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TAXON:Gomphocarpus Physocarpus E. Mey. SCORE:23.0 RATING:High Risk

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TAXON:Gomphocarpus Physocarpus E. Mey. SCORE:23.0 RATING:High Risk TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Taxon: Gomphocarpus physocarpus E. Mey. Family: Apocynaceae Common Name(s): balloon cottonbush Synonym(s): Asclepias physocarpa (E. Mey.) Schltr. balloon plant bladderbush narrow-leaf cottonbush swanplant Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 24 Sep 2018 WRA Score: 23.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Agricultural Weed, Environmental Weed, Toxic, Wind-Dispersed, Monarch Butterfly Host Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 y 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 y Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 1 of 20 physocarpus E. Mey.) TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 y 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 y=-1, n=1 n biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 2 of 20 physocarpus E. Mey.) TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Gomphocarpus physocarpus ͙ Native to South Africa, Swaziland and southern Mozambique. Almost certainly introduced elsewhere in Africa ͙In Kenya and Tanzania G. physocarpus appears to occur in drier spots (e.g. road verges) than Goyder, D. J., & Nicholas, A. (2001). A revision of G. semilunatus, and is a shorter, more stiffly branched plant. The Gomphocarpus R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae). Kew corona and branching pattern are as in South Africa. The follicle Bulletin, 56(4): 769-836 tends to be more beaked than in typical (S African) material and may be of partially hybrid origin with G. fruticosus, as also appears to be the case in Australia where Forster ( 1996) reports hybrid swarms between these two species." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native to South Africa, Swaziland and southern Mozambique. Goyder, D. J., & Nicholas, A. (2001). A revision of Almost certainly introduced elsewhere in Africa - it occurs commonly Gomphocarpus R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae). Kew in seasonally dry, disturbed areas of Kenya (K3 - 6), Tanzania (T2) and Bulletin, 56(4): 769-836 Uganda (U2, 3). The species is certainly not native elsewhere in the world." "Native USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Africa 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique (s.) Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa, [Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, [Accessed 23 Sep 2018] Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Western Cape] Swaziland" Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 3 of 20 physocarpus E. Mey.) TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 23 Sep 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes "Common in seasonally wet pastures and flood plains, also occurring Goyder, D. J., & Nicholas, A. (2001). A revision of in disturbed areas. Altitude: mostly from sea level to 1000 m in Gomphocarpus R. Br. (Apocynaceae: Asclepiadeae). Kew southern Africa, but occasionally up to c. 1800 m ( e.g. around Bulletin, 56(4): 769-836 Johannesburg), sometimes higher in E Africa." [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating environmental versatility] Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry habitats, occasionally up the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University to 1,830 m" [Elevation range exceeds 1000 m, demonstrating of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. environmental versatility] Missouri Botanical Garden. (2018). Gomphocarpus "Winter hardy to USDA Zones 8-10. Invasive self-seeder in tropical physocarpus. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. areas (it has naturalized as a pasture weed in Hawaii), but not in St. [Accessed 23 Sep 2018] Louis where it is grown as an annual." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of "Native to South Africa; in Hawai'i naturalized in low elevation, dry the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University habitats, occasionally up to 1,830 m, on all of the main islands of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. except Ni'ihau and Moloka'i." Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 4 of 20 physocarpus E. Mey.) TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Qsn # Question Answer "Native Africa SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Mozambique (s.) SOUTHERN AFRICA: South Africa, [Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Western Cape] Swaziland Naturalized Africa EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius [Rodrigues] Asia-Temperate CHINA: Hong Kong USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Asia-Tropical 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Australasia [Accessed 23 Sep 2018] AUSTRALIA: Australia Pacific NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii] SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: New Caledonia Southern America CARIBBEAN: Cuba, Jamaica CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil [Bahia, Goias, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe] WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 5 of 20 physocarpus E. Mey.) TAXON: Gomphocarpus SCORE: 23.0 RATING: High Risk physocarpus E. Mey. Qsn # Question Answer [Widely introduced & naturalized] "Naturalized Africa EAST TROPICAL AFRICA: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda SOUTH TROPICAL AFRICA: Angola WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN: Mauritius [Rodrigues] Asia-Temperate CHINA: Hong Kong Asia-Tropical INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Australasia 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online AUSTRALIA: Australia Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Pacific [Accessed 24 Sep 2018] NORTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: United States [Hawaii] SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC: French Polynesia SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC: New Caledonia Southern America CARIBBEAN: Cuba, Jamaica CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Panama NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA: Venezuela BRAZIL: Brazil [Bahia, Goias, Minas Gerais, Paraiba, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Sergipe] WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru" Creation Date: 24 Sep 2018 (Gomphocarpus Page 6 of 20 physocarpus E.
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