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African Journal on Terrorism June 2018 E.Pdf (2.579Mb) African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT) African Journal for the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism Vol 7 N° 1 June 2018 ISSN 2617-8478 African Journal EDITORIAL BOARD CHAIRMAN H.E. Larry Gbevlo-Lartey Esq., MEMBERS • Dr. C. Nna-Emeka Okereke • Dr. Abdoulaye MAIGA • Dr. Henry Kam Kah • Mr. Idriss Mounir LALLALI • Col. Christian Emmanuel MOUAYA POUYI • Ms. Mauna NTWAETSILE • Mr. Moïse Lazare Emery LECKIBY • Mr. Inusah ZIBLIM • Mr. Richard APAU Published under the authority of H.E. Ambassador Ismail CHERGUI, African Union Commissioner for Peace and Security 3 African Journal SOMMAIRE EDITORIAL ...........................................................................................9 YOUTH AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM ONLINE: COUNTERING TERRORISTS EXPLOITATION AND USE OF THE INTERNETA....16 Abstract ...............................................................................................16 Introduction ........................................................................................18 Methodology and Systematic Search Strategy.....................................21 Social Media and Radicalization of Youth ..........................................22 Chat rooms...........................................................................................22 Facebook...........................................................................................23 Twitter...........................................................................................23 YouTube..............................................................................................24 Video Games........................................................................................24 Social media and virtual identity..........................................................25 Uses of Internet and Social Media by Extremist Groups for “Religious” Radicalization......................................................................................26 Online Violent Extremism in Africa.....................................................27 Processes of Internet and Social Media Usage....................................28 Countering Violent Extremism Online................................................29 Social media self-regulatory measures................................................31 Challenges to Effective Countermeasures...........................................32 Conclusion...........................................................................................34 Key Recommendations .......................................................................35 References...........................................................................................36 5 African Journal YOUTHS EXTENUATION OF VIOLENT EXTREMISM IN NORTHERN CAMEROON AND NIGERIA ...........................................39 Abstract...........................................................................................39 Introduction.....................................................................................40 Rationale for Youth Mobilisation......................................................43 YouthAction to Extenuate Violent Extremism........................................48 Challenges of Youth Struggles against Extremism.............................53 Government and Stakeholders Responsibility towards Youths............55 Conclusion...........................................................................................59 References...........................................................................................61 COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND INSURGENCY IN THE WAKE OF ARAB SPRING: PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONS IN MALI IN PERSPECTIVE ....................................................................68 Abstract...............................................................................................68 Introduction.........................................................................................69 Overview of Extremism and Insurgency in Mali .............................70 Arab Spring in Libya and the Strategic Challenge to Mali .............74 Mali and the Extremist Challenge since the Arab Spring ...................78 Responding to the Malian Challenge...................................................85 Lessons from Mali...............................................................................93 Notes ...................................................................................................97 ANALYZING THE ISIS THREAT IN AFRICA...................................103 Abstract.............................................................................................103 Introduction ......................................................................................104 6 African Journal Background History of ISIS ..............................................................105 Islamic State Fighter in Africa ..........................................................107 Table 1: ISIS cells in Africa and number of fighters.........................109 Stakeholder Analysis..........................................................................109 Structural Analysis of the ISIS in Africa...........................................110 Political.............................................................................................111 Social.................................................................................................111 Security..............................................................................................112 Response Analysis..............................................................................113 Dissociation and Criticism from Islamic World................................113 Designation as a terrorist organisation..............................................114 Counter Military Attack.....................................................................114 Conclusions.......................................................................................115 Recommendations............................................................................115 WORDS CANNOT BE FOUND: TERRORISM AND EX- TREME VIOLENCE IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON, 2016-2018................................................................................117 ABSTRACT.....................................................................................117 Introduction......................................................................................118 Conceptualising Terrorism and extreme violence in Cameroon........120 Cameroons Terrorism: An appreciation.............................................124 The Anglophone grievances and the beginnings of terrorism and extreme violence...............................................................................127 Instances of extreme violence............................................................135 7 African Journal Torture and killings by the military...................................................136 Attacks on schools, teachers and military by separatists..................137 Conclusion.........................................................................................138 References.........................................................................................139 THE MIND: A PLAYING FIELD FOR TERRORIST ORGANI- ZATIONS.........................................................................................149 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................149 Introduction....................................................................................150 What is Terrorism?.............................................................................152 Suicide Terrorism...............................................................................154 History of Suicide Terrorism.............................................................158 Who is a Suicide Terrorist?.................................................................159 Religion and Terrorism.....................................................................161 Biography of Suicide Terrorists........................................................165 Analysis and Review of the Biographies Suicide Terrorists................170 Discussion........................................................................................173 Conclusion.......................................................................................178 References........................................................................................179 8 African Journal EDITORIAL VIOLENT EXTREMISM AND TERRORISM: WHAT MORE SHOULD AU MEMBER STATES DO? Terrorism and Violent Extremism have become the most daunting threats to international peace, security and development in recent time. The International Community, Regional Organizations, Governments, Military, Intelligence and Security Agencies, Civil Society and Local Communities have all come to terms with the fact that no country or community is immune to these threats and that a collaborative whole-of-society response approach is required to effectively address them. In line with the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and in compliance with the relevant UN Security Council Resolutions, most African Union (AU) Member States (MS) have passed their Counter-Terrorism (CT) legislations, established their CT structures and have either completed or are working on their national CT strategies and Prevention and Countering of Violent Extremism(PCVE) Plans of Action. The elaborate
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