Zur Begründung Und Tragweite Der Menschenwürde Am Beispiel Der Volksrepublik China Und Der Islamischen Republik Iran

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Zur Begründung Und Tragweite Der Menschenwürde Am Beispiel Der Volksrepublik China Und Der Islamischen Republik Iran Zur Begründung und Tragweite der Menschenwürde am Beispiel der Volksrepublik China und der Islamischen Republik Iran Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt von Mani Dardashti aus Aachen Bonn 2021 Gedruckt mit der Genehmigung der Philosophischen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Zusammensetzung der Prüfungskommission: Prof. Dr. Dr. Manfred Hutter (Vorsitzender) Prof. Dr. Christoph Antweiler (Betreuer und Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Stephan Conermann (Gutachter) Prof. Dr. Christine Schirrmacher (weiteres prüfungsberechtigtes Mitglied) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 19. April 2021 2 Abstract The concept of human dignity has received more than two millennia of philosophical and religious reflection, however, it has only recently become a legal concept. After the injustices of the Second World War, it found its way into the legal system of many states and since then has formed the highest constitutional principle, as is the case in the Federal Republic of Germany with Article 1 of the Basic Law. With the resolution of the UN Declaration of Human Rights, a universal claim of human rights has been raised and with it also of human dignity. Gradually it has also been taken up in non-European constitutions. It is questionable how the term human dignity has developed historically, philosophically and legally in states that are on the one hand very strongly influenced and determined by cultural or religious factors and on the other hand stand out worldwide by an insufficient respect for human rights. What is the understanding of human dignity there? Two countries that clearly exemplify this tension are the People's Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the change of philosophy and the history of legal codification a far-reaching debate about human dignity has taken place. The resulting diverse contexts of justification have led to a strained concept. Despite the implementation of human dignity in regional constitutions, there is still no evidence of a uniform application of the law. This becomes increasingly clear with examples such as the death penalty, abortion or bioethics. Cultural and religious norms ultimately predominate. Particularly with regard to current social processes such as the ongoing digitalization, the adherence to human dignity may appear questionable. The political systems of the People's Republic of China and IR Iran are adapting their authoritarian approach to the new circumstances and can thus continue to pursue their course of political instrumentalization. Current conditions in both countries as well as globally show that injustice results less from the indeterminacy of the concept of human dignity, but rather that concepts of equality and freedom are at the forefront of current debates. 3 Zusammenfassung Während eine Auseinandersetzung mit der Menschenwürde aus philosophischer und religiöser Perspektive auf eine zweitausend Jahre lange Geschichte zurückblickt, stellt sie rechtlich ein sehr junges Konzept dar. Nach den Unrechtserfahrungen des Zweiten Weltkrieges fand sie ihren Zugang in das Rechtssystem vieler Staaten und bildet seither das höchste Konstitutionsprinzip, wie es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Art. 1 GG der Fall ist. Mit der Resolution der UN- Menschenrechtserklärung ist zudem ein universaler Anspruch der Menschenrechte erhoben worden und damit ebenfalls der Menschenwürde. Sukzessive ist sie ebenso in außereuropäischen Verfassungen aufgegriffen worden. Fraglich erscheint, wie sich der Terminus der Menschenwürde historisch, philosophisch und rechtlich in Staaten entwickelt hat, die einerseits sehr stark von kulturellen oder religiösen Faktoren geprägt und bestimmt sind und andererseits weltweit auffallen, indem sie die Menschenrechte nicht hinreichend respektieren. Welches Verständnis wird dort der Menschenwürde zugrunde gelegt? Als Paradebeispiel können die Volksrepublik China und die Islamische Republik Iran genannt werden. Im Wandel der Philosophie und der juristischen Kodifikationsgeschichte kam es zu einer weitreichenden Debatte um die Menschenwürde. Die daraus resultierenden, diversen Begründungsansätze haben zu einem strapazierten Begriff geführt. Trotz der Implementierung der Menschenwürde in die regionalen Verfassungen, lässt sich weiterhin keine einheitliche Rechtsanwendung erkennen. Anhand von Beispielen wie der Todesstrafe, der Abtreibung oder der Bioethik wird dies verstärkt deutlich. Die kulturellen und religiösen Normen überwiegen letztlich. Besonders mit Hinblick auf gegenwärtige Gesellschaftsprozesse wie der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung mag das Festhalten an die Menschenwürde fragwürdig erscheinen. Die politischen Systeme der VR China und der IR Iran passen ihr autoritäres Vorgehen an die neuen Gegebenheiten an und können somit ihren Kurs der politischen Instrumentalisierung weiter nachgehen. Dabei zeigen sowohl die aktuellen Gegebenheiten in beiden Ländern als auch das gegenwärtige Weltgeschehen, dass das Unrecht weniger aus der Unbestimmtheit der Menschenwürde resultiert, sondern vielmehr Begriffe der Gleichheit und Freiheit Gegenstand aktueller Debatten sind. 4 Meinen Eltern 5 Danksagung Über die gesamte Laufzeit der Arbeit an der vorliegenden Dissertation erhielt ich vielseitige Unterstützung, ohne die eine Fertigstellung nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Mein tiefster Dank gilt meinem Doktorvater Herrn Prof. Dr. Antweiler, der mir stets sowohl fachlich als auch menschlich beiseite stand und durch seine hervorragende Betreuung mir dabei half die Arbeit auf den richtigen Weg zu bringen. Ein großer Dank geht ebenfalls an meinen Zweitgutachter Herrn Prof. Dr. Conermann. Zudem möchte ich meinem Bruder Jun.-Prof. Radin Dardashti danken, der mit der harschen Kritik eines älteren Bruders mir oftmals die nötige Tiefe vermittelte. Ebenso möchte ich an dieser Stelle meinem Cousin Dr. Pashutan Modaresi danken, der mir mit seinem technischen Know-How häufig aus der Klemme geholfen hat. Ein großer Dank geht ebenfalls an meinen ältesten Bruder Pouyan Dardashti für sein offenes Ohr sowie seinen vielen wertvollen Ratschlägen. Massoud Doktoran möchte ich als Freund für seine Korrekturen sowie den zahlreichen Jogging-Sessions danken, bei denen er mit seiner besonderen Sichtweise auf das Leben, mich stets zum Hinterfragen verleitet hat. Einen besonderen Dank gebührt meiner Lebenspartnerin Sho-Young An, die mir nicht nur viel Verständnis entgegenbrachte, sondern mich bedingungslos unterstützt hat und in Momenten des Aufgebens mir stets erneut Motivation gab. Zuallerletzt gilt ein besonderer Dank meinen Eltern. Ihre Liebe, ihr Gehör, ihre finanzielle sowie geistige Unterstützung haben mir immer den nötigen Halt gegeben, für den ich immer dankbar sein werde. 6 1. Einleitung 13 2. Konzept der Menschenwürde 18 2.1 Die Menschenwürde im Wandel der Geschichte 18 2.1.1 Antike 19 2.1.2 Menschenwürde im Christentum 21 2.1.3 Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 23 2.1.4 Samuel von Pufendorf 25 2.1.5 Kant und die Menschenwürde 26 2.1.6 Kritik an die Menschenwürde 28 2.2 Moderne Verfassungsgeschichte 31 2.2.1 Die Entwicklung der USA hin zum modernen Verfassungsstaat 31 2.2.2 Französische Revolution 33 2.2.3 Das 19. Jahrhundert 35 2.3 Juristische Kodifikationsgeschichte der Menschenwürde 36 2.3.1 Die Charta der Vereinten Nationen 37 2.3.2 Die UN-Menschenrechtserklärung 39 2.3.2.1 Der völkerrechtliche Geltungsanspruch der UN-Menschenrechtserklärung 39 2.3.2.2 Menschenwürde in der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte 42 2.4 Universalität der Menschenrechte 44 2.4.1 Menschenrechte aus kulturrelativistischer Perspektive 46 2.4.2 Die asiatischen Werte 47 2.4.3 Die asiatischen Werte in der Kritik 51 2.4.4 Die Universalität der Menschenwürde 53 3. Deutschland 57 3.1 Das Menschenbild des Grundgesetzes 59 3.2 Die rechtliche Dimension der Menschenwürde 61 7 3.2.1 Der persönliche Schutzbereich 62 3.2.2 Ansätze zur inhaltlichen Bestimmung der Menschenwürde 63 3.2.2.1 Menschenwürde – ein Grundrecht? 67 3.2.2.2 Der normative Aufbau von Art. 1 GG 68 3.2.3 Einschränkungsmöglichkeiten der Menschenwürde 70 3.3 Fallgruppen 71 3.3.1 Die Todesstrafe 72 3.3.1.1 Der normative Wandel im Umgang mit der Todesstrafe 72 3.3.1.2 Besonderheiten des Art. 102 GG 73 3.3.1.3 Die Bedeutung von Art. 102 GG 75 3.3.2 Die Abtreibung 76 3.3.2.1 Der Rechtsstatus des Nasciturus 76 3.3.2.2 Der strafrechtliche Umgang mit Abtreibung 77 3.3.2.3 Die Abtreibung aus der Sicht des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 79 3.3.3 Die Bioethik-Debatte 82 3.3.3.1 Die Präimplantatinosdiagnostik 83 3.3.3.2 Das Klonen von Menschen 84 3.3.3.2.1 Das reproduktive Klonen 85 3.3.3.2.2 Das therapeutische Klonen 86 4. China 88 4.1 Konfuzianismus als Staatsideologie 89 4.1.1 Die Person Konfuzius 90 4.1.2 Konfuzius Lehre 90 4.1.3 Konfuzius Humanismus 93 4.1.4 Das Konzept des edlen Menschen 94 4.1.5 Die moralische Natur des Menschen 95 4.1.5.1 Xunzi und die böse Natur des Menschen 95 8 4.1.5.2 Mengzi 96 4.1.6 Mengzis Konzept der Menschenwürde 99 4.1.7 Konfuzianismus und Recht 103 4.1.8 Legalismus 104 4.1.9 Die Entwicklung des Konfuzianismus seit der Han-Dynastie 106 4.1.10 Konfuzianismus und die Menschenrechte 107 4.1.11 Stellenwert des Konfuzianismus im weiteren Verlauf 109 4.2 Der Weg zum heutigen China 113 4.2.1 China wird zur Republik 113 4.2.2 China wird kommunistisch 115 4.2.3 Das Menschenrechtsverständnis im China des 20. Jahrhunderts 117 4.2.4 Suns Bild vom Menschen 117 4.2.5 Entstehung und Idee des Marxismus 118 4.2.5.1 Menschenrechte
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