The Identity Project an assessment of the UK Identity Cards Bill and its implications The Identity Project An assessment of the UK Identity Cards Bill and its implications Project Management by Hosted and Published by Version 1.09, June 27, 2005 The LSE Identity Project Report: June 2005 i Credits Advisory Group Professor Ian Angell, Convenor of the Department of Information Systems, LSE Professor Christine Chinkin, Law Department, LSE Professor Frank Cowell, Economics Department, LSE Professor Keith Dowding, Government Department, LSE Professor Patrick Dunleavy, Government Department, LSE Professor George Gaskell, Director, Methodology Institute, LSE Professor Christopher Greenwood QC, Convenor of the Law Department, LSE Professor Christopher Hood, Centre for Analysis of Risk & Regulation, LSE Professor Mary Kaldor, Centre for the Study of Global Governance, LSE Professor Frank Land, Department of Information Systems, LSE Professor Robin Mansell, Department of Media & Communications, LSE Professor Tim Newburn, Social Policy Department, LSE Professor David Piachaud, Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, LSE Professor Robert Reiner, Law Department, LSE ii The LSE Identity Project Report: June 2005 Research Group, Contributors, Advisors and Reviewers Research coordinator: Dr Edgar Whitley, Reader in Information Systems. Professor Ross Anderson, Cambridge Rikke Frank Jorgensen, Denmark Adrian Beck, University of Leicester Jeegar Kakkad Ralf Bendrath, University of Bremen Philippe Martin, Kable Kristin Boa, University of Toronto Meryem Marzouki, France Nicholas Bohm Ariosto Matus-Perez Daniel Boos, Switzerland Dr Eileen Munro, LSE Dr Stefan Brands, McGill University Sjoera Nas, The Netherlands Dr Ian Brown Dr Peter Neumann, SRI International Tony Bunyan, Statewatch Professor Toshimaru Ogura Dr Nadia Caidi, University of Toronto Joe Organ, Oxford Internet Institute Marco A. Calamari, Italy Nicholas Pauro Shami Chakrabarti, Liberty Daniele Pica, LSE Professor Roger Clarke, Australia Dr Chris Pounder, Pinsent Masons Professor Andrew Clement, Canada Professor Angela Sasse, UCL Dan Cooper, Covington and Burling Bruce Schneier, Counterpane Systems Mike Cushman, LSE Dr Susan Scott, LSE Ian Dowty Dr Barbara Simons Terri Dowty Dr Steve Smithson, LSE Mark Dzięcielewski Nina Somera, Philippines Alberto Escudero-Pascual, Sweden Jay Stanley, ACLU Joseph Ferenbok, University of Toronto Barry Steinhardt, ACLU Federico Ferretti, University of Leeds Toby Stevens, Enterprise Privacy Group Jens Franz, SOAS Peter Szyszko, Covington and Burling Teresa Hackett, Ireland Gohsuke Takama, Japan Kathrin Gerst, Germany Sarah Thatcher, LSE Marc Gilman Prodromos Tsiavos, LSE Dr Brian Gladman Rosemary Walsh Andrea Glorioso, Italy Jeremy Wickins, University of Sheffield. Wendy Grossman Johan Wilhelmsson, Swedish Ministry of William Heath, Kable Justice Derek Wong Project Mentors: Simon Davies and Dr Gus Hosein The LSE Identity Project Report: June 2005 iii Acknowledgements The LSE would like to thank the Department of Information Systems for hosting and publishing this study. Our gratitude also goes to the research team who have worked tirelessly and under severe time constraints, and to the Advisory Board, who have supported the work from its inception. Thanks also to the Enterprise Privacy Group for undertaking the management and coordination of the project. We would also like to express our appreciation to the many people and organisations that contributed to this study, and especially to the organisations that participated in the expert roundtables. Thanks also to William Heath and Philippe Martin of Kable, who supplied the costings framework that formed the basis of our estimates. Participation in the project by an individual or organisation does not imply agreement with the findings of the study in part or full. Finally we would like to thank the LSE Reprographics Unit, the Design Unit, and the LSE Press Office for support above and beyond the call of duty. The LSE Identity Project Report: June 2005 v Outline FOREWORD..................................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................................3 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................7 CONCLUSIONS IN DETAIL......................................................................................................................9 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS REPORT ...........................................................................................15 OVERVIEW OF THE LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS ..........................................................................21 THE GOVERNMENT’S CONSULTATION PROCESS.......................................................................31 NATIONAL SECURITY, ORGANISED CRIME AND TERRORISM ..............................................43 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND OBLIGATIONS.............................................................45 IDENTITY FRAUD.....................................................................................................................................97 POLICING AND ID..................................................................................................................................113 RACE, DISCRIMINATION, IMMIGRATION AND POLICING.....................................................125 THE ENVIRONMENT OF PUBLIC TRUST .......................................................................................139 THE LEGAL ENVIRONMENT..............................................................................................................145 BIOMETRICS ...........................................................................................................................................169 SECURITY, SAFETY AND THE NATIONAL IDENTITY REGISTER .........................................187 THE IT ENVIRONMENT IN THE UK .................................................................................................201 COST ASSUMPTIONS – COSTING THE GOVERNMENT’S PROPOSALS................................225 COST PROJECTIONS.............................................................................................................................241 DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND OPTIONS................................................................................................247 AN ALTERNATIVE BLUEPRINT FOR A NATIONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM ..............275 APPENDIX 1: COMPARISON WITH THE HAC FINDINGS .........................................................285 APPENDIX 2: COST PROJECTIONS .................................................................................................301 The LSE Identity Project Report: June 2005 vii Table of Contents FOREWORD..................................................................................................................................................1 PREFACE.......................................................................................................................................................3 SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................7 CONCLUSIONS IN DETAIL......................................................................................................................9 Overview.................................................................................................................................................9 Purposes of the system.........................................................................................................................10 The technological environment............................................................................................................10 Cost.......................................................................................................................................................11 The legal environment..........................................................................................................................12 Oversight ..............................................................................................................................................13 International obligations .....................................................................................................................13 Alternative scenarios............................................................................................................................13 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THIS REPORT ...........................................................................................15 Origins and Objectives ........................................................................................................................15 Sponsorship ..........................................................................................................................................16 Expert Panel Consultation...................................................................................................................16