Activated Carbon Ratings
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Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies Across Pyrogenic Carbon’S Abcs
water Review Activated Carbon, Biochar and Charcoal: Linkages and Synergies across Pyrogenic Carbon’s ABCs Nikolas Hagemann 1,* ID , Kurt Spokas 2 ID , Hans-Peter Schmidt 3 ID , Ralf Kägi 4, Marc Anton Böhler 5 and Thomas D. Bucheli 1 1 Agroscope, Environmental Analytics, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] 2 United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Management Unit, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; [email protected] 3 Ithaka Institute, Ancienne Eglise 9, CH-1974 Arbaz, Switzerland; [email protected] 4 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] 5 Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Application and Development, Department Process Engineering, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-58-462-1074 Received: 11 January 2018; Accepted: 1 February 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: Biochar and activated carbon, both carbonaceous pyrogenic materials, are important products for environmental technology and intensively studied for a multitude of purposes. A strict distinction between these materials is not always possible, and also a generally accepted terminology is lacking. However, research on both materials is increasingly overlapping: sorption and remediation are the domain of activated carbon, which nowadays is also addressed by studies on biochar. Thus, awareness of both fields of research and knowledge about the distinction of biochar and activated carbon is necessary for designing novel research on pyrogenic carbonaceous materials. Here, we describe the dividing ranges and common grounds of biochar, activated carbon and other pyrogenic carbonaceous materials such as charcoal based on their history, definition and production technologies. -
Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants EPA/833B-99/002 August 1999
United States Office of Wastewater EPA/833B-99/002 Environmental Protection Management August 1999 Agency Washington DC 20460 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants EPA/833B-99/002 August 1999 Toxicity Reduction Evaluation Guidance for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Office of Wastewater Management U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 Notice and Disclaimer The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Water, has funded, managed, and collaborated in the development of this guidance, which was prepared under order 7W-1235-NASX to Aquatic Sciences Consulting; order 5W-2260-NASA to EA Engineering, Science and Technology, Inc.; and contracts 68-03-3431, 68-C8-002, and 68-C2-0102 to Parsons Engineering Science, Inc. It has been subjected to the Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication. The statements in this document are intended solely as guidance. This document is not intended, nor can it be relied on, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. EPA and State officials may decide to follow the guidance provided in this document, or to act at variance with the guidance, based on an analysis of site-specific circumstances. This guidance may be revised without public notice to reflect changes in EPA policy. ii Foreword This document is intended to provide guidance to permittees, permit writers, and consultants on the general approach and procedures for conducting toxicity reduction evaluations (TREs) at municipal wastewater treatment plants. TREs are important tools for Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs) to use to identify and reduce or eliminate toxicity in a wastewater discharge. -
Process Synthesis
PROCESS SYNTHESIS DALE F. RUDD University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 INTRODUCTION In the words of Webster, synthesis is "the proper way to approach process development. In combining of often diverse conceptions into a co these theories of process development, each syn herent whole" and analysis is "an examination thesis step defines an analysis problem the solu of a complex, its elements and their relations." tion of which provides data required for further Synthesis refers to the more inventive aspects of synthesis steps. Further, it became apparent that engineering and analysis to the more scientific. this organization of alternating synthesis and Both are required in the development of industrial analysis steps begs the development of educational processes. material for the early stages of engineering edu Since World War II engineering education has cation. moved strongly towards analysis, with the intro In this report we examine the development of duction of courses which analyse individual pro a first course in engineering in which synthesis cess operations and phenome,na. rransport phe and analysis are taught simultaneously. Elemen nomena, unit operations, process control, thermo tary new principles of process synthesis are com dynamics and other engineering science courses bined with the classic analysis techniques of greatly strengthened engineering education by material and energy balancing. Emphasis is on showing how things are and how they work. the development of process technology rather than Unfortunately, there was not a parallel de on the analysis of existing processes. velopment in the teaching of synthesis. The teach ing of how things ought to be rather than how RESEARCH IN PROCESS SYNTHESIS they are. -
A Low Temperature Structure of Nonane-1,9-Diaminium Chloride Chloroacetate: Hydroxyacetic Acid (1:1)
J Chem Crystallogr (2011) 41:703–707 DOI 10.1007/s10870-010-9957-6 ORIGINAL PAPER A Low Temperature Structure of Nonane-1,9-Diaminium Chloride Chloroacetate: Hydroxyacetic Acid (1:1) Agnieszka Paul • Maciej Kubicki Received: 24 February 2010 / Accepted: 31 December 2010 / Published online: 14 January 2011 Ó The Author(s) 2011. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The crystal structure of nonane-1,9-diaminium protons and to form salts with both, organic and inorganic chloride chloroacetate–hydroxyacetic acid (1:1) was deter- acids, together with a significant flexibility of the chain mined by X-ray diffraction at 100(1)K. The asymmetric fragment and tendency towards creation of the highly unit is composed of diaminium dication, chloroacetate and symmetric networks, can be used in so-called crystal chloride anions, and neutral hydroxyacetic acid molecule. engineering [2], i.e. in designing new materials with The aliphatic chain of 1,9-diamine is fully extended and it expected features. Such a predictable motifs in the crystal deviates only slightly from the perfect all-trans confor- structures, giving rise to a layer structure, were already mation. The two acidic residues are also nearly planar. The investigated in the series of hexane-1,6-diamine and layer structure is obtained as a consequence of hydrogen butane-1,4-diamine salts [3, 4]. bond interactions of a different lengths, with N–H and O–H Only five structures deposited in the Cambridge Struc- groups playing the role of donors and oxygen atoms and tural Database [5] (no multiple determinations, herein and chloride cations as acceptors. -
SAFETY DATA SHEET 1,9-Dibromo-Nonane-2,8-Dione According to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex II, As Amended
Revision date: 03/01/2020 Revision: 1 SAFETY DATA SHEET 1,9-Dibromo-nonane-2,8-dione According to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex II, as amended. Commission Regulation (EU) No 2015/830 of 28 May 2015. SECTION 1: Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking 1.1. Product identifier Product name 1,9-Dibromo-nonane-2,8-dione Product number FD173289 CAS number 91492-76-1 1.2. Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against Identified uses Laboratory reagent. Manufacture of substances. Research and development. 1.3. Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet Supplier Carbosynth Ltd 8&9 Old Station Business Park Compton Berkshire RG20 6NE UK +44 1635 578444 +44 1635 579444 [email protected] 1.4. Emergency telephone number Emergency telephone +44 7887 998634 SECTION 2: Hazards identification 2.1. Classification of the substance or mixture Classification (EC 1272/2008) Physical hazards Not Classified Health hazards Not Classified Environmental hazards Not Classified Additional information Caution. Not fully tested. 2.2. Label elements Hazard statements NC Not Classified 2.3. Other hazards No data available. SECTION 3: Composition/information on ingredients 3.1. Substances Product name 1,9-Dibromo-nonane-2,8-dione 1/8 Revision date: 03/01/2020 Revision: 1 1,9-Dibromo-nonane-2,8-dione CAS number 91492-76-1 Chemical formula C₉H₁₄Br₂O₂ SECTION 4: First aid measures 4.1. Description of first aid measures General information Get medical advice/attention if you feel unwell. Inhalation Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. -
Chemistry Grade Span 9/10
Chemistry Grade Span 9/10 Carbon and Carbon Compounds Subject Matter and Methodological Competencies • name the allotropes of carbon and use them to explain the relationship between its structure and properties • state the characteristics of the oxides of carbon • conduct experiments to o detect evidence of carbon dioxide o detect evidence of carbonates (using carbon dioxide detection) o describe the natural formation and decay processes of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates and use this to explain a simple model of the carbon cycle Natural Gas and Crude Oil Subject Matter and Methodological Competencies • identify natural gas, crude oil and coal as fossil fuels • explain the causes and consequences of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere • discuss the economic and ecological consequences of the production and transport of natural gas and crude oil • apply knowledge of substance mixtures and substance separation using the example of fractional distillation of petroleum • describe the molecular structure of the gaseous alkanes using chemical formulas, structural formulas and simplified structural formulas • conduct experiments to o examine the flammability and solubility of selected alkanes o determine that water and carbon dioxide are the products of combustion o explain the relationship between the construction, properties and uses of important alkanes (e.g. methane - natural gas, propane and butane - liquid gas, octane - gasoline, decane - diesel, octadecane - paraffin candle wax) o explain the cohesion of alkane -
Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen
Chapter 2: Alkanes Alkanes from Carbon and Hydrogen •Alkanes are carbon compounds that contain only single bonds. •The simplest alkanes are hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. •Hydrocarbons are used mainly as fuels, solvents and lubricants: H H H H H H H H H H H H C H C C H C C C C H H C C C C C H H H C C H H H H H H CH2 H CH3 H H H H CH3 # of carbons boiling point range Use 1-4 <20 °C fuel (gasses such as methane, propane, butane) 5-6 30-60 solvents (petroleum ether) 6-7 60-90 solvents (ligroin) 6-12 85-200 fuel (gasoline) 12-15 200-300 fuel (kerosene) 15-18 300-400 fuel (heating oil) 16-24 >400 lubricating oil, asphalt Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H C H eth- -ane ethane 2 6 H3C CH3 C3H8 prop- -ane propane C4H10 but- -ane butane C5H12 pent- -ane pentane C6H14 hex- -ane hexane C7H16 hept- -ane heptane C8H18 oct- -ane octane C9H20 non- -ane nonane C10H22 dec- -ane decane Hydrocarbons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C H prop- -ane propane 3 8 H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane? H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydorcocaarrbobnos ns Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H CH4 meth- -ane methane H C H H H H C2H6 eth- -ane ethane H C C H H H H C3H8 prop- -ane propane H3C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane butane H3C C C CH3 or H H H C H 4 10 but- -ane iso-butane H3C C CH3 or CH3 HydHrydoroccarbrobnsons Formula Prefix Suffix Name Structure H H -
Supercritical Pyrolysis of N-Decane Sean Bagley Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected]
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Supercritical Pyrolysis of n-Decane Sean Bagley Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Bagley, Sean, "Supercritical Pyrolysis of n-Decane" (2010). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 4000. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/4000 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. SUPERCRITICAL PYROLYSIS OF N-DECANE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemical Engineering by Sean Bagley B.S., Louisiana State University, 2003 December 2010 Acknowledgements I gratefully acknowledge the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, for providing the necessary funding for this research. I would like to thank Dr. Arthur Lafleur and Ms. Elaine Plummer of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Dr. John Fetzer of Chevron Research for providing reference standards and/or UV spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to my professor. I would like to thank my professor, Dr. Judy Wornat, for her wisdom and patience. The members of my group, Elmer Ledesma, Jorge Oña, Shiju Thomas, Michelle Walker, Jerome Robles, Franz Ehrenhauser, and Nimesh Poddar, each of whom contributed to my project in innumerable ways. -
Activated Carbon from the Graphite with Increased Rate Capability for the Potassium Ion Battery Zhixin Tai University of Wollongong, [email protected]
University of Wollongong Research Online Australian Institute for Innovative Materials - Papers Australian Institute for Innovative Materials 2017 Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery Zhixin Tai University of Wollongong, [email protected] Qing Zhang University of Wollongong, [email protected] Yajie Liu University of Wollongong, [email protected] Hua-Kun Liu University of Wollongong, [email protected] Shi Xue Dou University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Tai, Z., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, H. & Dou, S. (2017). Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery. Carbon, 123 54-61. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Activated carbon from the graphite with increased rate capability for the potassium ion battery Abstract Activated carbon has been synthesized by a high-temperature annealing route using graphite as carbon source and potassium hydroxide as the etching agent. Many nanosized carbon sheets formed on the particles could be of benefit for ar pid intercalation/de-intercalation of potassium ions. Moreover, the d-spacing in the (100) crystal planes of the as-prepared active carbon is enlarged to 0.335 nm, even some formed carbon nanosheets can reach 0.358 nm, and the diffusion coefficient of K ion is also improved by 7 times as well. The as-prepared activated carbon electrode can deliver a high reversible capacity of 100 mAh g ¿1 after 100 cycles (at a high current density of 0.2 A g ¿1 ), and exhibits increased rate performance. -
Organic Nomenclature: Naming Organic Molecules
Organic Nomenclature: Naming Organic Molecules Mild Vegetable Alkali Aerated Alkali What’s in a name? Tartarin Glauber's Alkahest Alkahest of Van Helmot Fixed Vegetable Alkali Russian Pot Ash Cendres Gravellees Alkali Mild Vegetable Oil of Tartar Pearl Ash Tartar Alkahest of Reapour K2CO3 Alkali of Reguline Caustic Sal Juniperi Potassium Carbonate Ash ood Alkali of Wine Lees Salt of Tachenius W Fixed Sal Tartari Sal Gentianae Alkali Salt German Ash Salt of Wormwood Cineres Clavellati Sal Guaiaci exSal Ligno Alkanus Vegetablis IUPAC Rules for naming organic molecules International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists 3 Name Molecular Prefix Formula Methane CH4 Meth Ethane C2H6 Eth Alkanes Propane C3H8 Prop Butane C4H10 But CnH2n+2 Pentane C5H12 Pent Hexane C6H14 Hex Heptane C7H16 Hept Octane C8H18 Oct Nonane C9H20 Non Decane C10H22 Dec 4 Structure of linear alkanes propane butane pentane hexane heptane octane nonane decane 5 Constitutional Isomers: molecules with same molecular formula but differ in the way in which the atoms are connected to each other 6 Physical properties of constiutional isomers 7 Isomers n # of isomers 1 1 2 1 The more carbons in a 3 1 molecule, the more 4 2 possible ways to put 5 3 them together. 6 5 7 9 8 18 9 35 10 75 15 4,347 25 36,797,588 8 Naming more complex molecules hexane C6H14 9 Naming more complex molecules Step 1: identify the longest continuous linear chain: this will be the root name: this is the root name 2 4 6 longest chain = 6 (hexane) 1 3 5 2 4 3 4 3 2 2 1 5 4 1 3 5 correct 1 incorrect longest chain = 5 (pentane) longest chain = 5 (pentane) 1 3 1 2 2 3 4 4 longest chain = 4 (butane) longest chain = 4 (butane) 10 Naming more complex molecules Step 2: identify all functional group (the groups not part of the “main chain”) CH3 2 4 4 3 2 1 5 1 3 5 CH3 main chain: pentane main chain: pentane CH3 1 3 1 2 2 3 4 4 CH3 CH3 CH3 main chain: butane main chain: butane 11 Alkyl groups: fragments of alkanes H H empty space (point where it H C H H C attaches to something else) H H methane methyl CH4 CH3 12 More generally.. -
Modular and Selective Biosynthesis of Gasoline-Range Alkanes
Modular and selective biosynthesis of gasoline-range alkanes The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Sheppard, Micah J., Aditya M. Kunjapur, and Kristala L.J. Prather. “Modular and Selective Biosynthesis of Gasoline-Range Alkanes.” Metabolic Engineering 33 (January 2016): 28–40. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.10.010 Publisher Elsevier Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108077 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 1 Title: Modular and selective biosynthesis of gasoline-range alkanes 2 Authors: Micah J. Sheppard1, 2†, Aditya M. Kunjapur1, 3†, Kristala L. J. Prather1, 3* 3 Affiliations: 4 1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, 5 USA 6 2. Present Address: Ginkgo BioWorks, 27 Drydock Avenue, 8th floor, Boston, Massachusetts 02210, 7 USA 8 3. Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center (SynBERC), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 10 11 †These authors contributed equally to this work. 12 * Corresponding author: 13 Department of Chemical Engineering 14 77 Massachusetts Avenue 15 Room E17-504G 16 Cambridge, MA 02139 17 Phone: 617.253.1950 18 Fax: 617.258.5042 19 Email: [email protected] 20 Keywords: alkanes, gasoline, biofuel, E. coli, metabolic engineering, synthetic biology 21 1 22 Abstract: 23 Typical renewable liquid fuel alternatives to gasoline are not entirely compatible with current 24 infrastructure. We have engineered Escherichia coli to selectively produce alkanes found in gasoline 25 (propane, butane, pentane, heptane, and nonane) from renewable substrates such as glucose or glycerol. -
Single-Dose Activated Charcoal
Clinical Toxicology ISSN: 1556-3650 (Print) 1556-9519 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ictx20 Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal American Academy of Clinical Toxicology & European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists To cite this article: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology & European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (2005) Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal, Clinical Toxicology, 43:2, 61-87, DOI: 10.1081/CLT-51867 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/CLT-51867 Published online: 07 Oct 2008. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 655 View related articles Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ictx20 Download by: [UPSTATE Medical University Health Sciences Library] Date: 29 May 2017, At: 09:32 Clinical Toxicology, 43:61–87, 2005 Copyright D Taylor & Francis Inc. ISSN: 0731-3810 print / 1097-9875 online DOI: 10.1081/CLT-200051867 POSITION PAPER Position Paper: Single-Dose Activated Charcoal# American Academy of Clinical Toxicology and European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists developing serious complications and who might potentially Single-dose activated charcoal therapy involves the oral benefit, therefore, from gastrointestinal decontamination. administration or instillation by nasogastric tube of an aqueous Single-dose activated charcoal therapy involves the oral preparation of activated charcoal after the ingestion of a poison. administration or instillation by nasogastric tube of an Volunteer studies demonstrate that the effectiveness of activated charcoal decreases with time. Data using at least 50 g of activated aqueous preparation of activated charcoal after the ingestion charcoal, showed a mean reduction in absorption of 47.3%, of a poison.