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SOFT-BOTTOM BENTHIC MACROFAUNAL COMMUNITIES of the EASTERN BAY of ISLANDS, NORTHERN NEW ZEALAND by Bruce W. Hayward*, Roger V. G

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SOFT-BOTTOM BENTHIC MACROFAUNAL COMMUNITIES of the EASTERN BAY of ISLANDS, NORTHERN NEW ZEALAND by Bruce W. Hayward*, Roger V. G TANE 27, 1981 SOFT-BOTTOM BENTHIC MACROFAUNAL COMMUNITIES OF THE EASTERN BAY OF ISLANDS, NORTHERN NEW ZEALAND by Bruce W. Hayward*, Roger V. Grace** and Fred J. Brook *N.Z. Geological Survey, P.O. Box 30 368, Lower Hutt **274a Birkdale Road, Birkenhead, Auckland, 10 Department of Geology, University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland SUMMARY The macrobenthos and sediments of forty dredge samples were analysed from a 3 km2 area of sea-bed (0 to 12 m deep), south of Urupukapuka Island in the eastern Bay of Islands. Six macrobenthic "communities" were recognised. Dominant taxa in each of the communities were ranked by calculating a "community score" for each taxon, based on its abundance, fidelity and distribution within each community. The communities were named after one or two characteristic taxa which had the highest community scores. A Tawera spissa community occurs in clean, shelly, medium sand in the current-swept Albert and "Poroporo" Channels. A second community, characterised by Corbula zelandica occupies slightly muddy, shelly sand adjacent to the Tawera but in slightly more sheltered situations. A Pleuromeris zelandica - Pectinaria australis community inhabits muddy fine sand in two basinal areas - one within the shelter of Otehei Bay and the other in the more exposed Rawhiti Inlet. A Zeacolpus pagoda - Zegalerus tenuis community occurs in clean, very well-sorted, medium to fine sand around the shoreward fringes of the Tawera community and passes into a Zostera muelleri - Nucula hartvigiana community in muddy sand that covers most of the sea-bed of Urupukapuka Bay. The clean sand of Urupukapuka Bay beach supports a Mesodesma australe community which is modified by the addition of Chione stutchburyi in the slightly muddy, finer sand of the more protected Otehei Bay beach. INTRODUCTION The Bay of Islands is on the east coast of Northland, New Zealand at latitude 35°15'S and longitude 174°15'E. Field work was carried out during the Offshore Islands Research Group trip to the eastern Bay of Islands during January 1980. Forty dredge samples of bottom sediments were taken from an area of approximately 3 km2 in 0 to 12 m of water, south of Urupukapuka Island (Fig. 1,2). 103 ba th metr T y y (contours in metres). Bathymetry is based on the Royal New Zealand Navy Hydrographic Office chart number N.Z. 5122, "Bay of islands. Inset map shows location of study area in the eastern Bay of Islands 104 Fig. 2. Aerial view from the north-east over most of the study area and southern part of Urupukapuka Island. Boundaries of the area studied together with location of dredge stations are shown. Photo: L. Homer, N.Z. Geological Survey, Lower Hutt. METHODS Samples were collected using a small dredge similar to that described by Grace and Whitten (1974). The dredge held approximately 4 500 cc of sediment, and under ideal conditions sampled an area of approximately 0.075 square metres to a depth of 6 cm. The dredge was hand-hauled from a 3.8 m aluminium dinghy with an 18 h.p. outboard motor. As the dredge samples only the upper 6 cm of sediment, deep-burrowing organisms such as the bivalves Gari, Zenatia and Bassina, and heart urchin Echinocardium are probably under-represented in the data. Bassina yatei for example, was not dredged at all, although diving observations showed it to be common around station 17. Upon arrival of the dredge at the surface, the volume of each sample was estimated to enable crude quantitative estimates of the biota to be made. About 200 cc of sediment was removed for textural analysis and foraminiferal studies. The rest of the sample was then passed over a wire mesh sieve with 2 mm openings. Organisms retained were sorted fresh, identified where possible and counted, then returned to the sea. Some specimens were preserved for later laboratory identification. Grain size analyses of the sediments were carried out in the laboratory using sieves. 105 Stations were located at the time of sampling, using a sextant to measure horizontal angles between fixed points on the shore. SEDIMENTS (Fig. 3) Grain size terminology and sediment nomenclature are adapted from Folk (1968 p. 26-30). Sediment type for each station is given in Appendix 1 and their distribution shown in Figure 3. The beaches around Urupukapuka Bay are predominantly shelly and pebbly, very coarse to medium sand with very little mud, whereas the more sheltered beach at Otehei Bay is a shelly, slightly muddy, medium sand. The more enclosed shallows of both Otehei and Urupukapuka Bays have a covering of muddy medium to very fine sand. Muddy to slightly muddy, fine sand occurs in the deepest part of the study area, south of Cable Bay. Here mud reaches its greatest quantity (32%) at Station 13 in the lee of Paeroa Island (Fig. 5). In the east the shallow, current-swept "Poroporo Channel" has a substrate of shelly medium sand which also extends into the entrance of Otehei Bay. Shelly fine sand stretches across the mouth of Urupukapuka Bay and becomes more coarse southwards towards the more exposed area of the Albert Channel. Here the sediment is shelly and gravelly, medium sand with even coarser, shelly gravel in the channel between Te Ao Island and the mainland. The Tawera shellbeds in the Albert Channel area have accumulated heavy deposits of dead shells. "Rhodoliths" of both living and dead coralline algae are not as common here as they are in the Cavalli Passage (Grace and Hayward 1980) but are of similar size and form. They are limited to the area of coarse sediment in the channel between Te Ao Island and the mainland (Fig. 6a). MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES (Fig. 4) The analysis of the biota has been approached from the classical point of view by selecting the most obvious, most numerous, or most characteristic species to define benthic communities. The term "community" is used here for a recurring combination of species, in a characteristic biotope, and with a considerable degree of continuity in space. Six communities are recognised here. Community Score The taxa occurring in each community have been ranked according to a value (community score) that has been calculated to reflect their importance in that community. This community score (C.S.) concept 106 muddy sand (>3°/0 mud) Fig. 3. Distribution of sediment types. has been adapted from that used by Grange (1979) and is based on three criteria (listed separately for each community): (a) The proportion (Prop.) of stations in the community at which the taxon was collected. (b) The relative abundance (Abund.) obtained by ranking the ten most abundant taxa at each station in the community. Ten points are 107 given to the taxon numerically most abundant, 9 for the second most abundant, and so on until the 10th taxon is given 1 point. The points are summed for each taxon for all stations in the community and presented as a proportion of the maximum possible total, (c) The fidelity (Fid.) or degree to which a taxon is restricted to a community, expressed as the proportion of the taxon's total distribution that occurs in that community. The maximum possible value for each of these three criteria is 1.00. The Community Score (C.S.) as used here is defined as: C.S. = (Prop. + 3 Abund.) 25 Fid. The maximum possible value is 100. Fidelity values in each community are dependent on the number of stations in that community so that these and the resulting community scores are not directly comparable between communities. 1. Tawera spissa community Stations: 4, 5,6, 8,10,12, 21, 22, 24, 28, 29, 31, (total = 12). Sediment: Shelly fine sand to sandy gravel, mostly shelly medium sand; 0 to 0.6% mud, mean 0.2% mud. Depth: 1.8 to 7.5 m. Wave energy: Moderate to high. Prop. Abund Fid C.S. Characterising species Tawera spissa 1.00 0.85 0.66 58.6 Associated species Notoacmea helmsi 0.67 0.29 0.73 28.1 Rhyssoplax stangeri 0.92 0.25 0.65 27.1 Owenia fusiformis 0.92 0.60 0.35 23.8 Hermits 0.92 0.54 0.32 20.3 Zegalerus tenuis 0.75 0.47 0.35 18.9 Polychaetes 0.92 0.54 0.29 18.4 Euchone sp. 0.83 0.28 0.42 17.5 Cominella quoyana 1.00 0.28 0.34 15.6 Terenochiton inquinatus 0.58 0.02 0.87 13.9 Trochodota sp. 0.75 0.06 0.47 10.9 Halicarcinus varius 0.58 0.20 0.30 8.8 Gari stangeri 0.58 0.07 0.44 8.7 Cominella adspersa 0.42 0.08 0.50 8.2 Micrelenchus rufozonus 0.25 0.06 0.75 8.1 Nucula hartvigiana 0.50 0.14 0.35 8.0 Trochus tiaratus 0.33 0.07 0.57 7.7 Duplicaria tristis 0.33 0.09 0.50 7.5 This community occurs in the clean shelly sands of the Albert and "Poroporo" Channels (Fig. 4). Both areas contain adult Tawera spissa (between 15 and 25 mm long) throughout, with densities (Fig. 6b) around 700 per square metre in "Poroporo Channel" and averaging 1 500 per square metre in Albert Channel but as high as 25 000 per square metre (average size 17 mm) in the most exposed part of Albert Channel (Station 10). Large quantities of live and dead Tawera shells are typical of this 108 community and provide attachment surfaces for abundant grazing molluscs such as the limpet Notoacmea helmsi, gastropod Micrelenchus rufozonus and chitons Rhyssoplax stangeri and Terenochiton inquinatus.
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