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In Kenya —Background Paper A Collaborative Research Project Funded by: Implemented by: An Overview of the Poultry Sector and Status of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in Kenya —Background Paper John M. Omiti Sam O. Okuthe Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper No. 4 Pro-Poor HPAI Risk Reduction Table of Contents Page PREFACE ...................................................................................................................................... VI ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. VIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. X 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Significance and scope ............................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Summary of key findings ......................................................................................................... 1 1.4 Road map ................................................................................................................................ 2 2. VITAL COUNTRY STATISTICS ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Size and location...................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 National capital and its population .......................................................................................... 5 2.3 Gross domestic product ........................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Human Development Indicators .............................................................................................. 8 2.5 Administrative regions and their population ........................................................................... 9 2.6 Information gaps ...................................................................................................................... 9 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMICS AND STRUCTURE OF THE POULTRY SECTOR .................. 10 3.1 Contribution of the poultry sector to the GDP ...................................................................... 10 3.2 Linkage of the poultry sector to other industries .................................................................. 11 3.3 Structure of the poultry sector .............................................................................................. 12 3.4 Poultry production, marketing, consumption and trade ....................................................... 18 3.5 Knowledge gaps ..................................................................................................................... 24 4. POULTRY AND RURAL LIVELIHOODS ................................................................................... 25 4.1 Backyard poultry production – labour and gender issues ..................................................... 25 4.2 Importance of poultry in household income ......................................................................... 27 4.3 Importance of poultry in nutrition and food security ............................................................ 27 4.4 Importance of poultry in local culture and/or religion .......................................................... 28 4.5 Gaps in knowledge ................................................................................................................. 29 5. REVIEW OF POULTRY SECTOR AND BIO SECURITY ............................................................... 30 5.1 Breeding sub-system .............................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Farms rearing parent stock and hatcheries ........................................................................... 36 5.3 Producers of commercial broilers and layers ......................................................................... 37 5.4 Backyard poultry production ................................................................................................. 46 5.5 Support service actors ............................................................................................................ 49 5.6 Informal sector chicken and egg traders ................................................................................ 52 5.7 Production systems and biosecurity ...................................................................................... 55 5.8 Imports ................................................................................................................................... 56 5.9 Knowledge gaps in the poultry sector and biosecurity .......................................................... 58 6. PREVIOUS HPAI RESEARCH AND FINDINGS IN KENYA ............................................................... 60 6.1 Previous studies ..................................................................................................................... 60 6.2 Research gaps ......................................................................................................................... 61 7. ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HPAI ............................................................................................ 62 7.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 62 7.2 Economic impacts of HPAI ..................................................................................................... 62 7.3 Information gaps .................................................................................................................... 64 8. THREATS AND INCIDENCES OF HPAI AND INSTITUTIONALRESPONSE CAPACITY .................... 65 8.1 Poultry diseases in Kenya ....................................................................................................... 65 8.2 Research and information gaps on poultry diseases ............................................................. 67 8.3 Highly pathogenic avian influenza ......................................................................................... 67 8.4 Overview of wild birds and migratory patterns ..................................................................... 68 8.5 Veterinary Services in Kenya .................................................................................................. 71 8.6 Country response to an outbreak .......................................................................................... 73 9. RISK ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................. 84 iii Africa/Indonesia Team Working Paper 9.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ 84 9.2 Risk assessment studies carried out ...................................................................................... 86 9.3 Research and information gaps ............................................................................................. 88 10. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................... 89 List of Tables Table 1 Number and percentage of households engaged in crop farming and livestock keeping in Kenya’s eight provinces.......................................................................................... 8 Table 2 Literacy rates of 15+ years in Kenya by province and gender ................................................. 8 Table 3 Characteristics of Kenya’s human population by Province ..................................................... 9 Table 4 Intercensal population growth rates in the eight provinces of Kenya .................................... 9 Table 5 Average number of chicken reared by a Kenyan household and percentage of households keeping different numbers of chicken by Province ........................................... 10 Table 6 Characteristics of poultry production systems in developing countries ............................... 13 Table 7 Distribution of chicken hatcheries in Kenya .......................................................................... 14 Table 8 Licensed ostrich farms in Kenya ............................................................................................ 15 Table 9 Number of poultry farms in the commercial, semi-commercial and village production systems by Province ............................................................................................ 16 Table 10 Estimated number of day old chicks produced by main hatcheries in Kenya in 2004 .......... 18 Table 11 Poultry population in Kenya by Province between 2001 and 2006 ...................................... 18 Table 13 Production and demand projections for eggs and poultry meat in Kenya (2004- 2010) ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 14 Average retail prices of chicken in Nairobi, 2008 .................................................................. 21 Table 15 Export and imports of different poultry
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