to the Germans themselves, I think it probable that they are Tacitus was probably born in 56 or 57 CE in Northern Italy into an indigenous and that very little foreign blood has been introduced either by equestrian (minor noble) family. He had quite a successful career in invasions or by friendly dealings with neighbouring peoples. For in former Roman public service, holding both military and civil offices, culminating in becoming the proconsul of the Roman province of Asia, 112-113 CE. He times it was not by land but on shipboard that would-be immigrants wrote a several literary and historical works, many of which criticize faults arrived; and the limitless ocean that lies beyond the coasts of Germany, and in Roman society by comparing them to others. Germania is not a travel as it were defies intruders, is seldom visited by ships from our part of the story, nor even a personal account. Instead, Tacitus drew upon earlier writers, and possibly talked to contemporaries who had been there to world. And to say nothing of the perils of that wild and unknown sea, who compile an ethnographic and geographical description of Germania would have been likely to leave Asia Minor, North Africa, or Italy, to go to (which includes parts of present-day France and Germany), especially the Germany with its forbidding landscapes and unpleasant climate - a country customs and culture of the various tribes who lived there, whom the Romans generally called “barbarians.”1 that is thankless to till and dismal to behold for anyone who was not born 1. -
THE NINE DOORS of MIDGARD a Curriculum of Rune-Work
,. , - " , , • • • • THE NINE DOORS OF MmGARD A Curriculum of Rune-Work - • '. Second Revised Edition EDRED Yrmin·Drighten of the Rune-Gild THE NINE DOORS OF MIDGARD A Curriculum of Rune-Work Second Revised Edition EDRED Yrmin-Drighten of the Rune-Gild 1997 - Introduction This work is the first systematic introduction to Runelore available in many centuries. This age requires and allows some new approaches to be sure. We have changed over the centuries in question. But at the same time we are as traditional as possible. The Gild does not fear innovation - in fact we embrace it - but only after the tradition has been thoroughly examined for all it has to offer. Too often in the history of the runic revival various proponents have actually taken their preconceived notions about what the Runes should say- and then "runicized" them. We avoid this type of pseudo-innovation at all costs. Our over-all magical method is a simple one. The tradition posits an outer world (objective reality) and an inner-world (subjective reality). The work of the Runer is the exploration of both of these worlds for what they have to offer in the search for wisdom. In learning the Runes, the Runer synthesizes all the objective lore and tradition he can find on the Runes with his subjective experience. In this way he "makes the Runes his own." All the Runes and their overall system are then used as a sort of "meta-Ianguage" in meaningful communication between these objective and subjective realities. The Runer may wish to be active in this communication - to cause changes to occur in accordance with his will, or he may wish to learn from one of these realities some information which would normally be hidden from him. -
Runes in the First Century
Runes in the First Century Bernard Mees One of the lacunae in the classical testimonies from antiquity that form the basis of what we know of the history of the ancient Germanic tribes is the lack of any clear reference to the use by the Germani of runes. The first reference to the runic script in a literary source is usually attributed to Venantius Fortunatus, a poet of the Merovingian period. An Italian, Fortunatus had come to Gaul to seek employment, and toward the end of the sixth century composed a mocking description presumably in reference to the use of writing among his Germanic lords (cf. Page 1999: 100-1): barbara fraxineis pingatur rhuna tabellis quodque papyrus agit, virgula plana valet. Ashen writing-tablets might be embellished with a barbarian rune And for what papyrus manages, a flat wand will do. Venantius Fortunatus, Carmina 7, 18 (Ad Flavium), 19–20 = Leo 1881: 173. Here Fortunatus jests to his friend Flavius that if he cannot manage to write to him in some civilised manner, he could try runes in the barbarian style. Thus it is hardly a reference from which we should expect to learn much of runic use in Merovingian Gaul. There is no testimony so explicit in its reference to Germanic uses of writing from classical antiquity. Various Germanic figures we learn may indeed have been able to write, yet it is usually assumed that these references, going back as early as the first century A.D., refer to literacy in Latin letters. The references are also restricted to figures among tribes such as the Marcomanni who were in direct contact with the Roman world. -
Pahlavi Kirrēnīdan: Traces of Iranian Creation Mythology Author(S): Bruce Lincoln Source: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol
Pahlavi kirrēnīdan: Traces of Iranian Creation Mythology Author(s): Bruce Lincoln Source: Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 117, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1997), pp. 681-685 Published by: American Oriental Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/606450 Accessed: 29-12-2016 10:38 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/606450?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms American Oriental Society is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of the American Oriental Society This content downloaded from 128.135.12.127 on Thu, 29 Dec 2016 10:38:50 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS Pahlavi kirrenidan: Traces of Iranian Creation Mythology* The occurrences of this etymon are examined for the light they throw on the Iranian mythologies of creation. Pahlavi contrasts two of the verbs it uses for acts of hair)"; Old Norse skera "cut, slaughter, carve"; Old High creation along familiar dualistic lines. The ahuric term, German scrinden "divide, split up"; Russian Kpoio, brehenidan, replaces Avestan da- and means "to cre- KpOHTb "cut out (esp. -
A Reader in Comparative Indo-European Religion
2018 A READER IN COMPARATIVE INDO-EUROPEAN RELIGION Ranko Matasović Zagreb 2018 © This publication is intended primarily for the use of students of the University of Zagreb. It should not be copied or otherwise reproduced without a permission from the author. TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations........................................................................................................................ Foreword............................................................................................................................... PART 1: Elements of the Proto-Indo-European religion...................................................... 1. Reconstruction of PIE religious vocabulary and phraseology................................... 2. Basic Religious terminology of PIE.......................................................................... 3. Elements of PIE mythology....................................................................................... PART II: A selection of texts Hittite....................................................................................................................................... Vedic........................................................................................................................................ Iranian....................................................................................................................................... Greek....................................................................................................................................... -
Meanings of the Elder Futhark Runes
Meanings of the Elder Futhark Runes Fehu (F: Domestic cattle, wealth.) Possessions won or earned, earned income, luck. Abundance, financial strength in the present or near future. Sign of hope and plenty, success and happiness. Social success. Energy, foresight, fertility, creation/destruction (becoming). Fehu Reversed or Merkstave: Loss of personal property, esteem, or something that you put in effort to keep. It indicates some sort of failure. Greed, burnout, atrophy, discord. Cowardice, stupidity, dullness, poverty, slavery, bondage. Uruz: (U: Auroch, a wild ox.) Physical strength and speed, untamed potential. A time of great energy and health. Freedom, energy, action, courage, strength, tenacity, understanding, wisdom. Sudden or unexpected changes (usually for the better). Sexual desire, masculine potency. The shaping of power and pattern, formulation of the self. Uruz Reversed or Merkstave: Weakness, obsession, misdirected force, domination by others. Sickness, inconsistency, ignorance. Lust, brutality, rashness, callousness, violence. Thurisaz: (TH: Thorn or a Giant.) Reactive force, directed force of destruction and defense, conflict. Instinctual will, vital eroticism, regenerative catalyst. A tendency toward change. Catharsis, purging, cleansing fire. Male sexuality, fertilization. (Thorr, the Thunder god, was of Giant stock.)Thurisaz Reversed or Merkstave: Danger, defenselessness, compulsion, betrayal, dullness. Evil, malice, hatred, torment, spite, lies. A bad man or woman. Rape? Ansuz: (A: The As, ancestral god, i.e. Odin.) A revealing message or insight, communication. Signals, inspiration, enthusiasm, speech, true vision, power of words and naming. Blessings, the taking of advice. Good health, harmony, truth, wisdom. Ansuz Reversed or Merkstave: Misunderstanding, delusion, manipulation by others, boredom. Vanity and grandiloquence. (Odin is a mighty, but duplicitous god. -
Regnator Omnivm Devs *)
XII REGNATOR OMNIVM DEVS *) According to the evidence of Tacitus, the Germans had no temples 1), only sacred woods, in which was feit the presence of a deity (Germania 9) 2), and where the cult-ceremonies took place. One of these sacred forests was in the territory of the Semnones, whom Tacitus (ibid. 39, I) styles uetustissimos nobilissimosque Sue borum. The Semnones, of whom we he ar for the first time in the Res Gestae of Augustus (Mon. Ancyranum v, 17), appear originally placed in the region between the EIbe and Oder (Velleius Paterculus ii, 106) 3), and there, in the woods of what is now the Mark of Bran denburg, or still further south-east in Lausitz 4), they seem to have had their religious centre, the very ancient grove (siluam auguriis patrum et prisca formiJine sacram) 5) where periodically at an ap- *) The original of this article appeared in S.M.SR. xix-xx (1943-46), 142-56. Cf. Rendiconti deli' Acad. dei Lincei, CIasse di scienze morali, storiche e filo logiehe, Sero viii, Vol. i, fase. 11-12 (Rome 1946), 379-86. I) The celeberrimum templum of the goddess Tamfana among the Marsi (TAC., Ann. i, 51) razed to the ground by Germanieus in 14 A.D., may have been due to Roman or GaIIo-Roman influenees. The templum of the goddess Nerthus, Germ. 40, 5 is the same as her castum nemus, ibid. 3, even if it had in it some sort of building for eult-purposes. 2) lueos et nemora, Germ. 9, 3 (nemoribus ac lucis, 10, 4). -
Elder Futhark Rune Poem and Some Notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL
Elder Futhark Rune Poem and some notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL Dedication Mysteries ancient, Allfather found Wrested from anguish, nine days fast bound Hung from the world tree, pierced by the spear Odin who seized them, make these staves clear 1 Unless otherwise specified, all text and artwork within ELDER FUTHARK RUNE POEM and some notes RYKHART: ODINSXRAL are copyright by the author and is not to be copied or reproduced in any medium or form without the express written permission of the author Reikhart Odinsthrall both Reikhart Odinsthrall and RYKHART: ODINSXRAL are also both copyright Dec 31, 2013 Elder Futhark Rune Poem by Reikhart Odinsthrall is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Based on a work at http://odinsthrall.co.uk/rune-poem.html. 2 F: Fehu : Cattle / Wealth Wealth is won and gold bestowed But honour's due to all men owed Gift the given and ware the lord For thy name's worth noised abroad U: Uruz : Aurochs / Wild-ox Wild ox-blood proud, sharp hornéd might On moorland harsh midst sprite and wight Unconquered will and fierce in form Through summer's sun and winter's storm X: Thurisaz : Thorn / Giant / Thor Thorn hedge bound the foe repelled A giant's anger by Mjolnir felled Thor protect us, fight for troth In anger true as Odin's wrath A: Ansuz : As / God / Odin In mead divine and written word In raven's call and whisper heard Wisdom seek and wise-way act In Mimir's well see Odin's pact R: Raidho : Journey / Carriage By horse and wheel to travel far Till journey's -
ᛶ 16F1 ᛷ 16F2 ᛸ 16F3 ᛱ 16F4 ᛲ 16F5 ᛁ 16C1 ᛳ 16F6 ᛴ 16F7 ᛵ
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N4013R L2/11-096R 2011-05-10 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal to encode additional Runic characters in the UCS Source: Michael Everson and Andrew West Status: Individual Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2011-05-10 0. Introduction. A number of Runic characters should be encoded to fill gaps in the UCS. Three of them are found in the writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, and five of them are found on the Anglo-Saxon Franks Casket. If this proposal is accepted, the following characters will be added to the standard (since the Franks Casket characters replace original inherited runes, those are given on the right for comparison): ᛶ 16F1 RUNIC LETTER K ᛷ 16F2 RUNIC LETTER SH ᛸ 16F3 RUNIC LETTER OO ᛱ 16F4 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET OS ᚩ 16A9 RUNIC LETTER OS O ᛲ 16F5 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET IS ᛁ 16C1 RUNIC LETTER ISAZ IS ISS I ᛳ 16F6 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET EH ᛖ 16D6 RUNIC LETTER EHWAZ EH E ᛴ 16F7 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AC ᚪ 16AA RUNIC LETTER AC A ᛵ 16F8 RUNIC LETTER FRANKS CASKET AESC ᚫ 16AB RUNIC LETTER AESC 1. Tolkienian extensions. Although for The Lord of the Rings J. R. R. Tolkien devised and employed two writing systems, the featural Tengwar script and the runiform Cirth script, in The Hobbit and some of his other writings he made use of Old English runes. -
Anna Balaguer an Analysis of the Literary Purpose of Tacitus
Anna Balaguer An Analysis of the Literary Purpose of Tacitus’ Germania May 2019 Senior Thesis in Classics, Colorado College 2 Acknowledgements I want to acknowledge my amazing professors, Owen, Marcia, Sanjaya, Richard, and Ane for their guidance and help with my thesis and their support throughout my time at CC and to thank Khang for his help with the translations for this project. I am grateful to the Boettcher Foundation for providing me access to this excellent education. I also want to thank my parents for having instilled in me a love of learning and my best friends, Caroline and Dylan, for always being supportive. 3 My Interest in this Topic I originally became interested in the relationship between Rome and Germany when I studied abroad in Germany in Fall 2017 and visited an exhibit on the Roman history of the city of Regensburg. After reading more about the history of ancient Roman imperialism in Germany and the political mobilization of Roman history throughout German history, I was incredibly intrigued and wanted to further explore the connection between Rome and Germany. Originally, I thought of focusing my thesis on the Roman history of Trier (a city in southwest Germany with a very high density of extant Roman ruins), but then chose to investigate this topic through my German Capstone and instead center my Classics thesis on the Germania, as I was interested in the divergent interpretations and complex history of the book’s reception. I initially read A Most Dangerous Book, by Christopher Krebs, which focuses on the Nazi use of the text and planned to use my thesis to examine some aspect of the modern reception of the Germania, but as I began to explore the text itself, I became increasingly interested in Tacitus’ rhetorical strategies and subtle political messages and decided to focus on these aspects of the text.