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3.2 Solar Energy Projects in Qatar

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3.2 Solar Energy Projects in Qatar Universitat Autonoma` de Barcelona Doctoral Thesis Measuring and Estimating Solar Direct Normal Irradiance using LIDAR, Solar Station and Satellite Data in Qatar Supervisor: Author: Prof. Mokhtar Chmeissani Raad Dunia Antoine Bachour Tutor: Prof. Enrique Fern´andez S´anchez A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Institut de F´ısica d’Altes Energies, Departament de F´ısica July 2015 Acknowledgements Thank you to all who contributed to make my thesis work possible and continually encouraged me through this journey: I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Qatar Foundation and the Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute, where I have conducted my research work during these 4 years. I would like to thank Dr. Rabi Mohtar and Dr. Mohammad Khaleel for giving me the opportunity to pursue my PhD studies. I would like to express all my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. Mokhtar Chmeissani. I am indebted and thankful for the opportunity and help he offered me to register for my doctoral studies in UAB. I was delighted, Mokhtar, to collaborate with you in QEERI and to work together on the installation of the lidar and the first high precision solar radiation monitoring station in Qatar. I am thankful for all the support, trust and motivation you gave me during these years. It was a great pleasure to work side by side with my colleague Dr. Daniel P´erez Astudillo in QEERI, with whom I shared memorable moments and I enjoyed learning and discussing on a daily basis matters related to the solar radiation field and also to other fields in Physics. I really appreciate your readiness Daniel to always help and share your wide knowledge. I am very fortunate to have met such a bright person like you and deeply thank you for all your encouragement, inspiration and friendship. Muchas gracias, Daniel. I would like to thank in QEERI: Dr. Ahmed Ennaoui and Dr. Nouar Tabet for their support, Dr. Luis Martin Pomares for sharing his knowledge in the solar resource assessment field, the Solar Atlas Team and all those who gave me helpful advice during my work. Also, I thank the Qatar Meteorological Department for providing their historical solar radiation data. Thank you to all my friends and cousins in Qatar who were present by my side during good and bad moments. Special thanks to Fouad, Jihad, Ghada, Manale, Richard, Rouba and Chadi. And words cannot express my appreciation and love for my family, who have been i always loving and supportive. Thank you for my sisters Maria and Randa, and their families Raymond, Gerard, Marwan, Ghiwa, Joe and Roy. Thank you to my uncle Maurice and all my family in Lebanon. For my lovely husband and kids, I am so blessed to have you in my life. Thank for your love, patience and understanding. Thank you Ayman for your care and for all the support you gave me to achieve my thesis and for patiently taking care of the kids during my absence. Thank you Joe for being so sweet, caring and for being the great big brother that you are. Thank you Jad for being so cute and making me laugh during stressful moments. Thank you Mateo for being a healthy, happy and sweet baby. Thank you for all the wonderful moments that we share and will always have together. Finally I would like to deeply thank my parents, Antoine and Rose, who always supported me and encouraged me throughout my life. Thank you mom for all the love, help, and sacrifices, without you I would have never been able to achieve anything in my life. And for you my father, you sadly left us just before the completion of this work, I wish you were here with me, I love you and miss you desperately and heartily dedicate my thesis to you. ...In memory of my father. ii Contents Acknowledgements i List of Figures vii List of Tables xiii Abbreviations xvii Introduction 1 Research context ............................... 2 Thesis presentation .............................. 6 1 Overview on Solar Radiation 9 1.1Introductiontosolarradiation........................ 9 1.2Solarradiationattheearth’ssurface.................... 13 1.2.1 Sunpositionandsunangles..................... 14 1.2.2 Solarradiationcomponents..................... 17 1.2.3 Solar radiation units . ....................... 19 1.3Groundmeasurementsofsolarradiation.................. 20 1.3.1 Solarradiationsensors........................ 20 1.3.2 Radiometer calibration . ....................... 27 1.3.3 Radiometerpropertiesandclassifications.............. 29 1.3.4 Solarradiationmonitoringstation.................. 32 1.4 Solar radiation modelling ........................... 34 1.4.1 Empirical models ........................... 34 1.4.2 Quasi-physicalandphysicalmodels................. 36 1.4.3 ArtificialNeuralNetworkmodels.................. 37 1.5 Satellite-derived solar data .......................... 38 1.6Solarradiationasrenewablesourceofenergy................ 41 iii 2 Atmospheric Properties and Lidar Techniques 45 2.1Atmosphericstructure............................ 45 2.1.1 Compositionoftheatmosphere................... 47 2.1.2 Atmospheric boundary layer ..................... 48 2.1.3 Aerosolsinthetroposphere..................... 49 2.2 Propagation of light in the atmosphere ................... 51 2.2.1 Elasticscattering........................... 53 2.2.2 Inelasticscattering.......................... 58 2.2.3 Absorption.............................. 58 2.3 Introduction to lidar ............................. 58 2.3.1 Basic principle of elastic lidar .................... 61 2.3.2 Lidarequation............................ 63 3 Solar energy in Qatar 67 3.1BackgroundaboutQatar........................... 67 3.2 Solar energy projects in Qatar ........................ 68 3.3AvailablesolarresourceinQatar...................... 74 3.3.1 Satellite-derived maps ........................ 76 3.3.2 Groundmeasurement-derivedmaps................. 78 3.3.3 Summary ............................... 79 4 Instrumentation 81 4.1Lidar-ceilometer................................ 81 4.1.1 VaisalaceilometerCL51....................... 82 4.1.2 Operating principle of CL51 ..................... 84 4.1.3 Maintenance.............................. 87 4.1.4 Datacollection............................ 87 4.1.5 Dataused............................... 90 4.2Solarradiationinstruments......................... 91 4.2.1 SOLYS2suntracker......................... 91 4.2.2 CHP1pyrheliometer......................... 92 4.2.3 CMP11 pyranometer ......................... 94 4.2.4 Datacollection............................ 98 4.2.5 Installationandoperationsite.................... 99 4.2.6 Dataqualitycontrol......................... 101 iv 5 Solar Radiation Data Analysis 105 5.1QMDAutomaticWeatherStations..................... 105 5.1.1 HistoricalsolarradiationdatainDoha............... 107 5.2Solarradiationdataanalysis......................... 113 5.2.1 Dataqualitycontrol......................... 114 5.2.2 Extraterrestrial solar radiation .................... 118 5.2.3 Hourly,dailyandmonthlyirradiances................ 120 5.2.4 Frequency distributions . ....................... 127 5.2.5 Atmospherictransmission...................... 128 6 Correlation of DNI with backscatter 131 6.1Ceilometersignalanalysis.......................... 131 6.1.1 Cumulativebeta........................... 133 6.1.2 Day-to-day variability of beta .................... 135 6.1.3 Beta frequency distribution ..................... 141 6.1.4 Summary ............................... 143 6.2 Modelling Direct Normal Irradiance with lidar ............... 145 6.2.1 Methodology............................. 146 6.2.2 Lidar-ceilometermeasurements................... 147 6.2.3 DNImeasurements.......................... 149 6.2.4 CorrelationofDNIandceilometersignal.............. 150 6.2.5 Modelvalidation........................... 151 6.2.6 BetaCos-model............................ 158 6.2.7 BetaCos-modelinawiderzenithanglerange............ 162 6.3 Application: calibration of McClear ..................... 164 7 Conclusions 169 8 Future work 173 8.1 Beta-model improvement ........................... 173 8.2Physicalmodeldevelopment......................... 176 Bibliography 179 v vi List of Figures Page 1.1 Left: the sun (photo: NASA/European Space Agency). Right: the earth’s orbitaroundthesun(nottoscale)...................... 10 1.2CompositemeasurementsofTSI....................... 11 1.3 Spectral distribution of solar radiation at both the top of the earth’s atmo- sphere and at sea level. Image adapted from Nick84, Wikimedia commons. 12 1.4 Angles used to describe the position of the sun in the sky of an observer attheearth’ssurface.............................. 15 1.5 Thermopile principle of operation and illustration of a black/white coating. 21 1.6 Peltier element principle of operation. .................... 22 1.7 Examples of photodiode-based sensors from different manufacturers, used forsolarradiationmeasurements....................... 23 1.8Constructionofatypicalpyrheliometer................... 24 1.9AbsolutecavityradiometerfromPMOD/WRC............... 24 1.10Atypicalthermoelectricpyranometer.................... 26 1.11 Construction of a silicon photodiode. ................... 26 1.12Spectralresponseofdifferentpyranometers................. 27 1.13RotatingShadowbandRadiometerinstalledatQEERI’ssite........ 28 1.14 From PV solar cell to PV solar arrays. Image credit: Florida Solar Energy Centerwebsite................................. 42 1.15 Principle of operation of a PV solar cell. .................. 42 1.16Aliquidflat-platecollector.........................
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