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Food Security Indicators in Two Sites of Norwegian Church Aid's Intervention Zone in Mali: Bambara Maoudé and N'daki (Malia

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Food Security Indicators in Two Sites of Norwegian Church Aid's Intervention Zone in Mali: Bambara Maoudé and N'daki (Malia Food Security Indicators in Two Sites of Norwegian Church Aid’s Intervention Zone in Mali: Bambara Maoudé and N’Daki (Malian Gourma) Sidibe Halassy Gry Synnevåg July 1998 Background and Vision The Drylands Coordination Group (DCG) is a forum for cooperation that promotes the quality assurance of development projects dealing with food security and environmental rehabilitation in the drylands of Africa. DCG was established by the Norwegian NGOs responsible for running development projects previously funded under the Sahel-Sudan-Ethiopia (SSE) Programme. The SSE Programme: In response to the catastrophic drought in the Sahel region in 1984-1985, the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs established the Sahel-Sudan-Ethiopia Programme (SSE). The main objectives of the programme were food security and environmental rehabilitation. The countries that have received support through the SSE Programme are Mali, Sudan, Ethiopia and Eritrea. The average annual funding during the last three years of the programme amounted to NOK 140 million, of which almost half was channelled through multilateral institutions (UN system), a small percentage through research activities, and more than half through NGOs. The SSE Programme was phased out in 1996, but the work of the NGOs continues through the Drylands Coordination Group (DCG). The members of the DCG are ADRA Norge, CARE Norge, Norwegian Church Aid, Norwegian People’s Aid, Strømme Foundation and the Development Fund. Noragric, Centre for International Environment and Development Studies, Agricultural University of Norway, functions as the group’s secretariat and technical advisor. The DCG activities are funded by NORAD. The DCG’s overall objective is to improve the livelihood security of vulnerable households in drought-prone and marginal areas, especially in Africa. The DCG believes that Norway through the SSE experience has developed special competence within development assistance in drought-prone countries and that this competence should be fostered and advanced. The DCG will: • Contribute to assuring the quality of Norwegian development assistance in the drylands • Contribute to the fulfillment of Norwegian responsibilities to the Convention to Combat Desertification • Assist NORAD in its increased efforts in sustainable agriculture and natural resource management • Promote the effectiveness of Norwegian development cooperation. • Promote cooperation with partner institutions working with dryland management issues The Drylands Coordination Group and Noragric Noragric provides the DCG with the following services: • Quality assurance and technical assistance to individual projects. planning, reviews and special assignments • Seminars and workshops • Research and study reports • Secretariat A Sampling of DCG’s Activities • Seminar on sustainable agricultural development and natural resource management in the drylands • Case studies in gender issues in agricultural and natural resource management projects • Study of decentralisation, institution building and phasing out of Norwegian project involvement • Study on Integrated Plant Nutrition Management ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... 5 List of acronyms and abbreviations .................................................................................. 6 List of figures and maps .................................................................................................... 7 List of tables ...................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter I Methodological Approach ........................................................................... 10 1. Principal phases of the study ............................................................................... 10 1.1. Preparatory phase ..................................................................................... 10 1.2. Data-collection phase ............................................................................... 13 1.3. Phase of data examination and analysis and drafting of preliminary report ................................................................................ 14 2. Difficulties encountered ....................................................................................... 15 2.1. Difficulties related to the timeframe of the study and the distance between the two sites concerned ................................................ 15 2.2. Difficulties related to the ambiguity of the concept of pastoralism ........................................................................................... 15 2.3. Difficulties linked to the ambiguity of the concept of “indicator” 15 ........... 2.4. Difficulties related to the diversity of languages spoken in one and the same site ............................................................................................. 15 Chapter II Socio-economic characteristics of the sites ............................................... 16 1. Bambara Maoudé ................................................................................................. 16 2. N’Daki 18 .................................................................................................................. Chapter III Analysis of results ..................................................................................... 21 1. Definition of a key concepts ................................................................................ 21 1.1 Food security concepts ............................................................................ 21 1.2 Foodstuff self-reliance ............................................................................ 25 1.3 Concept of food security indicators ........................................................ 25 1.4 Coping strategies ..................................................................................... 27 1.5 Pastoralism .............................................................................................. 28 1.6 Hunger .................................................................................................... 28 1.7 Famine .................................................................................................... 29 1.8 Food shortage .......................................................................................... 29 1.9 Lack of food ............................................................................................ 29 1.10 Malnutrition ............................................................................................ 29 1.11 Food vulnerability ................................................................................... 29 2. Evaluation of factors influencing food security ................................................... 30 2.1 Factors of the physical environment ....................................................... 30 2.1.1 Climatic factors ........................................................................... 30 2.1.2 Factors linked to the human environment ................................... 31 2.2 Factors associated with production systems .......................................... 42 2.2.1 Production ................................................................................... 42 2.2.2 Market trade ................................................................................ 43 2.2.3 Gathering of wild crops .............................................................. 43 2.2.4 Purchasing power ........................................................................ 44 3. Review of the activities of certain development operators in the field of food security ................................................................................................... 44 iii 4. Presentation of some follow-up systems set up by development operators ........ 54 4.1 Existing information structures .............................................................. 54 4.1.1 Early Warning System ................................................................ 54 4.1.2 Grain Market Information System .............................................. 55 4.2 Decision-making structures ................................................................... 56 4.2.1 Ministry of Territorial Administration and Security (MATS) .... 56 4.2.2 Ministry of Finance ..................................................................... 56 4.2.3 Grain Market Restructuring Programme (PRMC) ...................... 56 4.3 Implementing structures 56 ......................................................................... 4.3.1 Support Unit for Grass-roots Development (CADB) ................. 56 4.3.2 Mali Agricultural Products Office (OPAM) ............................... 57 4.3.3 Private agencies and NGOs 57 ......................................................... 4.3.4 Associative, co-operative and mutual benefit organisations (OACM) 57 ................................................................ 4.4 Action plan for the implementation of interventions ............................. 58 4.5 Review of a number of follow-up systems set up by development operators ........................................................................... 58 Conclusions and recommendations ..............................................................................
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