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Species Composition and Utilization Patterns of Mangrove in the District of Jailolo West Halmahera Province of North Mollucas, Indonesia

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Species Composition and Utilization Patterns of Mangrove in the District of Jailolo West Halmahera Province of North Mollucas, Indonesia id10555328 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com EEnnvviirroonnImSmSN : e0e97nn4 - 7tt45aa1 ll SSccVioilueemen n9 Isccsueee 10 An Indian Journal Current Research Paper ESAIJ, 9(10), 2014 [359-364] Species composition and utilization patterns of mangrove in the district of jailolo west halmahera province of north mollucas, indonesia A.R.Tolangara1, D.C.Aloysius2* 1Biology Education Program, Khairun University, Ternate, (INDONESIA) 2Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, State University of Malang, (INDONESIA) E-mail : [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT KEYWORDS The purpose of this study was to determine the species composition of Mangrove forest; mangrove forest and the pattern of mangrove wood utilization by fishermen Vegetation parameters; communities in the coastal areas of Jailolo District, West Halmahera. The Coastal ecosystem; data collection had been carried out by observation and interviews. Data Xylocarpus moluccensis; analysis of the interview technique had been carried out by the percentage Osbornia octodonta; technique, while data analysis of mangrove forest observation had been Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. carried out based on the parameter of vegetation density, dominance, frequency, and importance value index (IVI). Research result showed that composition of mangrove forest of this area consists of: Rhizophora apiculata (IVI = 7.9), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (IVI= 5,2), Xylocarpus moluccensis (IVI = 1,9), Osbornia octodonta (IVI = 3,7), Sonneratia caseolaris (IVI = 24.5), Avicennia lanata (IVI = 36.4), and Finlaysonia maritime (IVI = 20.4). The utilization patterns of those species will be described further. The species of mangrove forest most widely used as firewood are R. apiculata, while used as a building and house materials, and as poles at the ports are B. gymnorrhiza, as well as being used for boat constructing are X. moluccensis and O. octodonta. Based on IVI above, it is necessary to conduct conservation of the mangrove forest soonly. 2014 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA INTRODUCTION (BPS District Halmahera 2011). Most people of West Halmahera regency live in Jailolo is one district area located in Western coastal areas and some live in inland areas. Therefore Halmahera of North Mollucas Province. The total area the coastal zone is more widely utilized than the in the of North Mollucas is 2,755 km2, while its sea area is land zone. The people who live in the coastal areas are 11623.42 km2; this region faces directly to the Mollucas fishermen, and who live in inland areas are generally Sea in the north direction and the Pacific Ocean in the peasands (Halbar 2010). south direction. Jailolo is the capital of West Halmahera The coastal area of West Halmahera regency has regency; the total population of this regency is 94,645 great potency of mangrove. Data of the mangrove for- people, consisting of 48.979 men and 45.666 women est area had been obtained from Landsat 7 ETM + in 360 Species composition and utilization .patterns of mangrove in the district ESAIJ, 9(10) 2014 Current Research Paper 2010 conducted by the Center for Watershed Man- by observation and interview techniques. The survey agement (BP DAS) Ake Malamo. Based on the data supported by observation had been conducted to de- mangrove forest area amount to 12-20% of the total termine the species composition of mangrove forest areas of mangrove forest in the Province of North based on reference of the Handbook of Introduction to Mollucas. It is estimated that mangrove forest in the Mangrove in Indonesia[10], as well as to obtain data of District of Jailolo area is approximately 625 hectares[2]. vegetation parameters such as density, dominance, fre- Interview results conducted on some families who quency, and Importance Value Index (IVI) of each live as fishermen about the utilization patterns of man- mangrove species. The survey supported by interviews grove wood, showed that mangrove woods had been had been conducted to obtain the pattern of man- utilized as firewood, house construction materials, boat grove wood utilization by the local fishermen people. body, as well as other parts of it, and poles supporting Target population of this interviews was 116 fami- the harbor bridges. Such mangrove wood utilization had lies. Of these families, only about 40 families were ac- significantly reduced the density of mangrove vegeta- tive fishermen, while the others were farmers and en- tion in this area. trepreneur. This study then used 40 families of active Conversion of mangrove forests to other functions fishermen as the samples. Several questions asked in along the coastal area in the Province of North Mollucas the interviews including occupation, education level and had been occurent long time ago. Based on the results utilization patterns of mangrove forest. of direct field observation, there were indications that Data analysis related to vegetation parameters such the pressure on other mangrove areas in The Province as density, dominance, frequency, and Importance Value of North Mollucas would increase. There are some in- Index (IVI) refer to the formula of Krebs[9], will be in- dications related to the pressure increase is the increase dicated further. of society growth around this area, and the rate increase Relative density of urban development as well as housing; the other fac- tors such as high price of fuel will also increase the uti- = x 100 lization of firewood by the people, as well as there are Relative frequency low concern of the local government and people to the sustainability of mangrove forest. = x 100 Based on survey conducted in 2012 in the District of Relative dominance Jailolo, it had been uncovered that mangrove forests area had decreased to 533 hectares only. It is clearly seen = x 100 that during the 2 years, the mangrove forest area in this Importance Value Index of a species (x) = relative district had decreased up to 92 hectares. The reduction density + relative frequency + relative dominance of is caused by various factors especially by the increase of species x people activities around the mangrove forest area. Data analysis related to the patterns of mangrove Fishermen people utilize mangrove wood of vari- wood utilization had been conducted by percentage. ous species, as well as of various age, height of the trees and even of the tree trunk circles. Because of con- RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS tinuous use of this forest, there is certain type of man- grove such as X. moluccensis formerly found abun- Determination of species and parameter measure- dantly in this area, and also known as a typical man- ment of mangrove vegetation in the district of grove species in Mollucas, right now was going to de- jailolo, west halmahera crease in density and someday will run out. There are 7 species of mangrove that grow in man- MATERIALS & METHODS grove forests in this coastal area, as presented on TABLE 1. Results of data analysis of mangrove veg- The method used in this study was survey supported etation parameters are presented in TABLE 2. Environmental Science An Indian Journal ESAIJ, 9(10) 2014 A.R.Tolangara and D.C.Aloysius 361 Current Research Paper TABLE 1 : The 7 species of mangrove in district of jailolo, west halmahera Kingdom Class Order Family Genus Species Local name Plantae Angiospermae Malpighiales Rhizophoraceae Rhizophora Rhizophora apiculata Blume. Soki Angiospermae Malpighiales Rhizophoraceae Bruguiera Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Dao Angiospermae Sapindales Meliaceae Xylocarpus Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M.Roem. Buah Kira-Kira Angiospermae Myrtales Myrtaceae Osbornia Osbornia octodonta F.v.M. Baru-Baru Angiospermae Myrtales Lythraceae Sonneratia Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl. Posi-Posi Angiospermae Lamiales Acanthacea Avicennia Avicennia lanata (Ridley) Sia-Sia Angiospermae Asclepiadales Asclepiadaceae Finlaysonia Finlaysonia maritima Backer ex Heyne Rurum Source: Tolangara 2011 TABLE 2 : Analysis results of mangrove parameters in the district of jailolo, west halmahera No. Species Relative density Relative dominance Relative frequency Important Value Index (IVI) 1. Rhizophora apiculata 5.3 14.4 9.7 7.9 2. Bruguiera gymnorrhyza 8.5 5.1 3.2 5.2 3. Xylocarpus moluccensis 3.6 2.8 3.2 1.9 4. Osbornia octodonta 3.4 4.1 12.9 3.7 5. Sonneratia caseolaris 21.7 17.5 19.4 24.5 6. Avicennia lanata 45.0 46.1 35.5 36.4 7. Finlaysonia maritima 12.5 10.0 16.1 20.4 Source: Tolangara 2011 Based on the mangrove parameter analysis in (soki) TABLE 2 it is seen that the Importance IVI of A. lanata R. apiculata Blume. (Soki) tree having a trunk di- was the highest one (36.4), while IVI of X. moluccensis ameter up to 50 cm reaches a height of 30 feet. The was the lowest (1.9). IVI is an accumulation of all three wood of R. apiculata used as firewood for self-need parameters measured. In this case, the Importance Value or to be sold, are cut into pieces about 50-60 cm long, Index describes the relative contribution of each plant tied up and then sold at a price of 15,000 IDR per species to the community. Hardjosuwarno[7] stated that bundle. if there were several species in a community having dif- TABLE 3 : The utilization patterns percentage of the man- ferent IVI, it could be said that the plant species having grove woods by the fishermen people the highest IVI would have the largest relative contri- Species of Utilization Percentage bution to the environment, and vice versa. mangrove patterns (%) 100 The utilization patterns of mangrove wood by fish- R. apiculata Blume. Firewood (soki) 5 ermen people in the district of jailolo, west Charcoal Making the fence of 87.5 halmahera houses Based on the interview result regarding the utiliza- Making the poles of 87.5 B. gymnorrhiza (L.) houses tion patterns of mangrove wood, it is uncovered that Lam.
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