DOCSLIB.ORG

Who Was the Eponym of the Village with the Enigmatic Name of Kondofrej in the Valley of the Strymon?1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Who Was the Eponym of the Village with the Enigmatic Name of Kondofrej in the Valley of the Strymon?1 Зборник радова Византолошког института LI, 2014 Zbornik radova Vizantološkog instituta LI, 2014 UDC: 811.14'04'373.2(495.02):94(495.02:497.2)“12“ DOI: 10.2298/ZRVI1451135T THOMAS TOMOV (New Bulgarian University, Sofia, Bulgaria) WHO WAS THE EPONYM OF THE VILLAGE WITH THE ENIGMATIC NAME OF KONDOFREJ IN THE VALLEY OF THE STRYMON?1 This paper sheds light on the eponym of the village of Kondofrej in the Upper Stry- mon Valley. It mainly discussed the possibility that the village was named after Manuel Kon- tofré, commander of the Nicaean fleet. It is also very probable that he was a Nicaean gover- nor, who had his seat there. Keywords: Manuel Kontofré, village of Konodofrej, Strymon Valley, Nicaean campaign on the Balkans in 1254, John III Vatatzes, region of Velebužd, Nicaean garrisons, governor. It will be convenient to begin our enquiry with a short passage of one romantic story entitled “The Knight”. It reads as follows: “Count of Fré – read Peter the Devil [on the ring of the dying knight] – Rest in peace, my friend! I promise you that such a village will be founded in Bulgaria.”2 Curiously enough, one can find a village with a similar name to the south and within 50 km of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria.3 It is located in the southern part of the Valley of Radomir (not far from the provincial town of Radomir), at the foot of the Kološ mountain.4 It should be stated here that many legends have attached to its name and 1 Parts of this paper correspond to an earlier draft entitled “Кondofrej – еdin interesen toponim v dolinata na Sredna Struma”, Godišnik na Tsentŭr za Slavjano-vizantijski proučvanija “Iv. Dujčev” 92 (2002) 251-258 and to a chapter II in my book “Regionŭt na Struma. Istoriko-geografski proučvanija, кraj na 12 – kraj na 14 vek” (in press). 2 V. Mutavčieva , Ritsarjat, Sofia 1970, 268. 3 The name of the village till the end of the nineteenth century was Kondofre. 4 On the village, see D. Мitova-Dzonova, Archeologičeski pametnitsi v Perniški okrŭg, Sofia 1983, № 289, 99 where in the country called “Manastrište” (at about 4 km south of the village) is attested a 136 ЗРВИ LI (2014) 135–150 it is difficult to disentangle the truth from them. So, the discussion on this topic has been marred by the wildest fantasies. Most people, when they think of Konodofrej, think of certain crusader. Therefore, the key question to the present paper is to ask who was the eponym of this village. It is my aim to give an answer to this question. We know of the existence of four persons who might be taken to serve as an eponym of this village: Godfrey, Count of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine; the Knight of the Fourth Crusade; Baldwin, Count of Flanders or Manuel Kontofré, commander of the Nicaean fleet. If the choice lies between these persons, the preference must be given to the last one. The reason for my choice, I shall explain more fully below. Let us look at the first person. It was K. Jireček who has suggested that the name in question “reminds to the proper Byzantine name Êïíäï5ñÝ remodeled from Gotofredus, Godefroid”.5 The arguments in support of Jireček’s idea had appar- ently come from Anna Komnene’s Alexiad. The reader will easily find that the name she bestowed to Godfrey was Гпнфп5сЭ6. In other words, though he did not say it directly, he had been inclined to assume that the eponym of the village was Godfrey, Count of Bouillon, duke of Lower Lorraine and the most famous of all the leaders of the First Crusade. Being a direct descendant of Charlemagne, Godfrey was a fairly important figure in northern France with a proud heritage.7 It is tempting to assert, therefore, that the village was named after this famous personality. Moreover, on the way to Constantinople the Crusader leader and his army were neither more nor less than 50 km to the north of our village. This all could be true, but there are some objec- tions and it is hardly necessary to point them out. First and foremost, due to the lack of time Godfrey was not able to do something that would be sufficient for the local medieval monastery. According to the author in the so-called Charter of Mraka, which was issued in 1347, the village of Konodofrej is described in one passage as “Manastrišt e”. 5 K. Irečек, Knjažestvo Bŭlgarija. čаst II. Pŭtuvani ja po Bŭlgari j, Plovdiv 1899, 675. 6 Anne Comnenae, Alexiadis, ed. L. Shopenus, Bonn 1878, II, 32, 6-9 and 46, 19. We find another transliteration of the Latin name Geffroi as Кпнфп5сЭ, for example, in Ephraim the Monk (Ephraemii Monachi Imperatorum et patriarcharum recensus, ed. I. Bekker, Bonn 1840, v. 8427, 338 (= Ephraem)) and John Kantakuzenos (Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris Historiarum, ed. L. Shopenus, Bonn 1828, I, 341 and II, 589). It seems also important to mention that Geoffroi de Villehardouin is called <Йп5сЭ in the History of Niketas Choniates (Nicetae Choniatae Historia, ed. J. L. van Dieten, Berlin-New York 1975, 620 (= Nicetae Choniatae). In the same way is also called Geffroi de Bruéres, one of the participants at the Bat- tle of Pelagonia in 1259, both by George Akropolites (G. Acropolitae, Historia, ed. A. Heisenberg, Leipzig 1903, I, 170, 16 (= G. Acropolitae): } ф\т ÊбñйфЬíбт <Йï5сЭ) and Theodore Skoutariotes (Theodoros Scutariota, Уэíïшйт чñïíйкЮ, in: Меубйщíйк[ вйвлйïиЮкз, ed. C. N. Sathas, Venetia-Paris 1894, VII, 545 (=Theodoros Scutariota): } ф\т ÊбñйфЬíбт <Йï5сЭ). Of course, it is true that Akropolites also knows <Йï5сЭ фï‡ <БñмеíЯïх (G. Acropolitae, 59, 12). 7 Details about him can be found in Le chronique de Godefroid de Bouillon et du Royaume de Jérusalem, premiére et deuxiéme Croisades (1080-1187) avec l’Histoire de Charles-le-Bon récit contem- porain (1169-1154), ed. J. Collin de Plancy, Paris 1848, 9-10. See also C. M. Brand, Godfrey of Bouillon, ed. A. Kazhdan and A.-M. Talbot, The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York, Oxford 1991, II, 857 (= ODB); J. Heers, Libérer Jérusalem. La premiére croisade (1095-1107), Paris 1995, 115; St. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Cambridge 1951, 145-146 (= Runciman, The First Crusade); M. W. Baldwin, The First Hundred years, ed. K. Setton, A History of the Crusades, Madison, Milwaukee, and London 1969, I, 267. THOMAS TOMOV: Who was the eponymous of the village 137 population to name a village after him8. Secondly, the misdeeds of the crusaders on the journey through the Balkans led to an increasingly fierce opposition by the local population9. It is unbelievable that the memory of this person was alive long after his passing via the Balkans. All this goes to show that this view cannot be taken seriously. According to the local researcher M. Nikolov, the eponym of the village Kont d’Ofré must be sought among the participants in the Fourth Crusade.10 Moreover, he states that after the Battle of Klokotnitsa (1230) the crusader was appointed by John Asen II (1218-1241) as a governor of the Valley of Radomir and Pernik.11 In this way the Bulgarian tsar managed to establish his control over the region, which lived its iso- lated life. Kont d’Ofré and his followers established themselves in the fortress named “Gradi šte” (Fortress) and, in a very short distance from it, founded a village “Selišteto” (Village).12 A fter the Crusader’s death the village was named Kont d’Ofré or Kondofré, (Konodofrej).13 Such, in outline, is the story of Kont d’Ofré as it is in the eyes of M. Nikolov. But, this highly speculative view finds no confirmation in the sources. A similar point of view is expressed by A. Čoleva, who simply assumes (without giving details) in her dictionary on the local names that the village was named after “Kont de Frej”, a Knight of the Fourth Crusade14. To the best of my knowledge, there is not a shred of evidence in the literary sources to show that an individual named Kontofré had been among the Crusaders. Had he been among them, his name would certainly have been mentioned by the chroniclers. Perhaps one can go a little further by won- dering whether it is possible to link Guignez IV, Count of Forez and John of Friaize with the personality in question. But rather than exploring such hypotheses, one must signal two caveats. Firstly, it is useful to remember that Guignez IV left Marseille and come to Saint Jean d’Akr, but he died shortly afterwards.15 Secondly, we know that 8 See the chronology of the First Crusade journey across the Balkans in H. Hagenmeyer, Chrono- logie de la Premiére croisade (1094-1100), Paris 1902, 49-51. Cf. also Sv. Georgiev, Pŭ rvijat кrŭstonosen pochod I bŭlgarskite zemi, Bŭlgarska istoričeska biblioteka I, 2 (1928) 95-96. 9 The army left around the middle of August 1096, taking the Rhine-Danube route and arrived at Constantinople, just before Christmas 1096. On the route of the First Crusade, see St. Runciman, The First Crusader’s journey across the Balkan peninsula, Byzantion 19 (1949) 214; St. Runciman, The First Crusade, 148; J. Heers, op. cit., 115-119; F. Duncalf, The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople, ed. K. Setton, A History of the Crusades, Madison, Milwaukee, and London 1969, I, 296; K. Gаgova, Pŭrvi jat кrŭstonosen pochod po Via Militaris, Minalo 3 (1996) 58-59. 10 M. Nikolov, Stranstvaštijat ritsar.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the D
    The Politics of Roman Memory in the Age of Justinian DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Marion Woodrow Kruse, III Graduate Program in Greek and Latin The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Anthony Kaldellis, Advisor; Benjamin Acosta-Hughes; Nathan Rosenstein Copyright by Marion Woodrow Kruse, III 2015 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the use of Roman historical memory from the late fifth century through the middle of the sixth century AD. The collapse of Roman government in the western Roman empire in the late fifth century inspired a crisis of identity and political messaging in the eastern Roman empire of the same period. I argue that the Romans of the eastern empire, in particular those who lived in Constantinople and worked in or around the imperial administration, responded to the challenge posed by the loss of Rome by rewriting the history of the Roman empire. The new historical narratives that arose during this period were initially concerned with Roman identity and fixated on urban space (in particular the cities of Rome and Constantinople) and Roman mythistory. By the sixth century, however, the debate over Roman history had begun to infuse all levels of Roman political discourse and became a major component of the emperor Justinian’s imperial messaging and propaganda, especially in his Novels. The imperial history proposed by the Novels was aggressivley challenged by other writers of the period, creating a clear historical and political conflict over the role and import of Roman history as a model or justification for Roman politics in the sixth century.
    [Show full text]
  • A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Honors Program Senior Projects WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship Spring 2014 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Tobias Osterhaug Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors Part of the Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons Recommended Citation Osterhaug, Tobias, "A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E." (2014). WWU Honors Program Senior Projects. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwu_honors/25 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Honors Program Senior Projects by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 1 Tobias Osterhaug History 499/Honors 402 A Political History of the Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099 to 1187 C.E. Introduction: The first Crusade, a massive and unprecedented undertaking in the western world, differed from the majority of subsequent crusades into the Holy Land in an important way: it contained no royalty and was undertaken with very little direct support from the ruling families of Western Europe. This aspect of the crusade led to the development of sophisticated hierarchies and vassalages among the knights who led the crusade. These relationships culminated in the formation of the Crusader States, Latin outposts in the Levant surrounded by Muslim states, and populated primarily by non-Catholic or non-Christian peoples. Despite the difficulties engendered by this situation, the Crusader States managed to maintain control over the Holy Land for much of the twelfth century, and, to a lesser degree, for several decades after the Fall of Jerusalem in 1187 to Saladin.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Fall of Roman Empire Volume 6
    THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY COLLECTIONS THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. 6 by Edward Gibbon To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Albany, OR USA Version 1.0 © 1997 2 THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE EDWARD GIBBON, ESQ. WITH NOTES BY THE REV. H. H. MILMAN VOL. 6 3 CHAPTER 59 THE CRUSADES PART 1 Preservation Of The Greek Empire. — Numbers, Passage, And Event, Of The Second And Third Crusades. — St. Bernard. — Reign Of Saladin In Egypt And Syria. — His Conquest Of Jerusalem. — Naval Crusades. — Richard The First Of England. — Pope Innocent The Third; And The Fourth And Fifth Crusades. — The Emperor Frederic The Second. — Louis The Ninth Of France; And The Two Last Crusades. — Expulsion Of The Latins Or Franks By The Mamelukes. In a style less grave than that of history, I should perhaps compare the emperor Alexiusf1 to the jackal, who is said to follow the steps, and to devour the leavings, of the lion. Whatever had been his fears and toils in the passage of the first crusade, they were amply recompensed by the subsequent benefits which he derived from the exploits of the Franks. His dexterity and vigilance secured their first conquest of Nice; and from this threatening station the Turks were compelled to evacuate the neighborhood of Constantinople.
    [Show full text]
  • Constitution of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem
    CONSTITUTION OF THE EQUESTRIAN ORDER OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE OF JERUSALEM Translated from the Italian Original 1978 Note: Pages I, II, III, IV, VI, and VIII are blank. PREAMBLE “You are to be my witness in Jerusalem, and throughout Judea, in Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.” (Acts 1.8) *** The Knighthood is defined as self-discipline, generosity and courage. Whosoever does not have the firm willingness to develop and deepen these traits in his life will never be able to become a True Knight. The zeal for self-renunciation, in the midst of abundance, generous aid to the weak and those without protection, courageous struggle for justice and peace are the characteristic virtues of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. The tie with Jerusalem which is manifested in the Order and exacts responsibility for the Holy Places orients our desires toward the heavenly Jerusalem. (Gal. 4.26) The Holy Sepulchre is the symbol of the Passion shared with Jesus and also of our hope in the Resurrection. (Phil. 3.10) The Cross which we wear is not just jewelry but a testimony of our submission to the Cross of Christ. The form of the Cross which is the symbol of the Order brings to our minds the five wounds of our Lord as well as the suffering in the Holy Land with the loss of its own blood. “The Pilgrim Shell” reminds us of the reality that we are all pilgrims on this earth, and recalls also our pledge to aid the needy. Exemplary moral conduct and true Christian feeling are the prime requisites for admission to the Order.
    [Show full text]
  • Περίληψη : Prominent Family of the Byzantine Court, Which Emerged in the Years of Basil II (963/976-1025)
    IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος Για παραπομπή : Βουγιουκλάκη Πηνελόπη , "Tarchaneiotes family", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Κωνσταντινούπολη URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=9245> Περίληψη : Prominent family of the Byzantine court, which emerged in the years of Basil II (963/976-1025). They thrived from the 13th century onwards, with several members of the family holding senior, mainly military, positions. There were intermarriages with the imperial Komnenos and Palaiologos families and the noble families of Bryennios, Doukas, Branas, Kourtikes and Philanthropenos. Their trace was lost after the 17th century. Άλλα Ονόματα Tarchaniotes, Trachaneiotes, Trachaniates, Tarchoniates Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Before the late 10th century, Thrace (late 10th c., Italy) Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου After the 17th century, Russia Κύρια Ιδιότητα Aristocrats 1. The Family The Tarchaneiotes family, whose name probably derives from their birthplace, the settlement of Tarchaneion near Kypsela, Thrace,1 emerged in the historical scene during the reign of Basil II (963/976-1025). They held senior offices in the administration and at times served as military commanders, thus playing an active role in the political and military matters of the Byzantine state. They were active mainly in the western part of the Empire, especially Macedonia and Italy. 2. Famous Members in the Battlefield (10th-11th c.) In 999 Gregory Tarchaneiotes, in his capacity as the katepano of Italy, turned the Saracens successfully out of the country, while shortly later Basil Tarchaneiotes was awarded the title of magister militum of the West. Other members of the family activated in the East, such as Joseph Tarchaneiotes, who in 1071 accompanied Romanos IV (Diogenes) (1068-1071) in his campaign against the Seljuks in Armenia and later became doukas of Antioch.
    [Show full text]
  • In This Issue
    THE ORDER The Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem Spring 2016 In This Issue Spiritual Message Grand Prior’s Message Member Spotlight New GPA Website 2016 GPA Review WINTER 2016 GPA NEWSLETTER VOLUME 48, ISSUE 3 Winter 2016 -THE ORDER- Page Spiritual Message (Delivered by The Very Rev. Dr. Richard Miles at the Vigil service for the 2016 GPC) “Keep Watch to Serve!” Luke 12:35-38 “Be dressed for action and have your lamps lit; be like those who are watching for their master to re- turn...” These words of our Lord speak to what we do here this night. From ancient times those about to be knighted, and those preparing for promotion in that quest, have been required to watch; that is, to keep a vigil, with lamps lit and dressed for action in full armor, through the night, in preparation for the accolade. Most of us are well acquainted with the idea of a vigil. Many of us were first introduced to it in college. Remember the “all-nighter”? It’s that great college tradition of staying awake from sundown on one day, through the long night, and well past sunup the next day, cramming our brains with information, both review and new, in the last-ditch quest for a decent grade on our finals. We remember that, in the desperate effort to stave-off ever encroaching sleep, and keep energy levels up, we fueled ourselves on sugary snacks, Rahman noodles, and strong (and usually very bad) coffee. Amazingly, sometimes, it actually worked. But, as important a tradition as the college all-nighter was to many of us, it holds only a shadow of the impact in a knight’s vigil.
    [Show full text]
  • Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 6-18-2013 Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem John Francis Lowe Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the History of Christianity Commons, Medieval History Commons, and the Medieval Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lowe, John Francis, "Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1029. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1029 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Baldwin I of Jerusalem: Defender of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem by John Francis Lowe A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History Thesis Committee: John Ott, Chair Thomas Luckett Brian Turner Anne McClanan Portland State University 2013 © 2013 John Francis Lowe i Abstract The reign of King Baldwin I (1100-1118) has thus far received little noteworthy attention by historians as the important pivotal period following the First Crusade conquest of Jerusalem in 1099. The two decades of his rule marked the extension of Latin conquests in the east, most notably by the conquest of the important coastal cities of Arsulf, Acre, Caesarea, Beirut and Sidon. These vital ports for the early Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem provided outlets to the sea for commerce, as well as safe harbors for incoming assistance from the west.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert Graves the White Goddess
    ROBERT GRAVES THE WHITE GODDESS IN DEDICATION All saints revile her, and all sober men Ruled by the God Apollo's golden mean— In scorn of which I sailed to find her In distant regions likeliest to hold her Whom I desired above all things to know, Sister of the mirage and echo. It was a virtue not to stay, To go my headstrong and heroic way Seeking her out at the volcano's head, Among pack ice, or where the track had faded Beyond the cavern of the seven sleepers: Whose broad high brow was white as any leper's, Whose eyes were blue, with rowan-berry lips, With hair curled honey-coloured to white hips. Green sap of Spring in the young wood a-stir Will celebrate the Mountain Mother, And every song-bird shout awhile for her; But I am gifted, even in November Rawest of seasons, with so huge a sense Of her nakedly worn magnificence I forget cruelty and past betrayal, Careless of where the next bright bolt may fall. FOREWORD am grateful to Philip and Sally Graves, Christopher Hawkes, John Knittel, Valentin Iremonger, Max Mallowan, E. M. Parr, Joshua IPodro, Lynette Roberts, Martin Seymour-Smith, John Heath-Stubbs and numerous correspondents, who have supplied me with source- material for this book: and to Kenneth Gay who has helped me to arrange it. Yet since the first edition appeared in 1946, no expert in ancient Irish or Welsh has offered me the least help in refining my argument, or pointed out any of the errors which are bound to have crept into the text, or even acknowledged my letters.
    [Show full text]
  • Lehm71 N°3 Editions De L'academie De La Republique Socialiste De Roumanie
    fijle LEHM71 N°3 EDITIONS DE L'ACADEMIE DE LA REPUBLIQUE SOCIALISTE DE ROUMANIE www.dacoromanica.ro Comité de Rédaction M. BERZA, membre correspondant de l'Acadérnie de la Ré- publ ique Social iste de Roumanie rédacteur en chef ; EM. CONDU- RACHI, A. ROSETTI, membres de l'Académie de la République Socialiste de RoumanieH. MIHAESCU, COSTIN MURGESCU, D. M. PIPPIDI, membres correspondants de l'Académie dela. République Socialiste de Roumanie ;AL. ELIAN, VALENTIN GEORGESCU, FR. PALL, MINA! POP, EUGEN STANESCU AL. DUTU secrétaire de la Réclaction. www.dacoromanica.ro REVUE DES tTUDES SUD-EST EUROPÉENNES Tome IX 1971 N° 3 Mélanges d'histoire, d'art et de philologie(Mllesau XIV° Congas international d'études byzantines SOMMAIRE M. ANDREEV (Sofia), Sur le probléme de la coexistence du droit écrit et du droitcou- tumier des Slaves du Sud au Moyen Age 335 I. BARNEA (Bucarest), Dinogetia et Noviodunum, deux villes byzantines du Bas-Danube 343 V. BESEVLIEV (Sofia), Zwei Versionen bet Theophanes und Nikephoros dem Patriar- chen 363 PETER CHARANIS (Rutgers UniverbityNew Brunswick), Observations on the "Anti- Zealot" Discourse of Cabasilas 369 MARIA COMA (Bucarest), Quelques données concernant les rapports des territoires nord-danubiens avec Byzance aux VIeVIIIe siècles 377 DUJCEV (Sofia), Nouvelles données sur les peintures des philosophes et des écrivains palens la Baintovo 391 JEAN GOUILLARD (Paris), Le Photius du Pseudo-Syméon Magistros 397 R. GUILLAND (Paris), Contribution it l'histoire administrative de l'Empire byzantin. Le chartulaire et le grand chartulaire 405 OCTAVIAN ILIESCU (Bucarest), Le montant du tribut payé par Byzance a l'Empire ottoman en 1379 et 1424 427 JOHANNES IRMSCHER (Berlin-DDR), Winckelmann und Byzanz 433 KARAYANNOPULOS (Thessaloniki), Zur Frage der Slavenansiedlungen auf dem Peloponnes 443 COSTAS P.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birth of Territory
    the birth of territory The Birth of Territory stuart elden the university of chicago press chicago and london Stuart Elden is professor of political theory and geography at the University of Warwick. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2013 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2013. Printed in the United States of America 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 1 2 3 4 5 isbn-13: 978-0-226-20256-3 (cloth) isbn-13: 978-0-226-20257-0 (paper) isbn-13: 978-0-226-04128-5 (e-book) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Elden, Stuart, 1971- The birth of territory / Stuart Elden. pages. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 978-0-226-20256-3 (cloth : alk. paper)—isbn 978-0-226-20257-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)—isbn 978-0-226-04128-5 (e-book) 1. Political geography. 2. Geography, Ancient. 3. Geography, Medieval. I. Title. jc319.e44 2013 320.1’2—dc23 2013005902 This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). contents Acknowledgments ix Introduction 1 Part I 19 1. The Polis and the Khora 21 Autochthony and the Myth of Origins 21 Antigone and the Polis 26 The Reforms of Kleisthenes 31 Plato’s Laws 37 Aristotle’s Politics 42 Site and Community 47 2. From Urbis to Imperium 53 Caesar and the Terrain of War 55 Cicero and the Res Publica 60 The Historians: Sallust, Livy, Tacitus 67 Augustus and Imperium 75 The Limes of the Imperium 82 Part II 97 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Byzantine Empire.Pdf
    1907 4. 29 & 30 BEDFORD STREET, LONDON . BIBLIOTECA AIEZAMANTULUI CULTURAL 66)/ NICOLAE BALCESCU" TEMPLE PRIMERS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE bY N. JORGA Translated from the French by ALLEN H. POWLES, M.A. All rights reserved AUTHOR'S PREFACE THIs new history of Byzantium, notwithstanding its slender proportions, has been compiled from the original sources. Second-hand materials have only been used to compare the results obtained by the author with those which his pre- decessors have reached. The aim in. view has not been to present one more systematic chronology of Byzantine history, considered as a succession of tragic anecdotes standing out against a permanent background.I have followed the development of Byzantine life in all its length and breadth and wealth, and I have tried to give a series of pictures rather than the customary dry narrative. It may be found possibly that I have given insufficient information on the Slav and Italian neighbours and subjects of the empire.I have thought it my duty to adopt the point of view of the Byzantines themselves and to assign to each nation the place it occupied in the minds of the politicians and thoughtful men of Byzantium.This has been done in such a way as not to prejudicate the explanation of the Byzantine transformations. Much less use than usual has been made of the Oriental sources.These are for the most part late, and inaccuracy is the least of their defects.It is clear that our way of looking v vi AUTHOR'S PREFACE at and appreciatingeventsismuch morethat of the Byzantines than of the Arabs.In the case of these latter it is always necessary to adopt a liberal interpretation, to allow for a rhetoric foreign to our notions, and to correct not merely the explanation, but also the feelings which initiated it.We perpetually come across a superficial civilisation and a completely different race.
    [Show full text]
  • Thomas Jefferson
    Thomas Jefferson Ellis, Edward S. Thomas Jefferson About Phoenix−Edition Copyright 1 Thomas Jefferson Great Americans of History THOMAS JEFFERSON A CHARACTER SKETCH BY EDWARD S. ELLIS, A. M. AUTHOR OF 'The People's Standard History of the United States,« »The Eclectic Primary History of the United States," Etc. with supplementary essay by 2 Thomas Jefferson G. MERCER ADAM Late Editor of «Self−Culture» Magazine, Etc., Etc. WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE TOGETHER WITH ANECDOTES, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CHRONOLOGY No golden eagle, warm from the stamping press of the mint, is more sharply impressed with its image and superscription than was the formative period of our government by the genius and personality of Thomas Jefferson. Standing on the threshold of the nineteenth century, no one who attempted to peer down the shadowy vista, saw more clearly than he the possibilities, the perils, the pitfalls and the achievements that were within the grasp of the Nation. None was inspired by purer patriotism. None was more sagacious, wise and prudent, and none understood his countrymen better. By birth an aristocrat, by nature he was a democrat. The most learned man that ever sat in the president's chair, his tastes were the simple ones of a farmer. Surrounded by the pomp and ceremony of Washington and Adams' courts, his dress was homely. He despised titles, and preferred severe plainness of speech and the sober garb of the Quakers. «What is the date of your birth, Mr. President?» asked an admirer. «Of what possible concern is that to you?» queried the President in turn.
    [Show full text]