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Réseaux Sociaux Numériques : Essai De Catégorisation Et Cartographie Des Controverses Nisrine Zammar

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Réseaux Sociaux Numériques : Essai De Catégorisation Et Cartographie Des Controverses Nisrine Zammar Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses Nisrine Zammar To cite this version: Nisrine Zammar. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controver- ses. Sociologie. Université Rennes 2, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012REN20005. tel-00687906 HAL Id: tel-00687906 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00687906 Submitted on 16 Apr 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE / UNIVERSIT2 RENNES 2 présentée par sous le sceau de l’Université européenne de Bretagne NISRINE ZAMMAR pour obtenir le titre de Préparée à l’EA 3207 DOCTEUR DE (L’Université Rennes 2) Etablissement de rattachement : Mention : Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication Université Rennes 2 Ecole doctorale Sciences humaines et sociales Thèse soutenue le (6 janvier 2012) devant le jury composé de : Intitulé de la Catherine Loneux thèse : Réseaux Professeur à l’Université européenne de Bretagne/ examinatrice Sociaux Gino Grammacia Professeur à l’Université de Bordeaux/ rapporteur Numériques : Essai Michel Durampart Professeur à l’Université de Toulon / rapporteur de catégorisation Antoine Matta Professeur à l’Université Libanaise / examinateur et de cartographie Walid Arbid, Professeur à l’Université Libanaise/ examinateur des controverses Christian LE MOENNE Directeur de thèse Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes 2 UFR Arts, Lettres et Communication Ecole Doctorale – Sciences Humaines et Sociales Titre Réseaux Sociaux numériques: Essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université Rennes 2 Discipline : Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication Présentée par Nisrine ZAMMAR Directeur de thèse : Christian LE MOËNNE Soutenue le 6 janvier 2012 Jury : Pr. Christian Le MOENNE, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université Européenne de Bretagne. Pr. Catherine LONEUX, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université Européenne de Bretagne. Pr. Gino GRAMMACIA, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université de Bordeaux (Rapporteur) Pr. Michel DURAMPART, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université de Toulon (Rapporteur) Pr. Antoine MATTA, Sociologie Politique – Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences de l’Information et de la Documentation, Section II Pr. Walid ARBID, Sciences Politiques – Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences de l’Information et de la Documentation, Section II Page 1 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 Université Européenne de Bretagne, Rennes 2 UFR Arts, Lettres et Communication Ecole Doctorale – Sciences Humaines et Sociales Titre Réseaux Sociaux numériques: Essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses Thèse pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université Rennes 2 Discipline : Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication Présentée par Nisrine ZAMMAR Directeur de thèse : Christian LE MOËNNE Soutenue le 6 janvier 2012 Jury : Pr. Christian Le MOENNE, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université Européenne de Bretagne. Pr. Catherine LONEUX, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université Européenne de Bretagne. Pr. Gino GRAMMACIA, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université de Bordeaux (Rapporteur) Pr. Michel DURAMPART, Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication – Université de Toulon (Rapporteur) Pr. Antoine MATTA, Sociologie Politique – Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences de l’Information et de la Documentation, Section II Pr. Walid ARBID, Sciences Politiques – Université Libanaise, Faculté des Sciences de l’Information et de la Documentation, Section II Page 2 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 Page 3 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 « L’homme connaît le monde non point parce qu’il y dérobe mais parce qu’il y ajoute » Paul Claudel Page 4 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 A la mémoire de mon grand-père A la mémoire de mon père. Page 5 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 REMERCIEMENTS Une thèse est, avant tout, une aventure intellectuelle. Celle-ci n‘échappe pas à la règle. Cette aventure ne peut jamais avoir la prétention d‘être l‘affaire solitaire d‘une seule personne. Bien qu‘il en conteste le principe, je tiens néanmoins à remercier Christian Le Moenne, mon directeur de thèse, qui a su détecter en moi le besoin d‘être encouragée et parfois aussi d‘être incitée à me dépasser, pour ses éclairages épistémologiques et le souci dont il a témoigné pour m‘aider à maintenir un cap parfois difficile à suivre. Votre rigueur, votre patience et passion pour notre discipline sont remarquables et sont une grande source d‘inspiration. J‘adresse aussi mes remerciements chaleureux aux professeurs Yves Hélias, Alain Calmès, Catherine Loneux, qui m‘ont été un grand soutien pendant les moments les plus durs et les plus sombres. Ils étaient pour moi ma deuxième famille Un tel voyage, aussi solitaire soit-il, n‘aurait pas été possible sans le soutien patient et indéfectible des proches. Cette aventure fut partagée d‘un bout à l‘autre par ma sœur Jacqueline, mon ange gardien et ma mère Colette, qui m‘ont apporté le soutien financier, moral, psychologique et logistique. Que mon entourage, familial, amical et professionnel, dont les encouragements n‘ont jamais fait défaut, soit également remercié ici. Je remercie également les rencontres fructueuses avec les collègues, embarqués dans de semblables expéditions, sans oublier de remercier fortement mon amie et sœur de cœur, Maria Sassine. Une pensée particulière aux secrétaires de l‘Ecole Doctorale, Mme Anne-Marie Le Goaziou, Mme Karin Chapin et Mme Josiane Fernandez qui m‘ont apporté un soutien constant. Toutes mes considérations à ces personnes qui ont participé à faire de ces quatre ans de doctorat une expérience inoubliable. Merci 10 fois pour votre patience Merci 100 fois pour votre encouragement Merci 1000 fois pour avoir fait de cette thèse une expérience inestimable ! Page 6 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 Page 7 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION GENERALE ……………………………………………….………………………….…..….. 13 -37 PREMIERE PARTIE : TOUR D’HORIZON. LES RESEAUX SOCIAUX NUMERIQUES : TENTATIVE DE DEFINITION, GENESE ET SPECIFICITES………….…………………… 38-83 Introduction à la première partie : Pourquoi l’histoire du « réseau » et des réseaux sociaux numériques ? …………………………………………….……………………………………………………….……………. 40 I- Aperçu historique et théorique d’une notion floue et flexible .………… .……… 41-53 1- Le « réseau », un terme polysémique ………….………………………………………… 41- 43 2- L’antiquité avec la mythologie …….…………………………….…………………………. 43- 44 3- Emergence des réseaux techniques ….…………………………………………………… 44- 48 4- Les origines de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux ……………………….…………….. 48-53 II- Genèse et définition des Réseaux Sociaux Numériques ………………….………… 54-65 1- Une histoire naissante …………….………………….………………….………………….…………. 54-57 2- Des tentatives de définitions des réseaux sociaux numériques …….………….. 57-61 3- Types d’utilisateurs …………….………………….………………….………………….……………. 61 4- Le Web 2.0 dans la dynamique des réseaux: définition et limites .………… 62-65 III- Médias Sociaux : définitions, spécificités et positionnement …………….……... 66-83 1- Spécificités des RSN ………….………………….……………….………………….………………… 66-67 2- Qu’est- qu’un blog ? …….………………….……………….………………….……………………… 67-72 3- Distinction entre un wiki, un blog et un site web …….……………….…….……..… 73-75 Page 8 of 375 Zammar, Nisrine. Réseaux Sociaux numériques : essai de catégorisation et cartographie des controverses - 2012 4- Définition et caractéristiques des forums …….……………….……………………….…….. 75-78 5- Spécificités des mondes virtuels, l’exemple de SecondLife …………………….… 79-83 DEUXIEME PARTIE : L’HOMME ET LA TECHNIQUE ………………….…………………….. 83-153 Introduction à la deuxième partie ……….……………….……………….……………….……………….…… 86-87 I- Médiations, intelligence et dispositif virtuel …….………………….…. 88-110 1- Penser l’articulation entre l’homme et la technique .…………… .…………… .……….. 88-101 2- L’individuation ….……………….…….……………….………….……………….………….………….….… 101-110 II- Le dispositif virtuel, entre médiation et savoir ………………….…… 111-153 1- Le dispositif : concept polysémique dès son origine …………………………….………… 111-120 2- Contre le déterminisme ………….………….……………….………….………….…….………………. 120-129 3- La notion d’usage : pour un autre regard .………….……… .……………………….……… 130-134 III- Le virtuel
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