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Washington State Noxious Weeds: New and Updated Weed Information

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Washington State Noxious Weeds: New and Updated Weed Information Washington State Noxious Weeds: Laws, the Weed Board and Noxious Weed Species Wendy DesCamp February 11, 2013 Today’s talk • State Noxious Weed Board • Weed law review • Noxious weed listing process • New species for the 2013 noxious weed list – Other changes for 2013 to noxious weed laws • Additional noxious weeds Photo by Xianming Chen, USDA-ARS King County NWCB The State Weed Board • Consists of 12 unpaid public officials – 9 voting members – 3 non-voting members – 2 paid staff members • Work with county and district weed control boards • Provide a voice to state and federal government • Promote public awareness and provide educational material • Produce the annual noxious weed list Some commonly used terms • Weed: – A plant out of place, growing where we don’t want it. • Non Native Weeds: – Plants that have been introduced to a native plant community either by contamination or by intentional propagation • Obnoxious Weeds: – Plants that are an annoyance – Can be controlled or managed relatively easily • Invasive Weeds: – Aggressive plants – Take over a “native” plant community – May have been intentionally introduced – Could also be natives What makes a species invasive? • Biological attributes: – Fast growing – Quick to mature DesCamp Wendy Image: – High seed output – Prolific vegetative reproduction – Usually perennials – Tolerance to range of environmental conditions • Introduction into similar latitudinal range • Lack of environmental constraints Yellow archangel Noxious Weed • “Noxious weed” means a plant that when established is highly destructive, competitive, or difficult to control by cultural or chemical practices. RCW 17.10.10 The Noxious Weed Laws • RCW 17.10 – Limit economic loss due to the presence and spread of noxious weeds – Holds landowners responsible for controlling noxious weeds on their property – Noxious Weed Control Boards—county and state WSNWCB The Noxious Weed Laws • WAC 16.750 – Weed list and schedule of penalties • WAC 16.752 – Prohibited plants, aka the quarantine list Noxious Weeds • Plants are noted as aggressive and highly difficult to control • Plants have a significant ecological impact, economic impact and/or cause harm to humans and other animals • 3 class of noxious weeds Class A Noxious Weeds • Class A consists of those noxious weeds – not native to the Washington – of limited distribution or are unrecorded in the state and – that pose a serious threat to the state • Eradication is required of all Class A noxious weeds • Currently 41 species Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Class B Noxious Weeds Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) • Class B: not native to the state and are of limited distribution or are unrecorded in a region of the state and that pose a serious threat to that region. • "Class B designate" means those Class B noxious weeds whose populations in a region or area are such that all seed production can be prevented within a calendar year. WAC 16-750.003(2g) Image: Thurston County NWCB • Currently 62 species Class B Designate Weeds • Automatically placed on county weed list • Goal: Containment, control and eventual eradication Class B Non-Designate Weeds • County weed boards have ability to place on their weed list • Goal: prevent spread to designated areas Class B Designation Regions Up to 2013 Beginning in 2013 and onward Class B example Class C Noxious Weeds • All other noxious weeds – Already widespread in Washington or are of a special interest to the agricultural industry • Some counties may enforce control, but many choose to pursue education and Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense consultation avenues • Currently 44 species State List to County List County List – All Class A’s – Class B’s designated by 16- 750 – Class B’s and Class C’s counties mandate control – Other B’s and C’s Monitor List • Gather more information on suspect weeds • Monitor for occurrence or spread • Information collected may be used to justify future inclusion on the state noxious weed list • No legal or regulatory aspect to this list (WAC 16-750-025) Lesser celandine, Ranunculus ficaria (Ficaria verna) Images: WhatcomWhatcom County County NWCB NWCB The Noxious Weed listing process • Jan-April: submission of proposals • May: Noxious Weed Committee (NWC) begins to review requested changes • September: NWC makes recommendations to State Weed Board • November: Public hearing, State Weed Board votes on changes • January: New changes take effect in new Noxious Weed List Noxious weeds are not all “bad” – nothing is black and white • We weigh the beneficial uses with the detrimental impacts Extension WSU Miller Tim Images: • Some plants provide erosion control, ornamental value, medicinal properties, or nectar and pollen for bees, but their ecological or economic impacts outweigh the beneficial uses. Butterfly bush Ecological Impacts • Disrupts the balance of the ecosystem – Displace native plant species – Degrade water quality – Disrupt native wildlife habitat Whatcom County NWCB Thurston County NWCB Economical Impacts • Reduction in land value • Loss of grazing areas • Decline in crop value Klickitat County NWCB • Sickness and death in livestock • Cost of noxious weed control Public Health Impacts • Skin irritations/ Rashes • Allergies • Nausea • Death NWCB County King Whatcom County NWCB 2013 Noxious Weed List Changes • Species additions – French Broom—Class A – Tall hawkweed—Class B – Common teasel—Class C – Common barberry—Class C • Changes to listed species – Japanese eelgrass—Class C – 11 Class B noxious weeds changed to Class C noxious weeds • Other changes – Update Class B designation regions – Update state Class B designations for Class B noxious weeds French broom, Genista monspessulana (L.) L. A. S. Johnson • 2013 Class A noxious weed • Eradication required • Native to Northern Africa, parts of Europe and Asia • Naturalized in many countries • Noxious weed list WSNWCB – California – Hawaii – Oregon (and quarantine) French broom • Evergreen or deciduous shrub – typically growing 6-10 feet, (sometimes taller) • Young stems round in cross section with 8-10 ridges and covered in silky hairs • Leaves typically densely WSNWCB arranged on stems • Divided into 3 • Variably covered in silvery, silky hairs John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org French broom • Flowers yellow and pea- like, around 0.4 inch (1 cm) long • Axillary clusters of 4-10 WSNWCB • Seed pods hairy, around 1/2-1 inch long (1.5-3 cm) WSNWCB • Over 8,000 seeds per plant per year; seeds survive 5+ years John M. Randall, The Nature Conservancy, Bugwood.org French broom Scotch broom Spanish broom Conservancy, Bugwood.org Conservancy, The Nature John M. Randall, J. M.J. DiTomaso Thurston County NWCB Robert Vidéki J. M.J. DiTomaso , WSNWCB Doronicum Kft ., Bugwood.org Leslie J. Mehrhoff, University of Connecticut, Bugwood.org French broom Scotch broom Spanish broom Single or paired in leaf axils, 0.4 inch (1 cm), in axillary .75 to 1.2 inches clusters of 4-10 WSNWCB WSNWCB WSNWCB Pods hairless except for Andreas, WSU Extension margins, around 0.75-2 in. Jenn Seed pods typically 1.5 to 4.3 inches long, densely covered WSNWCB with silky hairs Conservancy, Bugwood.org Conservancy, Nature The Randall, M. John WSNWCB Rob andRob Fiona Richardson French broom • Introduced ornamental, doesn’t appear to be commonly sold in Barry Rice, sarracenia.com, Bugwood.org nursery trade. • Invaded and caused significant ecological and economic costs in Oregon and California • Identified in early 2010 growing on the SE slope of the Montlake Cut on UW property • No other known escaped populations • Be on the lookout for French broom Control • Mechanical: – Hand pull seedlings, shrubs can be effectively pulled with weed wrenches – Carefully timed cutting and mowing regimen – Layer of woodchips, flaming on seedlings • Biological: – Goats • Herbicide: – Foliar spray , glyphosate (including a surfactant) – Cutting and painting the stumps with glyphosate or triclopyr • Read and follow the herbicide label carefully Tall Hawkweed, Hieracium piloselloides Vill. • 2013 Class B noxious weed – everywhere except Stevens and Pend Oreille counties • Native to temperate Asia and Europe • Noxious weed in Oregon and Montana • Shares the invasive characteristics of other hawkweed species-- impacts to rangeland and meadow ecosystems, especially in mid to upper elevations and in areas with low fertility soils King County NWCB Margery Melgaard, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Tall Hawkweed • Perennial, up to 3 ft. • Without stolons, with short stout rhizomes • Mostly basal leaves • Flowerheads 11-20 in King County NWCB open, round-topped cluster King County NWCB Tall Hawkweed • Grows in shallow, coarse- textured soil, particularly along roadsides and in outwash areas • Counties with tall hawkweed – King, Snohomish and Grays Harbor • Currently limited in distribution in Washington – more populations possible due to its similarity to other hawkweeds King County NWCB Tall hawkweed • A long-term management strategy is needed to control invasive hawkweeds – Establish grasses and desirable plants • Mechanical: hand digging can work for small numbers • Herbicide: selective herbicides such as 2,4-D applied to growing plants before buds form Common teasel, Dipsacus fullonum L. • 2013 Class C noxious weed • Native to Northern Africa, Western Asia, Europe • Naturalized in many countries • Noxious weed in Colorado, Iowa, Missouri, New Mexico • Weed of roadsides and other disturbed areas • Increasingly a problem in quality pastureland and farmland, particularly in NW
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