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Mechanics' Institutes in Sussex and Hampshire: 1825-1875

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Mechanics' Institutes in Sussex and Hampshire: 1825-1875 1 MECHANICS' INSTITUTES IN SUSSEX AND HAMPSHIRE: 1825-1875 Jana Hilda Sims Institute of Education, University of London Thesis for the degree of PhD 2010 2 MECHANICS' INSTITUTES IN SUSSEX AND HAMPSHIRE 1825-1875 Mechanics' institutes were the first systematic attempt to provide adult education for the skilled working classes, with emphasis on science and mechanics at a time when the quest for knowledge was a concern of the labour aristocracy. Traditionally associated with the northern and industrial areas, recent scholarship has revealed thriving and multifarious institute activity in the south. Although part of the national movement, each institution was a unique creation of its own environment, with local and regional networks. Thomas Kelly's pioneering work identified where institutes existed. This study of Sussex and Hampshire draws together a range of sources to indicate the presence of many more mechanics' institutes. While some survived only a short time, others endured for seventy years or more, charting their own history of change, continuity and progress. Religious issues were prohibited at the institutes, but Unitarian influence was crucial in their development. Management structures varied and affected the success of individual institutes, combining with influential patrons and charismatic leaders to direct their public image and relationship with the media. By the 1830s, mechanics' institutes had also begun to attract the middle classes and the original strict scientific curriculum had been modified to include more general subjects. Scientific dominance however persisted in some institutions such as those at Lewes and Portsmouth. Music featured prominently as a cultural focus, whilst a spirit of civic pride was fostered through the institutions' buildings and social events. Women's roles changed from non- inclusion to significant participation, encouraged by Unitarian/Quaker influences and pioneering female lecturers. By 1875, mechanics' institutes had initiated vital developments in adult educational progress and above all, cultivated a desire for learning. 3 MECHANICS' INSTITUTES IN SUSSEX AND HAMPSHIRE: 1825-1875 Jana Hilda Sims Institute of Education, University of London Thesis for the degree of PhD 2010 I hereby declare that, except where explicit attribution is made, the work presented in this thesis is my own. Word count (exclusive of appendices and bibliography): 85,425 words. 4 MECHANICS' INSTITUTES IN SUSSEX AND HAMPSHIRE: 1825-1875 CONTENTS List of Figures and Tables 7 Acknowledgements 8 Glossary 9 Significant Dates 10 Maps of Sussex and Hampshire 11 The Mechanics' Institutes: Foundations by decade 12 Introduction 13 1. The Mechanics' Institutes of Sussex and Hampshire 1825 — 1875 14 Adult Education and Mechanics' Institutes 15 The Spread of the Mechanics' Institute Movement 20 Definition of terms 23 The Area of Study 28 Key Texts in the Historiography 30 Civic Pride and the Mechanics' Institutes 34 Methodology and use of Sources 37 Organisation of the Thesis 42 Notes 47 2. The Extent and Diffusion of Mechanics' Institutes in 54 Sussex and Hampshire 1825 — 1875 The Physical Setting 54 Characteristics of the Mechanics' Institutes 55 The Situation and Extent of the Movement in Sussex and Hampshire 56 The Agencies of Diffusion 58 Networks of Lecturers 67 Areas without a Mechanics' Institute 68 The Role of Newspapers 69 Patronage 77 Civic Pride in Sussex and Hampshire 80 Conclusion 83 Notes 84 5 3. The Management of Mechanics' Institutions in 89 Sussex and Hampshire 1825 — 1875 Aspects of Management 89 Essential Practices for Survival 96 Committee Discipline 102 Institute Self-publication 103 Conclusion 109 Notes 111 4. The Educational Experiences of the Mechanics' Institutes in Sussex 115 and Hampshire: Science and Useful Knowledge from 1825 to the 1850s The Earliest Mechanics' Institutes 116 Sussex and Hampshire Mechanics' Institutes in the 1820s 119 The Broadening of the Curriculum from c. 1830 129 Conclusion 146 Notes 148 5. Mechanics' Institutes in Sussex and Hampshire from the 1850s 155 National trends after 1850 155 Sussex and Hampshire: the 1850s and beyond 161 The Great Exhibition and its effects: The Examination culture 164 Rational Recreation: Exhibitions and Museums Exhibitions 176 Museums 180 Developments in Physical Recreation 183 Conclusion 184 Notes 185 6. Religious Influences and Networks amongst the Mechanics' Institutes 190 of Sussex and Hampshire 1825 — 1875 Historiography 191 The Unitarian Contribution 194 Unitarians at the Sussex and Hampshire Mechanics' Institutes 198 Quakers and other Denominations 208 Conclusion 218 6 Notes 220 7. Women: the Forgotten Minority at the Mechanics' Institutes in 227 Sussex and Hampshire 1825 —1875 Developments and Debates in Women's History 228 Women's Invisibility in the Mechanics' Institute Literature 229 The Incidence of Women and Provision for them at the Mechanics' Institutes 235 The Situation in Sussex and Hampshire 237 The Terms upon which Women were accepted by the Mechanics' Institutes 240 A Broadening Acceptance of Women 248 Conclusion 253 Notes 257 8. Music as an Institution Builder and Cultural Focus at the Mechanics' 263 Institutes in Sussex and Hampshire 1825 -1875 The National Music Scene from the early 1800s 266 The Emergence of Music at the Mechanics' Institutes 274 Music at the Mechanics' Institutes in the South 278 Musical Activities at the Mechanics' Institutes in Sussex and Hampshire 279 The Stimulation and Significance of Musical Activities at the Mechanics' 287 Institutes Conclusion 290 Notes 292 9. Conclusion 298 Bibliography 306 Appendices 1 & 2 Reproduced tables of Mechanics' Institutes from 323 J. W. Hudson and the 1851 Census 7 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Unitarian and Quaker Meetings in Sussex and Hampshire page 30 Table 2 Sussex and Hampshire Institutions in Union with the Society of Arts page 165 Table 3 Comparison of Leading Mechanics' Institutions in 1841 page 172 Figure 1 Lectures at the Portsmouth Mechanics' Institution 1835-36 page 133 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Of the many people who have supported me in this 'PhD journey', my greatest academic debts are to my two supervisors: Dr. Dennis Dean gave me the benefit of his expert knowledge of the nineteenth century and patiently encouraged my research in the formative years; Professor Jane Martin continued to guide me on Dennis's retirement and has given valuable advice on final style and presentation of the work. I have particularly benefited from her scholarship in women's history. Teaching staff in the History of Education Department at 10E, past and present, have been most inspiring in the interest they have shown in my work over the years. I am indebted to Professor Richard Aldrich for alerting me to the many reports of mechanics' institutes in the Sussex Agricultural Express and for his continuing interest in the research progress. Dr. David Crook was generous with his time and advice on use of IT software. Dr. Tom Woodin gave me most helpful advice in his role as Second Reader of the thesis before submission. I have also been greatly stimulated by membership of the History of Education Society and attendance at its conferences. My sincere thanks are due to Dr. Alan Chadwick, whose publications on mechanics' institute museums have sharpened my judgement of these and for the discussions we have had on the institutes generally; to Dr. John Seed for suggestions on researches at Dr. Williams Library; and to Janet Cunliffe-Jones who I met at the International Conference on Mechanics' Institutes in Bath in 2009. She kindly gave me access to her work on her ancestor, Clara Lucas Balfour. Colin Brent, historian of Lewes, helped me with enquiries on the personnel of Lewes M.I. I have benefited from the courteous help of many archivists and librarians including those of the Hampshire and Sussex Record Offices and libraries at Winchester, Portsmouth, Southampton, Newport, Lewes and Chichester, Dr. Williams Library and the libraries of Cambridge University, London University and that of its Institute of Education. There are many good friends who have supported and encouraged me during my studies and I wish to thank them too. My gratitude goes particularly to the four 'history girl friends' I met at Durham University Summer Schools for the London BA External degree in History in the 1980s. Their interest in my researches have kept me focussed and I would especially like to thank Dr. Jacqueline Bower who has shared her knowledge of nineteenth-century Kent in our discussions about its comparisons with Sussex and Hampshire. I also gratefully acknowledge the help of Joe Herbert with the intricacies of IT application to the presentation of this thesis. Above all I wish to give most appreciative thanks to my husband Derek who has lived with mechanics' institutes for so long. 9 GLOSSARY Hants and Wilts Adult Education Society: established in 1853, had various changes of name but known chiefly by this title and latterly the Southern Counties Adult Education Society, (1860). Aimed to establish libraries, reading rooms and lectures in rural areas and provide support for many M.I.s which affiliated with it. Inspired by Rev. Samuel Best, its leaders included many Anglican clergy. Mechanics' Institute and Institution are used as interchangeable terms. Quakers or members of the Society of Friends; a Christian movement devoted to peaceful principles and belief in the 'Inner Light' or a sense of Christ's direct working in the soul. They rejected both formal ministry and set forms of worship. Unitarians: Christians who believed that God is one being and rejected formal dogma in favour of a rational approach to belief. 10 SIGNIFICANT DATES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTE MOVEMENT 1823 Foundation of the London M.I. Also of the Mechanics' Magazine which acted as a forum for news of M.I. activities. 1825 Total of 80 newly established M.I.s. Henry Brougham's Practical Observations upon the Education of the People appealed to employers to support M.I.s.
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