Structural Parallelism in Contemporary British Novels
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Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci Filozofická fakulta Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky Structural Parallelism in Contemporary British Novels - A Text-Level Approach Disertační práce Mgr. Jolana Kaštovská Školitelka: Prof. PhDr. Jarmila Tárnyiková, CSc. Tato disertační práce vznikla v rámci doktorského studijního programu Filologie P7310 – obor Anglický jazyk na katedře anglistiky a amerikanistiky Filozofické fakulty Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci za účelem získání akademické hodnosti „doktor“ – Ph.D. Olomouc 2012 Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci na téma „Structural Parallelism in Conteporary Brtitish Novels – a Text- Level Approach“ vypracovala pod vedením školitele samostatně za použití v práci uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Olomouci dne 15.3.2012 …………………………………………... Mgr. Jolana Kaštovská Acknowledgements I wish to express my gratitude to my family, colleagues, and friends who patiently supported my long endeavour to complete this text. I am particularly indebted to Prof. PhDr. Jarmila Tárnyiková, CSc. for all her inspiration and wise guidance, and last but least for her support to continue and not to avoid complicated samples not fitting into neatly sorted tables. But the responsibility for any faults and misconceptions is, of course, solely mine. Abstract Structural Parallelism in Contemporary British Novels – a Text-level Approach The dissertation reviews a number of influential and autonomous definitions of parallelism as conceived in rhetoric, stylistics, traditional grammar and the latest approaches of text linguistics, in order to generate one complex description of this text device based on the repetition of structure (and lexis) in the framework of functional and systemic grammar (Part I); then it suggests a model analysis developed on the samples from secondary literature which is further tested on authentic literary texts (J. Winterson: The Passion, 1987, S. Mawer: The Glass Room, 2009) in Part II, in order to gather a representative number of samples of „structural parallelisms‟ (SP). The samples are processed in three stages: the quantitative survey to find the tendencies in realizations of SP; second, the qualitative analyses to establish several scales along which SP may be modified; and finally, the corpus of 445 samples is compared with the published translations, and analysed both in quantitative and then qualitative way to map the latest approaches to SP in translation. Key words: parallelism, structural parallelism, functional and systemic grammar, text linguistics, rhetoric, stylistics, literary text analysis. Abstrakt Strukturní paralelismus v soudobém britském románu – textová analýza Tato práce shrnuje poznatky z mnoha rozdílných definicí paralelismu, jak je chápán v rétorice, stylistice, tradiční gramatice a nejnověji v textové lingvistice, aby přinesla komplexní popis tohoto prostředku výstavby textu, který je zaloţen na opakování struktury (a lexikálních prvků), v rámci Hallidayovy funkční a systemické gramatiky (Část I). Následně předkládá modelovou analýzu vytvořenou podle příkladů paralelismu ze sekundární literatury; která je dále testována na autentických literárních textech (J. Winterson: The Passion, 2001, S. Mawer: The Glass Room, 2009), ve snaze získat representativní počet příkladů strukturního paralelismu (SP). Příklady jsou dále zpracovány ve třech fázích: kvantiitativní studie předkládá tendence, v jaké jsou SP realizovány v textu; kvalitativní fáze představí několik škál, na kterých lze sledovat modifikaci SP v textu; a v závěrečné fázi je korpus 445 vzorků porovnán s publikovanými překlady obou románů, aby analýza přinesla náhled do nejnovějších přístupů v překladu SP. Klíčová slova: paralelismus, strukturní paralelismus, funkční gramatika, textová lingvistika, rétorika, stylistika, analýza literárního textu. CONTENTS Page Introduction ……………………………………………………………. 9 PART I – THEORETICAL BACKGROUND……………………… 11 Chapter 1 - Conceptual framework ………………………………… 11 1.1 Text ………………………………………………………………13 1.1.1 Constituents of text ……………………………………….. 13 1.1.2 Coordination of Clauses and Sentences …………………….16 1.1.3 Sentence Complexes ………………………………………. 18 1.2 Foregrounding, deviation and style markers …………………….19 1.3 Structural Parallelism – the concept ……………………………. 21 1.3.1 Repetition as a clause relation signal (Winter 1979, 1986).. 21 1.3.2 Hoey‟s model of repetition and replacement (1996)………. 22 1.3.3 The proposed model – constants and variables …………… 23 1.4 Summary ………………………………………………………... 25 Chapter 2 - Parallelism – „mapping the ground‟ …………………… 29 2.1 Rhetoric ……………………………………………………………. 30 2.1.1 Aristotelian parallelism …………………………………............... 31 2.1.1.1 Aristotelian antithesis ……………………………………..33 2.1.1.2 Aristotelian asyndeton …………………………………… 36 2.1.1.3 Aristotelian “legacy” ……………………………………. .38 2.1.2 Classical parallelism in Modern times (Corbett & Connors 1999) …………………………………………………………….. .39 2.1.2.1 Corbett &Connors‟ (C&C) definition …………………… 41 2.1.2.2 Corbett &Connors‟ examples ……………………………. 42 2.1.2.3 Isocolon – subtype of parallelism ………………………... 49 2.1.2.4 Other figures built on structural parallelism (in C&C) ….. 50 2.1.3 Conclusions from C&C‟s examples ………………………...53 2.2 Grammar …………………………………………………………54 2.2.1 From sentence to text (Quirk et al. 2005 [1985]) …………. 54 2.2.2 „Grammar in a wider perspective‟ (Biber et al. 2004 [1999]) 58 2.2.3 The grammatical contribution to the problem of SP ……… 59 2.3 Poetics – Jakobsonian principle of parallelism ……………….... 60 2.4 Stylistics ………………………………………………………… 61 2.4.1 Parallelism rule for interpretation (Short 1996) …………….62 2.4.2 Extra structure, extra meaning (Fowler 1996) ……………. 63 2.4.3 Latest approaches to SP (Gregoriou 2009; Jeffries 2010) …. 64 2.4.4 Summary ………………………………………………… 65 2.5 Text and discourse studies ……………………………………. 66 2.5.1 Cohesion of surface text (Beaugrande & Dressler 1981) … 67 2.5.2 Parallelism as a formal link of text (Cook 1990)………… 68 2.5.3 Grammatical cohesion – multiple recurrence of a sentence pattern (Tárnyiková 2009 [2002]) ……………………………….. 69 2.5.4 Structural stereotypes (Tárnyiková 2007; 2008) ……………70 2.5.5 Parallelism as a trigger (Hoey 1996) ………………………..72 2.5.6 SP as a “text divider” (Tomášková 2005) …………………..73 2.5.7 SP in text linguistics - Summary …………………………...74 2.6 “The image of parallelism”- Summary of features working/co- operating in SP ………………………………………………………74 PART II – ANALYSIS OF CONTEMPORARY NOVELS AND ENGLISH – CZECH COMPARISON ……………………………… 78 Chapter 3 Structural Parallelism in Two Contemporary British Novels ………………………………………………………………… 78 3.1 Aims ……………………………………………………………. 79 3.2. Material and Methods ………………………………………….. 80 3.2.1 Source texts – context and reasons ………………………… 80 3.2.2 Sample Collection……………………... ………………….. 86 3.2.3 Methods of data processing……….. ………………………. 96 3.2.3.1 Presuppositions ………………………………………… 97 3.2.3.2 Quantity as an indication of prominence ………………… 97 3.2.3.3 Data processing ………………………………………….. 98 3.3 Overview of all samples (quantitative analysis) ………………..104 3.4 Perspectivization of SP (qualitative analysis) …………………. 105 A. Micro-perspective of SP – configuration at the level of sentence/clause/s…………………………………………………… 108 3.4.1 The perspective of grammatical/structural rank of repeated structure/pattern ………………………………………………… 108 3.4.2 The perspective of quantity of repeated structures ……….. 111 3.4.3 The perspective of structural constants and variables ……..114 3.4.4 The perspective of lexical constants and variables ……… 118 B. Transition from micro- to macro-perspective…………………... 120 3.4.5 The perspective of use of conjunctions (syndeton) ………..120 3.4.6 The perspective of graphical segmentation ………………..123 3.4.7 The perspective of rhythm and the jingle effect ………….. 126 C. Macro-perspective of SP – from the level of text………………. 127 3.4.8 The perspective of integration of SP in text ……………… 127 3.4.9 The perspective of linearity of SP ……………………… .. 128 3.4.10 The perspective of compactness of SP ………………….. 131 3.5 Conclusion ……………………………………………………... 133 Chapter 4 English – Czech Comparison …………………................ 136 4.1 Aims, Material and Methods ………………………………….. 137 4.2 Sample classification ………………………………………… 138 4.3 The Data ……………………………………………………… 143 4.4 Overview of the shifts in translation …………………………. 145 4.4.1 Shifts in translation at the micro-level of text …………… 145 4.4.2 Shifts in graphological realization of SP………………….. 146 4.4.3 Shifts in the use of conjunctions ………………………….. 149 4.5 Conclusion ………………………………………………………152 Conclusions ……………………………………………………………154 References …………………………………………………………… . 153 Bibliography …………………………………………………………. 159 Corpus of Source Texts……………………………………………….. 162 Online Sources ………………………………………………………. 162 Appendix A – The first page of J. Winterson‟s The Passion………… 164 Appendix B – The first page of S. Mawer‟s The Glass Room………. 165 Appendix C – The samples from J. Winterson‟s The Passion and their translations …………………………………………………………… 166 Appendix D – The samples from S. Mawer‟s The Glass Room and their translations …………………………………………………………… 195 Introduction Motto The spelling out of all the relations holding between the parts of a passage may be of value to translators and stylisticians but it can be no more than the first step for a discourse analyst. (Hoey 1983: 19) This study aims to integrate the multiple definitions of parallelism as conceived in three traditional linguistic disciplines of rhetoric, grammar, stylistics and recently in text linguistic/grammar (or discourse analysis) and try to find the common ground which will be tested on