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Home , Achillea alpina, Adenocaulon bicolor, Agoseris aurantiaca, Agoseris glauca, Almutaster, Ambrosia acanthicarpa

AN ILLUSTRATED KEY TO THE OF

Compiled and writen by Linda Kershaw

April 2019

© Linda J. Kershaw This key was compiled using informaton primarily from Moss (1983), Douglas et. al. (1998), and the Flora Associaton (2008), with reference to a few other sources (mainly for , Hieracium and Pilosella). follows VASCAN (Brouillet, 2015) with a couple of exceptons where Flora North America has taken precedence. The main references are listed at the end of the key. Thanks to Lorna Allen, Patsy Coterill and Elisabeth Beaubien for checking the keys and making many helpful suggestons. Please let me know if there are ways in which the keys can be improved. The 2015 S-ranks of rare (S1; S1S2; S2; S2S3; SU, according to ACIMS, 2015) are noted in superscript (S1;S2;SU) afer the species names. For more details go to the ACIMS web site. Similarly, exotc species are followed by a superscript X, XX if noxious and XXX if prohibited noxious (X; XX; XXX) according to the Alberta Weed Control Act (2016). ASTERACEAE Family Key to Groups 01a Florets all strap-shaped and ♂+♀; juice milky ...... Group 1 01b Florets not all strap-shaped; strap-shaped 1a forets appear as marginal rays (if present) and are either ♀ or sterile; juice usually watery . 02 2a 02a Flowerheads with ray and disc forets. . . . .03 02b Flowerheads with disc forets only (sometimes with a few small, inconspicuous ray forets) . . 05 03a Ray forets white, pink, purple, red or blue . . . 4a ...... Group 2 03b Ray forets yellow or orange (sometimes 2b purplish to reddish-brown at the base) . . . .04 04a Pappus of papery scales, frm awns, or lacking; receptacles papery, bristly or naked . Group 3 04b Pappus of hair-like or feathery bristles (at least 4b in part); receptacles naked ...... Group 4 05a Pappus of hair-like or feathery bristles (at least 5a 5b in part)...... Group 5 ------05b Pappus of scales, awns or short bristles, a → minute crown or none ...... Group 6 2a 1a → Group 1: Florets all strap-shaped and ♂+♀; juice milky 01a Pappus absent (→) . Lapsana communis X 01b Pappus present...... 02 02a Pappus reduced to tiny scales (→); rays blue (rarely pink or white) . . Cichorium intybus X 02b Pappus well developed, with feathery or hair- like bristles and/or long scales ...... 03 03a Pappus of simple (sometimes fnely-barbed) 5a hair-like bristles ...... 04 3a 03b Pappus of feathery bristles and/or scales . . 16 04a Stem well-developed, usually much >1 cm wide ...... 05 5b 04b Stem leaves mostly <1 cm wide, smaller 3b upwards, sometimes scale-like or absent .08 05a Leaves simple, smooth-edged to shallow- toothed; cylindrical ...... Nabalus [] 05b Leaves (at least some) pinnatifd; achenes → fattened ...... 06 06a Achenes beakless, not enlarged at the tip; bases with clasping lobes (→) . . . . Sonchus 06b Achenes usually beaked (beakless in Lactuca 6a biennis), usually with enlarged tips where the → 6b pappus attaches (→); leaves usually lacking → ear-like basal lobes ...... 07

3 07a Perennial; fruiting involucres 15-20 mm long; 8a → fowers blue...... Mulgedium pulchellum [Lactuca pulchella] 07b Annual or biennial; fruiting involucres 9-15 mm long; fowers yellow, blue or whitish . Lactuca 08a Achenes spiny/prickly and tipped with a long, slender beak (→) ...... Taraxacum 7b 08b Achenes smooth (or nearly so), without a long 7a 8b beak (except in ) ...... 09 09a Florets pink (rarely white); stems with small, scale-like leaves ...... 10 09b Florets bright yellow to orange or red; stems leafess or with some well-developed (not scale-like) leaves ...... 11 10a Perennial; leaves mainly scale-like, rarely over 10a 5 cm long ...... Lygodesmia juncea 10b 10b Annual; leaves 5-20 cm long; e AB ...... Shinnersoseris rostrata [Lygodesmia rostrata] 11a with basal leaves only (or nearly so); 11a fowerheads solitary ...... 12 13a 11b Plants with some stem leaves; fowerheads few to many ...... 13 12a Leaves edged with conspicuous, soft, white hairs; se AB. . . . . Nothocalais cuspidata S2 12b Leaves not edged without conspicuous white 13b hairs ...... Agoseris 13a Achenes beakless, not tapered at both ends ...... 14 13b Achenes often beaked, tapered at both ends ...... 15 12a 14a 14a Pappus hairs 25-40+, in 1 row and more or less equal in length; achenes 1-2[2.5] mm long with 10 longitudinal ridges ending above in a projecting tooth; plants usually stoloniferous, overwintering as rosettes; exotic weeds ...... Pilosella [Hieracium, in part] 14b Pappus hairs [30]40-80, in 2 rows with a few 14b shorter than the rest; achenes 2.5-4.5 mm, with 10 longitudinal ridges merging above into a swollen ring round the top; plants never stoloniferous, overwintering as rosettes or lateral bud; native species ...... Hieracium

15a Rays mostly 20-50 per fowerhead; plants [5]20-70 cm tall ...... Crepis 15b Rays mostly 9-12 per fowerhead; plants 5-20[30] cm tall . . . Askellia [Crepis, in part] 15a

15b

4 16a Ray forets pink (at times white); leaves small, mainly on stems, often scale-like; pappus feathery; s AB . . . Stephanomeria runcinata 16b Ray forets yellow, orange or purple; leaves well-developed ...... 17 17a 17a Pappus of scales and/or bristles; sw AB, montane ...... Microseris nutans S2 17b Pappus feathery ...... 18 16a 18a Flowerheads several; involucral in 2 series; leaves lance-shaped, bristly, coarsely toothed; pappus branches not inter-webbed ...... Helminthotheca echioides X [Picris echioides] 18b Flowerheads single; involucral bracts in 1 series; leaves linear, smooth-edged, not bristly; pappus branches inter-webbed ...... 18a ...... Tragopogon 18b ------Group 2: Flowerheads with ray and disc forets, ray forets white, pink, red, purple or blue 1a 01a Receptacles with papery scales or bristles (only near the middle in Anthemis cotula); pappus of scales, awns, short fat bristles, a 1a 1b tiny crown, or sometimes lacking ...... 02 01b Receptacles naked or with a row of papery scales between the ray and disc forets; pappus various, often of hair-like bristles . .07 02a Stem leaves opposite and well-developed ...... Galinsoga quadriradiata X [Galinsoga ciliata] 02b Leaves alternate in the stem (mainly) or mostly basal ...... 03 03a True ray forets lacking, but marginal disc 2a 3a forets sometimes enlarged into irregular, falsely radiate corollas; receptacles with dense 3b bristles that don’t individually hold forets ...... cyanus X 03b Ray forets present; outermost disc forets not conspicuously enlarged; receptacles with papery scales that each hold a foret . . . . .04 04a Ray forets 1.5-4.5 cm long; receptacles cylindrical (→) ...... Ratibida columnifera 5a 04b Ray forets seldom >1 cm long; receptacles → 4a fattened to conical ...... 05

05a Ray forets mostly 3-5, <5 mm long; perennial ...... Achillea 05b Ray forets mostly 10-25, mostly 5-10 mm long; annual ...... 06

06a Perennial; rays forets yellow Cota tinctoria X [Anthemis tinctoria] 06b Annual or biennial; ray forets white ...... 6a 6b ...... Anthemis cotula X

5 07a Pappus on disc forets of hair-like bristles (at least in part) ...... 08 07b Pappus on disc forets of scales, awns, papery bristles, a tiny crown, or lacking ...... 19 08a Basal leaves arrowhead-shaped, heart- shaped or palmately lobed ...... Petasites 7a 7b 08b Basal leaves not arrowhead- to heart-shaped or palmately lobed ...... 09 8a 09a Ray forets many, thread-like, scarcely longer than the disc forets; annual ...... canadensis [Conyza canadensis] 09b Ray forets few to many, conspicuous, obviously 9b longer than the disc forets (a few exceptions are either perennial or have involucral bracts with frm, pale bases and green tips) . . . . .10 10a Involucral bracts subequal or somewhat overlapping, herbaceous throughout, often 10a green in part but not defnitely leafy or with pale frm/papery bases and green tips; style branches 0-0.5 mm long (except ) ...... 11 10b Involucral bracts overlapping (like shingles) 10b with pale, frm/papery bases and green tips or 9a pale and frm/papery throughout, if subequal then the outer bracts are leafy; style branches lance-shaped or narrower, sharp-pointed to long-pointed, usually +0.5 mm long ...... 12

11a Flowerheads solitary with white to violet, 10- 15 mm long ray forets; achenes fattened, hairy, 2-nerved; style branches lance-shaped or narrower, abruptly sharp-pointed to long- pointed, usually +0.5 mm long; plants 10-30cm tall, rather stout and hairy or short-woolly, foothills to alpine ...... Aster alpinus 11b Plants differing in one or more ways from 11b above; fowerheads 1-many, with or without 11a white, pink, blue or purple ray forets; achenes usually fattened, hairy and 2(-4)-nerved, but sparsely hairy or hairless and 4-7-nerved in E. glacialis, E. hyssopifolius and E. peregrinus; style branches lance-shaped or broader, abruptly sharp-pointed or blunt tipped, 0-0.5 mm long ...... Erigeron

12a Leaf tips and teeth usually sharp pointed and ending in a tiny spine ...... 13 12b Leaves without spines ...... 14

13a Leaves deeply 1-2-times pinnatifd (some or all lobes or teeth acute and bristle-tipped) ...... Machaeranthera tanacetifolia S1 13b Leaves smooth-edged or slightly toothed . . . . 13b ...... Dieteria canescens [Machaeranthera canescens] 13a

6 14a Ray forets (8)13(15), ≈2 cm long, white to pale pink; stems strongly ribbed, 30-120 cm tall; leaves numerous, all borne on the stem; involucral bracts frm/papery, keeled, often with red margins; montane ...... engelmannii [Aster engelmannii] 14b Ray forets usually +15, white to pink, purple or violet; stems and leaves not as above; involucral bracts herbaceous (at least at the tips), rarely keeled ...... 15 15a 14a 15a Flowerheads usually in panicle-like or - like arrays, rarely single; plants rhizomatous, (except for annual Symphyitrichum ciliatum), often with thick, persistent bases ...... 16 15b Flowerheads in corymb-like or fat-topped 16a raceme-like arrays or single; plants taprooted with thick, persistent bases, or rhizomatous 18 16a Involucral bracts usually unequal (sometimes subequal), pale and hardened near the base and with a green zone at the tip, sometimes 16b herbaceous at the tip or the outer bracts leafy, 15b sometimes with stalked glands ...... [Aster, in part] 16b Involucral bracts subequal, more evenly herbaceous (without defnite green zones near the tips), not leafy, always with stalked glands ...... 17 17a Stems ± densely long, soft hairy (not matted); leaves borne on the stem, blades 1-nerved, 1-2 cm wide, lance-shaped to elliptic, outer/ lower faces essentially hairless to ± short, fat- 17b lying hairs, upper/inner faces sparsely long, soft hairy (not matted); uppermost leaves with stalked glands; involucral bracts often purplish, tips of outer bracts tapered to a slender point ...... modestus [Aster modestus] 17b Stems hairless; leaves basal and on the stem, blades 3-nerved,2-3 mm wide, linear, faces hairless (except for stalked glands on 17a uppermost leaves); involucral bracts green, tips of outer bracts acute; alkaline fats...... pauciforus [Aster pauciforus]

18a 18a Involucral bracts fat, not keeled, midveins orange-resinous or swollen and translucent; pappus in two series, a long inner row and a short (≈1 mm long) outer row; c AB ...... umbellata [Aster umbellatus] 18b Involucral bracts ± rounded, sometimes ± 19a keeled, midveins not swollen ...... 18b [Aster, in part] 19a Receptacles conic or hemispheric; pappus bristles in one series ...... 20 19b 19b Receptacles fat or nearly so ...... 21

7 20a Receptacles conic; achenes smooth on the outer surface . . . . . Matricaria chamomilla X [Matricaria recutita] 20b Receptacles hemispheric; achenes wrinkled on the outer surface ...... Tripleurospermum inodorum XX [Matricaria perforata] 21a Erect perennials, often forming patches from short ; stems 20-80 cm tall, slender, 20a sparingly branched, usually hairless; pappus a 20b short crown or lacking ...... Leucanthemum vulgare XX [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum] 21b Stout, taprooted perennials; stems lacking (usually) or 5-20(25) cm tall, stout, unbranched, hairy; pappus of the disc forets with ≥10 fattened, bristle-like scales. . . . Townsendia

21b Group 3: Flowerheads with ray and disc 21a forets; ray forets yellow or orange; pappus of papery scales or frm awns, or absent ------01a Small with a woody base; leaves linear, 1-2(-3) mm wide; fowerheads small, numerous, in fat-topped arrays; involucres narrow, 3-4.5 mm long, glandular sticky ...... Gutierrezia sarothrae 01b Plants not as above ...... 02 02a Leaves and involucral bracts dotted or streaked with embedded translucent oil glands...... Dyssodia papposa X 2a 02b Leaves and involucral bracts without embedded translucent oil glands, but sometimes gland- 1a dotted or with glandular hairs ...... 3 0 03a Plants with basal leaves only or sometimes with a few, much reduced stem leaves . . . . 04 03b Plants with leafy stems ...... 06

3a 04a Basal leaves long-stalked, with triangular blades ≤15 cm wide, covered with grey woolly to silvery velvety hairs; stem leaves few and small; sw AB ...... Balsamorhiza sagittata 04b Leaves short-stalked or stalkless, with blades 4a <1 cm wide ...... 05 05a Leaves basal and on stems, simple or pinnately cut into thread-like lobes, usually dotted with glands (often in pits); fowerheads 1-3(5) in corymb-like arrays; involucral bracts of 2 types in 2 series, the outer ones partly fused ...... Hymenoxys richardsonii 05b Leaves all basal, lance-shaped (mostly) to thread-like, usually smooth edged (sometimes lobed), lacking glands; fowerheads single; involucral bracts all similar, in 2-3 irregular series, none fused; s AB Tetraneuris acaulis 5a 5b [Hymenoxys acaulis]

8 06a Receptacles with papery scales or bristles throughout...... 07 6a 6b 06b Receptacles naked, or with 1 row of papery scales between the ray and disc forets . . .13 07a Involucral bracts in two dissimilar series; achenes round in cross-section or fattened at right angles 7b 7a to the radius of the fowerhead ...... 08 07b Involucral bracts similar, in 1+ similar series; achenes rounded in cross-section or fattened parallel to the radius of the fowerhead . . . . 10 08a Involucral bracts fused 1/5-7/8+ their length; S1 8a sAB ...... subnudum [Thelesperma marginatum] 08b Involucral bracts usually separate, rarely fused +1/10 their length ...... 09 9b 9a 09a Pappus of 2-6 frm awns with down-turned barbs ...... 09b Pappus of 2 tiny teeth or absent ...... tinctoria 10a Receptacles bristly ...... Gaillardia aristata 10b Receptacles with papery scales (not bristles) ...... 11 11a Stem leaves opposite, at least near the stem base ...... 11a 11b Stem leaves alternate ...... 12 10a 12a Receptacles cylindric; ray forets yellow; achenes fattened . . . . Ratibida columnifera 12b Receptacles hemispheric; ray forets orange to yellow; achenes 4-sided . . Rudbeckia hirta X 13a Ray forets conspicuous, mostly 5-30 mm long; receptacles naked ...... 14 13b Ray forets inconspicuous, mostly 1-5 mm long; receptacles various ...... 15

12b 14a Pappus of frm awns that are soon shed; 12a involucres ± strongly sticky-resinous; rays ± smooth-edged, erect or spreading; receptacles fat ...... Grindelia 14b Pappus of persistent, slender-pointed, papery 13a scales; involucres not resinous but sometimes glandular-hairy; ray forets soon bent sharply backwards, prominently 3-lobed; receptacles hemispheric to round . Helenium autumnale 13b 15a Plants annual, sticky glandular hairy, strong 14a scented; leaves alternate; rays 1-3; involucres 6-8 mm long, narrow, spindle-shaped; receptacles with a row of scales between the 15b ray and disc forets ...... Madia glomerata 14b 15b Plants perennial, neither glandular-hairy nor scented; leaves opposite (at least on the lower stem); rays 5-6, involucres 4-7 mm long, width ≥ length; receptacles pitted and naked ...... Picradeniopsis oppositifolia S1 15a [Bahia oppositifolia]

9 Group 4: Flowerheads with ray and disc forets; ray forets yellow or orange; pappus at least in part of many hair- like (sometimes feathery) bristles 2a 01a Leaves opposite (some of small uppermost leaves occasionally alternate)...... 01b Leaves alternate or all basal ...... 02 02a Involucral bracts in 1 series, equal, slender, 2b often with a few much smaller bracts at the base ...... 03 1a 02b Involucral bracts in 2+ series, equal or overlapping (like shingles), narrow to broad ...... 05 03a Plants annual/biennial, 20-80 cm tall, with stout, hollow stems, long-soft-hairy throughout; involucral bracts soft-hairy, neither black nor bearded at the tips; wetland ...... Tephroseris palustris [Senecio congestus] 03b Plants not as above ...... 04

3a 04a Plants native perennials or introduced weedy annuals/biennials; roots often feshy; plants 4a with well-developed stem leaves and no clusters of basal leaves at fowering time or with persistent basal clusters and reduced stem leaves but then also with black-tipped involucral bracts; leaf margins often with small, hard, translucent teeth ...... Senecio [Senecio in part] 04b Plants native perennials; roots seldom feshy; plants with clusters of well-developed 5a basal leaves plus stem leaves at fowering time (stem leaves usually smaller upwards); 4b involucral bracts with pale to purplish (not black) tips; leaf margins smooth to pinnately lobed, lacking small, hard, translucent teeth...... Packera [Senecio in part] 05a Pappus bristles in 2 distinct series, the outer 5b series inconspicuous and distinctly shorter than the inner series ...... 06 05b Pappus bristles all similar, sometimes unequal but not in clearly defned inner and outer series ...... 07

6b 06a Flowerheads solitary; leaves mainly basal; stem leaves few, small, linear; alpine ...... Erigeron aureus 06b Flowerheads several; leaves mainly borne on 6a the stem, oblong to oblong spoon-shaped ...... villosa

07a Flowerheads solitary ...... 08 07b Flowerheads several...... 09 08a Plants glandular hairy, 5-10 cm tall; alpine ...... Tonestus lyallii [Haplopappus lyallii] 8a 08b Plants not glandular hairy, 20-40 cm tall . . . . . 8b Pyrrocoma unifora [Haplopappus uniforus]

10 09a Leaves pinnatifd, often with bristle-tipped lobes; pappus bristles fattened at the base; achenes of 2 types (ray achenes often ± 3-angled, disc achenes ± fattened) ...... Xanthisma spinulosum [Haplopappus spinulosus] 09b Leaves smooth-edged or with small spine- 9a 10a tipped teeth; pappus bristles not fattened at the base; achenes of 1 ...... 10 10a Plants taprooted; leaves mainly tufted at the base of the stem, edged with spine-tipped teeth (sometimes smooth-edged); stem leaves 11b few, small ...... Pyrrocoma lanceolata [Haplopappus lanceolatus] 10b Plants fbrous-rooted; leaves borne mainly on the stem (a few species with persistent basal leaves), never spiny; stem leaves numerous, well-developed ...... 11 11a Flowerheads usually in dense clumps (sometimes single-stalked) in fat-topped 1a 11a corymb-like arrays; stems and leaves hairless ...... Euthamia graminifolia [Solidago graminifolia] 1b 11b Flowerheads in dense panicle-like or corymb- like arrays, if clumped not in fat-topped arrays, ------if corymb-like, plants hairy ...... Solidago

Group 5: Flowerheads with disc forets only; pappus of many hair-like (sometimes feathery) bristles (at least in part) 01a Leaves ± spiny and thistle-like and/or receptacles densely bristly ...... 02 01b Leaves not spiny; receptacles naked, or nearly so ...... 08

3a 02a Leaves ± spiny; plants thistle-like ...... 03 02b Leaves smooth-edged to toothed, not bristly or 2a spiny; plants not thistle like ...... 06 03a Outer and middle involucral bracts with 5a spreading, spiny blades similar to the upper leaves ...... Carthamus tinctorius X 03b Outer and middle involucral bracts not at all leaf-like ...... 04

04a Pappus bristles feathery ...... Cirsium 04b Pappus bristles fnely-barbed or smooth . .05

5b 05a Pappus bristles smooth; stems smooth ...... Silybum marianum X 05b Pappus bristles fnely-barbed; stems with conspicuous spiny-edged wings . . Carduus 4a 06a Involucral bracts (at least some) stiffy fringed, raggedly torn, spiny or irregularly wavy ...... Centaurea 4b 6a 6b 06b Involucral bracts all smooth-edged ...... 07

11 07a Lower leaves linear to lance-shaped and widest above the middle, often lobed or divided ...... Rhaponticum repens XXX [Acroptilon repens; Centaurea repens] 07b Lower leaves lance-shaped to triangular-egg- shaped, saw-toothed ...... Saussurea

7a 08a Florets all ♂+♀ and fertile; fowerheads with tubular disc forets only ...... 09 08b Florets ♀ (at least the outer ones); fowerheads sometimes falsely radiate, with a few enlarged 7b outer tubular forets ...... 17 09a Leaves opposite; fowers yellow or orange ...... Arnica [in part] 09b Leaves usually alternate, if opposite or whorled, then fowers pale pink to purplish . 10 10a Involucral bracts equal, in 1 series, sometimes 9a 8a with a few short outer bracts ...... 11 10a 8b 10b Involucral bracts ± graduated in 2-several overlapping series...... 12 11a Native perennials or exotic, weedy annuals/ biennials with well-developed stem leaves and 10b no clusters or basal leaves at fowering time or with persistent basal clusters and reduced 12a 12b stem leaves but then also with black-tipped involucral bracts; roots often feshy; leaf margins often with small, hard, translucent teeth ...... Senecio [in part] 11b Native perennials with well-developed clusters of basal leaves plus stem leaves at fowering time (stem leaves usually smaller upwards); roots seldom feshy; involucral bracts with pale to purplish (not black) tips; leaf margins smooth to pinnately lobed, lacking small, hard, 11a translucent teeth ...... Packera [in part] 12a Pappus bristles feathery ...... Saussurea 12b Pappus bristles fnely-barbed to smooth. . .13

11b 13a 13a Leaves in whorls of 3-4; plants perennial, 60- 150 cm tall, with stout, purple or purple-spotted stems ...... Eutrochium maculatum [ maculatum] 13b Leaves mostly alternate; plants not as above ...... 14 14a or subshrubs (woody, at least at the base); forets yellow ...... 15 14b Herbs (non-woody); forets cream-coloured (or pale greenish yellow) to rose-purple ...... 16 15a Subshrubs, 10-30 cm tall; leaves oblong- spatula-shaped with spiny margins; stems hairless ...... Xanthisma grindelioides [Machaeranthera grindelioides; Haplopappus nuttallii] 15b Shrubs, 20-60 cm tall; leaves linear to thread- like, not spiny; se AB ; stems felted with white, 15b woolly hairs ...... Ericameria nauseosa 15a [Chrysothamnus nauseosus]

12 16a Leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped and widest above the middle; fowerheads pink to purple, in compact spike-like to corymb-like arrays; involucres 10-20 mm long. . . . Liatris 16b Leaves triangular to egg-shaped; fowerheads pale greenish yellow to cream-colored, in loose, corymb-like or panicle-like arrays; involucres 7-11 mm long; sw AB ...... grandifora S2 16b 17a Leaves basal, heart-shaped; stem leaves reduced to sheathing bracts ...... Petasites 16a 17b Leaves not as above...... 18 18a Plants ± white-woolly; involucral bracts mostly with white to yellow-, brown-, black- or green- tinged papery tips ...... 19 18b Plants often hairy but not white-woolly; 18a involucral bracts without papery tips ...... 23 19a Taprooted annuals, biennials or perennials; all fowerheads with ♀ outer forets and ♂+♀ (or functionally ♂) central forets ...... 20 19b Fibrous-rooted perennials, often with rhizomes 17a or stolons; fowerheads (at least some) with forets either all ♂ or all ♀ ...... 22 20a Receptacles with papery scales (at least near → the outer edges) that simulate an involucre . . 21b ...... Logfa arvensis [Filago arvensis] 20a 20b Receptacles naked, without papery scales 21 21a Flowerheads above conspicuous leafy bracts 21a (→); involucres mostly 2-4 mm long; plants ≤15(30) cm tall, many-branched 21b Flowerheads lacking conspicuous leafy bracts; involucres mostly 4-7 mm long; plants mostly 20-70 cm tall, unbranched below the fower cluster; sw AB ...... Pseudognaphalium 22a 22a Basal leaves usually conspicuous, tufted, and persistent; stem leaves mostly reduced upwards and often few or lacking 22b Basal leaves few, soon shed, scarcely if at all 22b larger than the numerous stem leaves ...... Anaphalis margaritacea 23a Perennials; involucres with hairs and/or glands; rays slender but usually visible ...... Erigeron acris [Trimorpha acris] 23b Annuals; involucres neither glandular nor 23a hairy; rays absent or shorter than the pappus ...... Symphyotrichum ciliatum 23b [Aster brachyactis] Group 6: Flowerheads with disc forets only; pappus of scales, awns or short papery bristles, a mere crown, or none 01a Involucres with short, hooked prickles, or nut/ bur-like and spiny ...... 02 1a 01b Involucres neither nut/bur-like nor with hooked prickles (sometimes with straight spines) . . 04

13 02a Flowerheads all alike with many ♂+♀ forets; involucral bracts with hooked tips; receptacles bristly; corollas ± evident ...... 02b Flowerheads of two types: ♀ fowerheads with fused nut/bur-like involucres bearing hooked prickles or tubercles and spines; ♂ fowerheads unarmed; receptacles with papery scales; corollas absent or inconspicuous . .03 2a 3a 03a ♀ involucres with hooked prickles ...... Xanthium strumarium 03b ♀ involucres with tubercles or straight spines ...... Ambrosia 4a 04a Receptacles covered with bristles or scales (a few central forets sometimes bractless) 05 04b Receptacles naked or with 1 row of papery 4b scales between the ray and disc forets . . .11 05a Plants ± white-woolly; forets 1-2 mm long and S2 3b inconspicuous Psilocarphus brevissimus 05b Plants not woolly and/or forets conspicuous or both ...... 06 06a Involucres 1.5-4 mm long; fowerheads ≤5 mm 5a wide ...... 07 06b Involucres >6 mm long; fowerheads usually >10 mm wide ...... 08 07a Plants perennial, 10-50 cm tall; leaves short-stalked to stalkless, smooth-edged; fowerheads borne singly in leaf axils ...... Iva axillaris 07b Plants annual, 50-200 cm tall; leaves long- stalked, coarsely toothed; fowerheads many, 7a in branched, panicle-like arrays (not single in X 7b leaf axils)...... Cyclachaena xanthiifolia [Iva xanthifolia]

8a 08a Receptacles papery scaly; involucral bracts in 2 distinctly different series ...... 09 08b Receptacles bristly; involucral bracts all 8b similar, not in 2 different series (sometimes with a few, small bracts at the base) ...... 10 9a 09a Larger involucral bracts fused 1/5-7/8+ of their length from the base; pappus of tiny awns or 9b absent; s AB, dry habitats ...... Thelesperma subnudum S1 [Thelesperma marginatum] 09b Involucral bracts not fused; pappus of (1)2-4 (8) stiff, barbed awns; moist habitats .Bidens

10a Involucres bracts (at least some) stiff-fringed, ragged, spiny or irregularly wavy edged; pappus bristles persistent and non-feathery ...... Centaurea 10b Involucral bracts smooth-edged or irregularly torn but not fringed; pappus bristles with 10a 10b feathery tips that are readily shed...... Rhaponticum repens [Acroptilon repens; Centaurea repens]

14 11a Lowermost leaves broadly triangular-egg- shaped to kidney-shaped, white-woolly beneath; involucral bracts ± 4-5 ...... bicolor S2 11b Lowermost leaves not as above; involucre 12a bracts usually +6 ...... 12 11a 12a Pappus of short, distinct awns or scales. . .13 12b 12b Pappus a minute crown or absent ...... 14 13a Involucral bracts with yellow papery edges, 13a almost -like at the tips; s-most AB ...... Hymenopappus flifolius 13b Involucral bracts greenish, without papery edges ...... Chaenactis douglasii SU 14a Involucral bracts in 1 series, equal, each enfolding an . . . . . Madia glomerata 14b Involucral bracts in 2+ series, not enfolding 15a achenes ...... 15

14a 15a Flowerheads usually small and numerous, in 13b elongated raceme- to panicle-like arrays ...... 15b Flowerheads small to large, 1 to few (-many) in round- to fat-topped, corymb-like arrays, . . 16 16a Receptacles hemispheric to cone-shaped ...... Matricaria discoidea X 15b [Matricaria matricarioides] 16b Receptacles fat or slightly convex ...... Tanacetum 16a 16b Yarrow ------01a Leaves 2-3 times pinnately dissected ...... Achillea borealis [Achillea lanulosa; Achillea millefolium, in part] 01b Leaves toothed or with shallow, toothed lobes ...... 02 02a Leaf edges sharp-toothed, rarely almost 2a smooth; ligules 4-5 mm long and almost as wide; disc forets 45-75+ Achillea ptarmica X 02b Leaf edges comb-like, with slender, even teeth or simple, toothed lobes; ligules (1)2-3 mm 1a long; disc forets 25-30+ . . . . Achillea alpina [Achillea sibirica] 2b AGOSERIS False-dandelion ------01a Florets burnt orange, often drying purplish; achene beaks slender, 5+ mm and longer than the body or <5 mm and ≥1/2 the body length ...... Agoseris aurantiaca 01b Florets yellow, the outermost often with an outer/lower purplish stripe, often drying whitish with a purple stripe; achene beaks stout, distinctly nerved, usually 1-4 mm, ≤1/2 the 1a 1b body length ...... Agoseris glauca

15 AMBROSIA 01a Plants perennial from creeping roots; leaves alternate above, opposite below, short-stalked or nearly stalkless, once deeply pinnately lobed; involucres with tubercles ...... Ambrosia psilostachya X 01b Plants annual from fbrous roots; leaves mostly opposite ...... 02 02a Leaves (at least some) with 3-5 palmate 1a 2a lobes ...... Ambrosia trifda X 02b Leaves pinnately toothed or lobed ...... 03 03a Involucres of ♂ fowerheads (2-)3-5(-7) mm wide, usually with 1-5+ black nerves; burs ± spindle-shaped to pyramidal and wide-tipped, 3-5 mm, spines 8-18+, 2-4(-5) mm; se AB ...... Ambrosia acanthicarpa [Franseria acanthicarpa] 03b Involucres of ♂ fowerheads 2-3+ mm wide, usually lacking black nerves; burs ± globose to pear-shaped, 2-3 mm, spines or tubercles 3-5+, 0.1-0.5+ mm .Ambrosia artemisiifolia 3a 3b ------ANTENNARIA Pussytoes 01a Flowerheads single (rarely 2-3) ...... 02 01b Flowerheads 2-many (rarely solitary) . . . . .03 02a Leaves green and essentially hairless above; fowerheads on sparsely leafy stems; 2a cordillera ...... 2b 02b Leaves densely woolly both sides; fowering stems leafy; se AB S2 03a Stem leaves reduced; leaves in basal rosettes; leaves ovate to spatulate; plants with numerous stolons, forming mats...... 04 03b Stem leaves well-developed; basal leaves, if present, usually erect around the stem; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate; plants sometimes with rhizomes but lacking stolons ...... 14

3a 04a Basal leaves distinctly less hairy and greener above than beneath, often nearly hairless .05 3b 04b Basal leaves densely hairy above as below, sometimes nearly hairless in extreme age .07

05a Flowerhead clusters usually open, elongated; stigma ≥ pappus; basal leaves prominently 3-7 veined; montane . . . . 05b Flowerheads in crowded sometimes head-like clusters; stigma length < the pappus; basal leaves with 1-3 prominent veins ...... 06

6a 06a Leaves hairless above, even when young; mid- to upper stem leaves mostly not fagged 5a (uppermost may be) . . . 6b [ in part] 06b Leaves thinly woolly above when young, sometimes hairless with age; mid- and upper stem leaves fagged . . Antennaria neglecta

16 07a Stolons woody; papery tips of mid- to outer involucral bracts light brown (sometimes white or pink-streaked) ...... 08 07b Stolons leafy; papery tips of mid- to outer involucral bracts dark (green, brown, blackish), or combinations of white, pink, rose and/or light brown ...... 09 08a Stolons 0.5-2.5 cm long, prostrate; basal 7b; 11a leaves 1-2 times longer than wide; plants with a citrus aroma, growing on limestone talus ...... 7a; 8b 08b Stolons 0.1-16 cm long, erect or ascending; basal leaves 2-6+ times longer than wide; plants not aromatic and on limestone talus ...... 09a Papery tips of mid- to outer involucral bracts dark green, dark brown or blackish 8a throughout...... 10 09b Papery tips of mid- to outer involucral bracts white, pink, rose and/or light brown ...... 11 10a 10a Mid- to upper stem leaves with thin, papery tips; ♀ plants only ...... 10b Mid- to upper stem leaves with blunt to pointed (but not papery) tips, ♂+♀ or only ♀ plants . . 12a ...... [Antennaria alpina in part] 11a Basal leaves spatula-shaped; involucral bracts with a chestnut-brown spot near the base and with white or light brown tips ...... S2 10b 11b Basal leaves narrowly wedge-shaped, spatula-shaped or linear; involucral bracts lacking a brown spot near the base and with pale, variously coloured tips ...... 12 12a ♀ involucres 7-11 mm long; dry ♀ corollas 5-8 mm long ...... 12b ♀ involucres 4-5 mm long; dry ♀ corollas 2.5- 13a 4.5 mm long ...... 13 13a Involucral bracts white to pale yellow papery tips and greenish bases; upper stems with glandular hairs . . . . [Antennaria parvifolia in part] 13b Involucral bracts with white, green, pale yellow, pink, rose and/or light brown papery tips; upper stems lacking glandular hairs (sometimes with 13b glandular hairs that have reddish crosswalls and then involucral bracts have pink to rose tips) ...... 14a Involucral bracts papery to the base, essentially hairless or outermost bracts slightly woolly at the base; sw AB . . S1 14b Involucral bracts (even the inner ones) with densely hairy, not at all papery bases . . . . . 15 14a

17 15a Plants mostly 10-20 cm tall; involucres appearing blackish; inner bracts sometimes white at the tip; cordillera . 15b Plants mostly 20-50 cm tall; involucres appearing whitish to blackish; upper stem 15a leaves much shorter than the lower ...... 16 16a Bracts brownish black, sometimes white tipped ...... 16a 16b Bracts white with a brownish black spot at the 16b base ...... ------ARCTIUM Burdock 01a Involucres densely cobwebby, 1.5-2.5 mm 2a wide; corollas minutely glandular-hairy ...... Arctium tomentosum XX 01b Involucres hairless or loosely cobwebby; corollas hairless ...... 02 1a 02a Flowerheads usually <2.5 cm wide, short- stalked or stalkless, in raceme-like or panicle- like clusters; involucral bracts angled or narrowed, generally curved and ascending ...... Arctium minus XX 02b Flowerheads 2.5-4 cm wide, long-stalked, in corymb-like clusters; involucral bracts fat, 2b straight and spreading . . . Arctium lappa XX ------ARNICA Arnica 01a Stem leaves usually in 5-12 pairs ...... 02 01b Stem leaves usually in 1-4 pairs ...... 04 02a lnvolucral bracts blunt to abruptly pointed, with a tuft of long, white hairs at/near the tip; widespread in AB . . . . .Arnica chamissonis 02b lnvolucral bracts ± sharply pointed, no distinct 2a tuft of white hairs at the tip; cordillera . . . . . 03

3a 3b 03a Leaves smooth-edged or nearly so; subalpine ...... Arnica longifolia S2 03b Leaves ± toothed; montane ...... Arnica lanceolata ssp. prima [Arnica amplexicaulis] 4b 5a 5b 04a Flowerheads discoid (no rays) but a few marginal disc corollas may sometimes appear ray-like; montane ...... Arnica parryi S2 04b Flowerheads with ray and disc forets, rarely lacking rays ...... 05 6b 4a 05a Pappus ± feathery, tawny or straw-colored . 06 05b Pappus fnely-barbed, usually ± white . . . . 07 6a 06a Flowerheads sub-hemispheric, wider than long; subalpine ...... Arnica mollis 06b Flowerheads narrow, ± top-shaped (longer than wide); cordillera...... Arnica ovata [Arnica diversifolia]

18 07a Basal leaves 1-2.5 (rarely 3) times as long as wide ...... 08 07b Basal leaves 3-10 times as long as wide . .09 08a Leaves usually heart-shaped; achenes short- hairy throughout; involucres densely white 7a soft-hairy; widespread in sw 1/2 of AB ...... 08b Leaves various, but stem leaves seldom heart- shaped; achenes hairless below, or hairless throughout; involucres with 0-few long hairs; montane ...... Arnica latifolia 8a

7a 8b 09a Achenes usually hairless below, or hairless throughout; subalpine to alpine...... 10 09b Achenes usually short-hairy throughout . . . 11 10a Flowerheads usually 3-9 and erect; subalpine ...... Arnica gracilis 10b Flowerheads solitary (rarely 3) and usually 10b nodding; alpine ...... Arnica louiseana S2

10a 11a Lower stem leaves unstalked (sometimes very short-stalked); ray forets minutely toothed or smooth-edged; alpine . . . . . Arnica rydbergii 11b Lower stem leaves short- to long-stalked; ray forets prominently 3-toothed ...... 12 12a Disc corollas with dense stalked glands, sometimes mixed with glandless hairs . . . .13 11a 13a 12b Disc corollas sparsely to densely hairy, but scarcely glandular; cordillera ...... 14 13a Old leaf bases often with dense tufts of long, brown, woolly hairs in the axils; disc corollas with many spreading white hairs among the stalked, glandular hairs . . . . . Arnica fulgens 13b 13b Old leaf bases hairless or with a few long white hairs in the axils; disc corollas lacking or occasionally with a few spreading white hairs among the stalked glandular hairs ...... Arnica sororia 14a Plants and involucres conspicuously white- woolly; stems 5-20 cm tall; alpine ...... Arnica lonchophylla 14b Plants and involucres never conspicuously white-woolly; stems 10-50 cm tall; cordillera . 14a 14b ...... Arnica angustifolia ------[incl. Arnica alpina]

ARTEMISIA Wormwood; Sagebrush 01a Florets all ♂+♀; shrubs ...... 02 01b Marginal forets ♀; herbs or shrubs ...... 03 02a Leaves entire (rarely 1-2 lobed), narrowly ellpitic to lance-shaped . . . . . 02b Leaves 3-toothed at the tip (young leaves may be smooth-edged), wedge-shaped; Waterton S2 2a 2b region and Suffeld . .Artemisia tridentata

19 03a Receptacles long-hairy ...... 04 03b Receptacles hairless...... 05 3a 3b 04a Plants usually 40-120 cm tall; larger leaves 3-8 cm long, with lobes mostly 2-3 mm wide; weedy exotic ...... X 04b Plants mostly 10-40 cm tall; large leaves <3 cm long, with lobes ≈1 mm wide; widespread native ...... Artemisia frigida 05a Annual or biennial from a taproot; leaves essentially hairless, smallest lobes with toothed edges; moist, wetland habitats . . . . . 4a 4b ...... Artemisia biennis 05b Perennial from a or taproot; leaves ± hairy, smallest lobes usually smooth-edged (but often toothed in A.vulgaris) ...... 06

7a 06a Leaves mainly basal; stem leaves few and reduced upwards ...... 07 06b Leaves mainly on the stems ...... 10 07a Leaves densely silky-hairy, the smallest segments abruptly sharp-pointed or blunt 5a tipped; alpine . . . .Artemisia hyperborea S1 [Artemisia furcata] 07b Leaves loosely long-hairy, the smallest segments with tapered to slender tips . . . .08 08a Leaf divisions mostly 2-3 mm wide; fowerheads relatively large, with discs 5-10 mm wide; subalpine to alpine ...... 8a ...... Artemisia norvegica 08b Leaf divisions narrow, thread-like, ≈1 mm wide; fowerheads various ...... 09 9b 09a Flowerheads 2-3 mm wide; involucres 2-3 mm long; stems usually 25-60 cm tall; leaves 1-2 times divided; lowland species, widespread ...... Artemisia campestris 09b Flowerheads 4-6 mm wide; involucres 3-4.5 mm long; stems usually 10-25 cm tall; leaves 9a 2-3 times divided; alpine ...... Artemisia borealis S2S3 10a Leaves usually with 1-2 pairs of stipule-like lobes at the base . . . . .Artemisia vulgaris X 10b Leaves lacking stipule-like lobes at the base ...... 11

11a Leaves smooth-edged, rarely lobed or toothed ...... 12 10a 11b Leaves 1-3 times pinnately lobed or divided 14

12a Stems clustered from a woody base; leaves 2-5 mm wide with strongly down-rolled edges, gray-hairy above and white woolly beneath; prairies and Peace River region ...... 12a ...... Artemisia longifolia 12b Stems loosely clustered or solitary from spreading rhizomes; leaves not as above; widespread ...... 13

20 13a Leaves white-woolly above and beneath ...... Artemisia ludoviciana 13b Leaves hairless or long-hairy beneath but not woolly ...... Artemisia dracunculus 14a Subshrubs or shrubs, without rhizomes; an occasional exotic . . X 14b Perennial forbs (sometimes with woody bases), usually with rhizomes; native . . . . . 15 15a Leaves twice pinnately divided, the notches ≥½ the width of the leaf and often with the 13b 16b smallest segments toothed ...... 16 13a 15b Leaves more shallowly lobed, the notches ≤½ 16a;17a the width of the leaf...... 17 16a Involucres usually densely woolly; widespread ...... Artemisia ludoviciana 16b Involucres hairless to sparsely woolly; subalpine ...... Artemisia michauxiana 17a Involucres longer than wide, 2-4(-4.5) mm wide, densely woolly . Artemisia ludoviciana 17b Involucres wider than long, 4-5 mm wide, 14a 17b sparsely woolly ...... Artemisia tilesii ------ASKELLIA Delicate-hawksbeard [Crepis, in part] 1b 01a Achenes beakless or short-beaked, with smooth or slightly wrinkled ribs; plants 5-10 (rarely 20) cm tall; alpine .Askellia pygmaea [Crepis nana] 1a 01b Achenes beaked, with narrow, rough-to-touch, stiff-hairy ribs (at least above); plants mostly 10-30 cm tall; lowland to montane ...... Askellia elegans [Crepis elegans] ------BIDENS Beggarticks 01a Leaves mostly stalkless, not deeply lobed/ divided; fowerheads usually with conspicuous 2a rays; outer involucral bracts mostly spreading to bent sharply backwards . . 01b Leaves stalked, deeply lobed/divided; fower- heads lacking rays or rays inconspicuous; outer involucral bracts ascending to erect .02

1a 02a Leaves simple, deeply cut or 3-lobed (but not divided into leafets) with short, winged stalks; uncommon exotic ...... X 02b Leaves compound, pinnately divided into leafets, with long stalks lacking winged margins; native, se AB ...... 03

03a Outer involucral bracts 5-8; disc forets orange; achenes usually blackish . 03b Outer involucral bracts 10-16; disc forets pale yellow; achenes yellowish to brownish ...... S1 [Bidens frondosa in part] 3a 3b

21 CARDUUS Plumeless-thistle 01a Flowerheads 2-8 cm wide, nodding, solitary; involucral bracts 2-8 mm wide ...... Carduus nutans XXX 01b Flowerheads 1-2.5 cm wide, ascending, often in clusters; involucral bracts 1-1.5 mm wide ...... Carduus acanthoides XXX 1a 1b ------CENTAUREA Knapweed 01a Some or all of the outer involucral bracts spine-tipped ...... 02 01b Outer involucral bracts not conspicuously spine-tipped ...... 03 02a Spines >1 cm long; corollas yellow ...... Centaurea solstitialis XXX 02b Spines <1 cm long; corollas creamy to purplish ...... Centaurea diffusa XXX 2a 2b 03a Corollas yellow; involucral bracts with broad, papery margins, conspicuously fringed, spineless or sometimes tipped with weak, 1-2 mm spines . . Centaurea macrocephala XXX 03b Corollas white to pink, blue or purplish; 4a involucral bracts not as above ...... 04 04a Involucral bracts tipped with conspicuous broad appendages (distinctly wider than the XXX 3a base) ...... Centaurea jacea 04b Involucral bracts without appendages at the tips ...... 05 5a 05a Involucral bracts edged with regular comb-like teeth ...... Centaurea stoebe XXX [Centaurea maculosa; C. biebersteinii] 05b Involucral bracts with tattered edges . . . . .06 06a Involucres mostly 11-16 mm long; pappus 3-4 mm long; leaves linear; annual ...... X 6b ...... Centaurea cyanus 6a 06b Involucres 20-25 mm long; pappus 0.5-1.5 mm long; leaves broadly lance-shaped to elliptic; perennial ...... Centaurea X

------CIRSIUM Thistle 01a Involucres 1-2 (rarely 2.5) cm long; exotic weeds ...... 02 01b Involucres >2 cm long; native (except Cirsium vulgare) ...... 03

02a Stems distinctly spiny-winged; plants biennial, from fbrous roots; fowers ♂+♀; highly likely in AB but not yet verifed . . Cirsium palustre X 02b Stems not conspicuously spiny-winged; plants perennial, from deep, spreading roots and rhizomes; plants with either ♂ or ♀ fowers . . 2a 2b ...... Cirsium arvense XX

22 03a Leaves bristly-spiny on the upper surface; stems distinctly spiny-winged ...... Cirsium vulgare X 03b Leaves variously hairy to nearly hairless above, but not spiny; stems without spiny wings...... 04 04a Pappus of mature seeds 1-10 mm longer than 3a 4a the ...... Cirsium foliosum 04b Pappus of mature seeds shorter than the petals ...... 05 05a Involucres 3-5(7) cm long ...... Cirsium drummondii 4a 4b 05b Involucres <3 cm long ...... 06 06a Outer involucral bracts densely cobwebby, <2 mm wide at the base; cordilleran ...... Cirsium hookerianum 5a 06b Outer involucral bracts hairless or with a few hairs along the margins, >2 mm wide at the 6a base ...... 07 07a Involucral bracts lacking glands; uppermost leaves overtopping the fowerheads; 7a lowermost leaves almost smooth-edged to shallowly lobed (lobes ≤½ the blade width); swAB ...... Cirsium scariosum S2 07b Outer involucral bracts with a sticky, glandular ridge on the outer side; fowerheads usually elevated above the leaves; lowermost leaves deeply lobed (lobes >½ the width of the 8a blade) ...... 08 08a Stem leaves elliptic to lance-shaped, widest towards the tip, shallowly to deeply pinnately lobed; achenes 3-5 mm long, pale brown, tipped with a straw-colored collar; sprouting from creeping roots . . . . . Cirsium fodmanii 08b Stem leaves ovate to lance-shaped, smooth- edged to coarse-toothed or shallow-lobed; achenes 6-7 mm long, light to dark brown, tipped with a collar of the same color; sprouting from deep taproots . . . . Cirsium undulatum 8b

------CREPIS Hawksbeard [see also Askellia] 01a Exotic annual or biennial weeds; taproots relatively weak; stem leaves well-developed, with ear-like (often clasping) basal lobes . .02 01b Native perennials, not weedy; taproots well- developed; leaves mainly basal ...... 03 02a Involucral bracts with white hairs on the upper/ inner side; mature achenes dark purplish- brown ...... Crepis tectorum X 02b Involucral bracts hairless on the upper/inner side; mature achenes mostly tawny or pale brown ...... Crepis capillaris X 2a 2b

23 03a Stems and leaves hairless or with coarse stiff hairs, but not at all woolly; plants 20-70 cm tall ...... Crepis runcinata 03b Stems and leaves ± woolly or short-hairy, sometimes with bristles or glandular hairs .04 04a Leaf lobes linear to narrowly lance-shaped, mostly smooth-edged; achenes usually greenish; cordillera . . . . Crepis atrabarba S2 3a 04b Leaf lobes mostly lance-shaped or broadly 4a triangular, some with toothed edges; achenes yellowish to brownish to dark brown ...... 05 05a Involucres <5 mm wide at the middle, grey with woolly hairs (sometimes ± hairless); plants 30- 70 cm tall; sw AB ...... Crepis intermedia 05b Involucres 5-10 mm wide at the middle, glandular-hairy (usually); plants 10-30(40) cm tall; s AB ...... Crepis occidentalis 5a 5b ERIGERON Fleabane 01a Plants with long, trailing, sparsely leafy ------stolons; cordilleran . . .Erigeron fagellaris S2 01b Plants without stolons...... 02 02a Leaves tipped with (usually) 3 lobes or teeth . 03 02b Leaves smooth-edged or with teeth/lobes not restricted to the tip ...... 06 1a 03a Plant bases simple or with a few short, thick branches; leaf tips (1)2-3(4) times divided in 3s; leaf-segments usually <1 mm wide; lowland to alpine. . . . . Erigeron compositus 03b Plant bases with relatively slender, spreading, rhizome-like branches; leaf tips trifd, some irregularly toothed or lobed at apex, others more or less entire; leaf-segments usually >1 mm wide; alpine ...... 04 04a Oldest, largest leaves usually 3-lobed; younger leaves smooth-edged; n cordilleran . 3a ...... Erigeron trifdus 04b Oldest, largest leaves usually undivided; younger leaves usually toothed or lobed . . 05 4a 05a Involucres glandular-hairy; ray forets 4-5 mm, inrolled, thread-like, mostly erect; pappus usually purplish (sometimes tawny-white- yellowish), not twisted . . . . Erigeron pallens ...... [Erigeron purpuratus ssp. pallens] 05b Involucres moderately to densely woolly; ray forets 8-11 mm long, fat, relatively broad and spreading; pappus bristles whitish or tawny, 5a often twisted ...... Erigeron lanatus 5b 06a ♀ corollas numerous, thread-like, with short, erect rays ≤ the disc; inner ♀ corollas sometimes tubular and rayless; involucres with or without hairs but not woolly...... 07 06b ♀ corollas few to many, with well-developed, spreading rays (sometimes reduced, rarely 6a 6b lacking) and/or involucres woolly ...... 11 24 07a Annuals; heads numerous (20+); involucres 7a 8a 3-4 mm high, without glands, ± hairless . . . . . Erigeron canadensis [Conyza canadensis 07b Biennials or short-lived perennials; heads 1-8(12); involucres 5-12 mm high, hairy and often glandular ...... 08 08a All ♀ forets with rays; fowerheads in elongated (or nearly so) raceme-like arrays (or solitary) with stalks erect or nearly so ...... Erigeron lonchophyllus 08b Some ♀ forets (between the outer ray and inner disc forets) lacking rays; fowerheads in fat- to round-topped corymb-like arrays (or solitary) with stalks angled upwards ...... 09 09a Involucres usually sparsely long-hairy, without glands; fowerheads on straight stalks; leaves mostly 2-6 mm wide ...... Erigeron elatus 09b Involucres sparsely hairy or hairless, with tiny stalked glands; fowerheads on up-curved stalks; leaves 2-16 mm wide ...... 10 8b 10a Plants (5-)20-60(-80) cm tall; leaves 3-16 mm wide; fowerheads (1-)5-35; outer ♀ forets 150-250; pappus bristles (18-)25-35; involucral hairs stiff . . . . Erigeron acris ...... [Trimorpha acris] 10b Plants 5-25(-35) cm tall; leaves 2-6(-10) mm wide; fowerheads 1-6(-8); outer ♀ forets 40- 9a 70; pappus bristles (12-)14-21; involucral bract hairs relatively soft and long . Erigeron nivalis ...... [Erigeron acris var. debilis; ...... Trimorpha acris var. debilis]

10a 11a Pappus of the disc forets with long, fragile inner bristles and short, stiff outer bristles; pappus of the ray forets with short, stiff bristles only ...... 12 10b 11b Pappus of both disc and ray forets of long, soft bristles only (sometimes with some stiff 11a 11b outer scales) ...... 13 12a Stem hairs stiff, spreading; basal leaves usually withered at fowering time; stem leaves little reduced by mid-stem, coarse toothed to smooth edged; plants mostly >60 cm tall ...... Erigeron annuus 12b Stem hairs soft to stiff, ascending (rarely spreading); basal leaves persisting at fowering time; stem leaves reduced upwards, smooth-edged (sometimes slightly toothed); plants mostly 30-60(70) cm tall ...... Erigeron strigosus ...... [Erigeron annuus in part] 13a Stem leaves well-developed, gradually reduced upwards, usually lance-shaped or wider, all (except E. glabellus) with prominent clasping leaf-bases; plants tall and erect . . 14 13b Stem leaves small or none, greatly reduced upwards, usually linear or lance-shaped and 12b 12a widest above mid-leaf; plants usually low and spreading ...... 17

25 14a Rays mostly 2-4 mm wide ...... Erigeron peregrinus SU 14b Rays mostly ≤1 mm wide ...... 15 15a Leaves coarsely toothed to shallow-lobed; stem leaves stalkless, with ear-like lobes at 15a the base clasping the stem; ray forets ≤0.6 mm wide ...... Erigeron philadelphicus 15b Leaves smooth-edged to irregularly toothed; stem leaves tapered to the base, not clasping the stem; ray forets ≈1 mm wide ...... 16 14a 16a Stem leaves strongly reduced upwards, the uppermost linear and the middle ones usually smaller than the mostly persistent lowermost ones; stem leaves never clasping; widespread ...... Erigeron glabellus 16b Stem leaves gradually reduced upwards, the uppermost lance-shaped and the middle ones usually ≥ the mostly deciduous lowermost 16a ones; leaf bases somewhat clasping; s. 16b cordillera ...... Erigeron speciosus 17a Leaves numerous, crowded, longer than the internodes, scarcely reduced upwards, linear to narrowly lance-shaped, smooth edged, ≤3 cm long, usually <4 mm wide; fowerheads usually single, long-stalked; rays ≤ 8 mm x 1.5 mm; ne AB . . . . . Erigeron hyssopifolius S1 17b Leaves less crowded, often strongly reduced upwards on the stem; fowerheads various 18 18a Involucres woolly; fowerheads solitary . . . 19 18b Involucres variously hairy and/or glandular, 17a but not woolly ...... 25 19a Ray forets yellow ...... Erigeron aureus 19b Ray forets white, pink, blue or purple . . . . 20 19a 20a Involucral hairs with conspicuous, dark-purple crosswalls; alpine ...... 21 20b Involucral hairs with clear crosswalls (a few of the lower ones rarely reddish purple) . . . . . 22 21a Plants rhizomatous with fbrous roots...... Erigeron humilis 21b Plants taprooted, sometimes with a thick, branched, persistent base ...... S1 21a ...... Erigeron lackschewitzii 22a Stem leaves well-developed (at least some), alpine ...... 23 22b Stem leaves absent or few and small. . . . . 24 21b; 23b 23a Lower leaves broadly spatula-shaped, blunt tipped; stem leaves lance-shaped to ovate; involucres 8-10 mm long; ray forets 100-125 ...... Erigeron grandiforus 23b Lower leaves linearly to narrowly lance- 23a shaped, widest towards the pointed tips; stem leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped, widest above mid-leaf; involucres 6-8 mm long; ray forets 30-68 . . . . Erigeron lackschewitzii S1

26 24a Involucres glandular-hairy; ray forets 4-5 mm long...... Erigeron pallens 24b Involucres moderately to densely woolly; ray forets 8-11 mm long ...... Erigeron lanatus 25a Stem hairs fat-lying to ascending (sometimes absent) ...... 26 25b Stem hairs wide spreading ...... 29 24b 24a 26a Basal leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped and widest above the middle ...... 27 26b Basal leaves broadly lance-shaped, widest above the middle ...... 28 25b 27a Stems (1)2-6(12) cm tall, essentially leafess; disc corollas 2.3-3.0 mm long; pappus bristles (6)7-11; involucral bract hairs usually with colored crosswalls . . . . . Erigeron radicatus 27b Stems (2)8-18(30) cm tall, with evident (often small) leaves; disc corollas 2.8-4.3 mm 27a long; pappus bristles 12-15; involucral bract hairs usually with clear crosswalls; sw AB, montane ...... Erigeron ochroleucus S1 28a Involucral bracts usually hairless (rarely with sparse, long, soft hairs on the outer face and/ 27b or edge), evenly covered in dense, stalked glands ...... Erigeron glacialis 28b Involucral bracts usually edged with hairs and sparsely to moderately soft-hairy, often sparsely gland-dotted at the tips but rarely 28a throughout ...... Erigeron peregrinus SU 29a Stems freely branched ...... 30 29b Stems single or sparingly branched ...... 31 30a Stems 10-15 cm tall with relatively few branches; leaf hairs >1 mm long; fowerheads 28b 1-5(50); disc corollas >3 mm long; rays drying white or yellowish; s AB, not cordilleran ...... Erigeron pumilus 30b Stems 15-40 cm tall, often diffusely branched; leaf hairs <1 mm long; fowerheads 5-100+; disc corollas 2-3 mm long; rays drying pink or purplish; sw AB, montane ...... S1 30a; 32b ...... Erigeron divergens 31a 31a Basal leaves distinctly 3-nerved ...... Erigeron caespitosus 31b Basal leaves not 3-nerved or very faintly 3-nerved ...... 31 32a Basal leaves numerous, 4–15 cm long × 3–15 mm wide; rays 125-175 . Erigeron glabellus 32b Basal leaves few, 8-10 long x 1-4(5) mm wide; rays 50-100 ...... Erigeron pumilus

30b

32a

27 EURYBIA Wood-aster [Aster, in part; see also Almutaster, Canadanthus, Doellingeria, Eucephalus, and Symphyotrichum] 01a Stems single, erect, 30-90 cm tall; leaves all on the stem, (40)59-140(180) mm long x (9)20- 50(80) mm wide; basal leaves shed/withered by fowering time; involucres and upper stalks glandular ...... Eurybia conspicua ...... [Aster conspicuus] 01b Stems 1-5+, loosely ascending, 10-40 cm tall; leaves basal and on stem; mid-stem leaves 1a 1b largest, 25-95 mm long x 6-35 mm wide; basal leaves present at fowering time; involucres and upper stalks without glands (or nearly so) ------...... [Aster sibiricus] GNAPHALIUM Cudweed [Gnaphalium, in part; see also Pseudognaphalium] 01a Plants woolly with fat-lying, matted hairs; leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped and widest towards the tip; mature involucral bracts with darkened, slender tips ...... Gnaphalium uliginosum X 01b Plants woolly with loose, tufted hairs; leaves oblong or lance-shaped and widest towards the tip; mature involucral bracts with white, 1a rounded tips ...... Gnaphalium palustre 1b ------GRINDELIA Gumweed 01a Involucral bracts bent sharply backwards at the tips; plants hairless; leaves edged with rounded to blunt-tipped (sometimes acute) 1a teeth, usually 3-6+ per cm and resin-tipped, rarely smooth-edged . . . Grindelia squarrosa 01b Involucral bracts with loose or spreading tips, not regularly bent back; plants usually hairy (sometimes nearly hairless); leaves edged with forward- or outward-pointing teeth tipped with short points or bristles, sometimes smooth-edged ...... Grindelia hirsutula [Grindelia integrifolia] 1b ------HELIANTHUS Sunfower 01a Plants annual; leaves mostly alternate, with stalks ≥1/5 as long as the blade; disc corolla lobes and style branches usually reddish (rarely yellow in H. annuus); receptacles fat . . . . . 02 01b Plants perennial; leaves opposite (sometimes alternate, especially on upper stems), short- stalked to stalkless; disc corolla lobes usually yellow (sometimes reddish but then with yellow style branches); receptacles convex to low cone-shaped...... 03

28 02a Plants 1-3 m tall; larger leaves 10-40 cm wide with stalks (2)5-20 cm long; involucral bracts ovate, usually 5-8 mm wide, abruptly pointed ...... Helianthus annuus 02b Plants 0.2-1 m tall; larger leaves 4-8 cm wide 2a with stalks 2-4 cm long; involucral bracts lance- shaped, 1-4 mm wide, tapered to a point ...... Helianthus petiolaris [Helianthus couplandii]

2b 03a Discs purple, red or dark brown (rarely yellow); leaves mainly basal at fowering time, somewhat obliquely 4-sided, abruptly smaller upwards on the stem; involucral bracts 3-5 mm wide, frm, fat-lying . Helianthus pauciforus [Helianthus subrhomboideus; Helianthus rigidus] 03b Discs yellow to pale brown; leaves mainly on the stem at fowering time, generally lance-shaped, not abruptly smaller upwards; 3a involucral bracts 1.5-3 mm wide, mostly with loose, slender-pointed tips ...... 4 04a Upper stem and involucre conspicuously soft- hairy; leaf blades usually folded lengthwise, 4a usually 1-nerved, smooth edged; fowerheads in narrow, raceme-like to spike-like clusters; occasional exotic . Helianthus maximiliani X 04b Upper stem hairless or somewhat rough-to- touch with stiff hairs, sometimes with a pale, blue-white coating; involucral bracts stiff-hairy, especially along the edges; leaf blades not 4b folded lengthwise, 3-nerved, smooth edged or sharply toothed; fowerheads in broader, ------corymb-like clusters; widespread native ...... Helianthus nuttallii HIERACIUM Hawkweed 1a [Hieracium, in part; see also 2a Pilosella] 01a Flowerheads pale creamy to white; s cordillera ...... Hieracium albiforum 01b Flowerheads yellow or orange-red ...... 2 3a 02a Basal leaves withered/shed by fowering time ...... Hieracium umbellatum 02b Basal leaves present at fowering time . . . . . 3

3b 03a Stem leaves, small, 0-1 . . . Hieracium triste 03b Stem leaves several . . . .Hieracium scouleri [Hieracium cynoglossoides] ------LACTUCA Lettuce 01a yellow; leaves spiny along the edges and on the midrib underside; achenes with a slender beak 1-2 times as long as the body; pappus white; weedy . . . Lactuca serriola X 01b Flowers blue or purplish; leaves not spiny; achenes beakless or with a short, stout beak 1a <1/2 as long as the body; pappus brownish; 1b native ...... Lactuca biennis

29 LIATRIS Blazingstar 01a Pappus bristles feathery; lower leaves 2-4 mm wide; fowerheads cylindrical, usually <1 cm wide; involucres 7-15 long x (4)5-7 mm wide ...... Liatris punctata 01b Pappus bristles barbed (not feathery), purplish; lower leaves 10-20 mm wide; fowerheads rounded, often >1 cm wide; involucres 10-13 long x 13-18 mm wide. . . . Liatris ligulistylis

1a 1b NABALUS Rattlesnakeroot ------[Prenanthes] 01a Lower leaves elliptic to lance-shaped and widest towards the tip; mid-stem leaves ± heart-shaped, unstalked and clasping the stem at the base ...... Nabalus racemosa 1a [Prenanthes racemosus] 01b Lower leaves arrowhead-shaped to broadly triangular; mid-stem leaves short-stalked to unstalked and tapered to the base (not clasping the stem)...... 02 02a clusters round- to fat-topped, corymb- like; sw of Lesser Slave Lake ...... Nabalus alata S1 [Prenanthes alatus] 2a 2b 02b Flower clusters elongate, spike-like; Waterton area...... Nabalus sagittata S1 [Prenanthes sagittatus]

PACKERA Butterweed [Senecio, in part] 01a Flowerheads with disc forets only (sometimes a few with ray forets, but these plants scattered among ‘normal’ discoid plants) ...... 02 01b Flowerheads with ray and disc forets ------(sometimes a few without rays, but these plants scattered among ‘normal’ radiate plants) ...... 03 02a Disc forets orange; involucral bracts deep red/purple throughout or on the upper half; fowerheads 1-6(7-12); basal leaves relatively thick and frm; n cordillera, subalpine-alpine...... Packera paucifora [Senecio pauciforus] 02b Disc forets yellow; involucral bracts green, 2a sometimes bluish at the tips; fowerheads (3- 7)8-20+; basal leaves relatively thin and soft; widespread, lowland . . . . . Packera indecora [Senecio indecorus]

03a Flowerheads solitary (rarely 2); subalpine- alpine ...... 04 2b 03b Flowerheads usually several; not alpine (except P. cana occasionally) ...... 06

30 04a Stem leaves abruptly reduced upwards on the stem, lance-shaped, smooth-edged or toothed, with weakly clasping bases; disc 5a forets 40–55+; involucres usually green (sometime purplish-tinged at the tips)...... 4a ...... Packera subnuda S2 [Senecio cymbalarioides] 04b Stem leaves gradually to abruptly reduced, linear to lance-shaped, usually deeply pinnately lobed (rarely smooth-edged), not clasping; disc forets 55–75+; involucres (tips at least) deep red/purple ...... 05 05a Basal leaves relatively thick and feshy; stem leaves gradually reduced upwards; involucres white-woolly at the base; achenes 1-1.25 mm long ...... Packera contermina S2 5b [Senecio conterminus] 05b Basal leaves not notably thick or feshy; stem leaves abruptly reduced upwards; involucres hairless; achenes 1.5-2 mm long ...... Packera heterophylla S1 [Senecio cymbalaria; Senecio resedifolius] 06a Plants hairy at fowering time, densely white woolly to felted throughout (upper leaf surfaces sometimes almost hairless) . . Packera cana [Senecio canus] 06b Plants hairless at fowering time (sometimes woolly when young) or with a few inconspicuous hairs at leaf/stem/branch bases ...... 07 7a 07a Basal leaves (at least some) heart-shaped to 6a round, sharply toothed Packera pseudaurea [Senecio pseudaureus] 07b Basal leaves elliptic to lance-shaped, usually tapered to a wedge-shaped base, smooth- edged or with rounded to sharp teeth . . . . . 08 08a Basal leaves usually >6, relatively thick and 8a frm, squared at the tip, few-toothed at/near the tip (usually) or smooth-edged; drier sites ...... Packera streptanthifolia [Senecio streptanthifolius] 8b 08b Basal leaves usually ≤6, relatively thin and soft, rounded at the tip, with scalloped teeth almost to the base, sometimes nearly smooth- edged; moister sites . . .Packera paupercula ------[Senecio pauperculus]

PETASITES Sweet-coltsfoot 01a Leaves toothed or obscurely lobed ...... 02 01b Leaves conspicuously lobed ...... 03 02a Leaves with ≥20 shallow, regular teeth per side; pappus usually >15 mm long; widespread, lowland . . Petasites frigidus var. sagittatus [Petasites sagittatus] 2b 02b Leaves with <20 irregular teeth-small lobes per 2a side; pappus usually <15 mm long; subalpine to alpine . . . Petasites frigidus var. frigidus [Petasites nivalis]

31 03a Leaves usually wider than long, with palmate lobes cut >1/2 way to the base ...... Petasites frigidus var. palmatus [Petasites palmatus] 3a 03b Leaves usually longer than wide, with pinnate lobes cut <1/2 way to the leaf base ...... 04 04a Main leaf lobes widest at the base; secondary lobes 0-11, entire to toothed; ♂ fowerheads 3-32, bearing 2-27 ray forets with 2.1-7.8 mm long petals; ♀ fowerheads 9-34, bearing 48- 89 ray forets with 0.8-2.5 mm long petals; disc corolla lobes 0.8-2 mm long ...... Petasites frigidus var. × vitifolius [Petasites vitifolius] 04b Main leaf lobes usually widest near the middle; secondary lobes 0-25, entire to deeply divided; ♂ fowerheads 2-20, bearing 1-13 ray forets with 1.6-12 mm long petals; ♀ fowerheads 5-19, bearing 30-109 ray forets with 0.8-4.8 mm long petals, disc corolla lobes 0.4-4.4 mm long ...... Petasites frigidus var. frigidus 4a [Petasites nivalis]

------PILOSELLA Hairy-hawkweed [Hieracium, in part] 01a Petals orange (drying scarlet or purplish) ...... Pilosella aurantiaca XXX [Hieracium aurantiacum] 1a 01b Petals yellow [sometimes with red stripes] . 02 02a Leaves dark green, narrowly lance-shaped/ elliptical, hairless or with a few simple hairs on the upper surface, margins and/or lower midrib, with or without star-shaped hairs on the lower surface . . . . Pilosella piloselloides X [Hieracium piloselloides] 02b Leaves bright- to yellow-green, narrowly to broadly lance-shaped/elliptical, both sides with plentiful simple hairs and lower surface with numerous star-shaped hairs ...... 03 03a Stolons present (sometimes short and inconspicuous); simple hairs long and soft; upper leaf surface with simple hairs and 0-few 2a star-shaped hairs; lower leaf surface with star-shaped and simple hairs; lower stem with dense star-shaped, simple and glandular hairs; fowerheads 20-50 in compact, fat- topped clusters; involucre with sparse star- shaped, glandular and simple hairs; plants 20- 70 cm tall ...... Pilosella caespitosa XXX [Hieracium caespitosum] 03b Stolons absent; simple hairs short and stiff, giving a rough texture; upper and lower leaf 3a surfaces with many star-shaped and simple hairs; lower stem with sparse to dense star- shaped and simple hairs; fowerheads 15-25 in open, round-topped clusters; involucres with dense star-shaped and glandular hairs; plants 25-90 cm tall ...... Pilosella glomerata X 3b [Hieracium glomeratum]

32 PSEUDOGNAPHALIUM False-cudweed [Gnaphalium, in part] 01a Plants glandular-hairy, becoming white woolly on upper stems and lower leaf surfaces ...... Pseudognaphalium macounii SH [Gnaphalium viscosum] 01b Plants ± white-woolly, but not glandular ...... Pseudognaphalium thermale SH [Gnaphalium microcephalum] 1a 1b ------SAUSSUREA Sawwort 01a Plants 30-100 cm tall; leaves triangular-ovate to heart-shaped; Waterton ...... Saussurea americana S1 01b Plants 10-30 cm tall; leaves linear-lance- shaped to elliptic ...... 02 02a Outer involucral bracts shorter than inner bracts, tipped with toothed or lobed 1a appendages; receptacles chaffy; lowland, 2a exotic ...... Saussurea amara X [Saussurea glomerata] 02b Outer involucral bracts ≈ inner bracts, lacking appendages; receptacles naked; alpine, native ...... Saussurea nuda [Saussurea densa]

SENECIO Ragwort [Senecio, in part; see also Packera] 2b ------01a Leaves largest on the stem (often near the middle), only slightly reduced upwards; lower leaves usually few/withered at fowering time; stems seldom tufted ...... 02 01b Leaves largest at/near the stem base, strongly reduced upwards; lower leaves well-developed a fowering time; stems often tufted ...... 06 02a Stems numerous, crowded from a branched, woody base, reclining to ascending, 10-15 cm tall; subalpine to alpine . . .Senecio fremontii 02b Stems unbranched below, erect, usually >15 2a cm tall ...... 03

03a Leaf blades smooth-edged to sharply toothed, triangular/heart-shaped, squared at the base ...... Senecio triangularis 03b Leaf blades deeply lobed/cut (at least some), 1-3 times pinnately divided, lance-shaped to elliptic, tapered to the stalk at the base . . .04

04a Flowerheads with disc forets only (lacking rays) ...... Senecio vulgaris X 3a 04b Flowerheads with ray and disc forets. . . . .05

4a

33 05a Plants perennial, 50-100 cm tall, essentially hairless (not glandular); involucral bracts black-tipped (often faintly so); widespread native of moist sites . .Senecio eremophilus 05b Plants annual, 10-40 cm tall, covered in sticky glandular hairs; involucral bracts not black- tipped; uncommon exotic Senecio viscosus X 5b 06a Flowerheads 1(rarely 2-4) per stalk, 3-5 cm wide; involucres 12-16 mm long; involucral bracts not black-tipped; sw AB, alpine- S1 5a subalpine ...... Senecio megacephalus 06b Flowerheads (1)5-15+ per stalk, 2-3 cm wide; involucres <12 mm long; involucral bracts black-tipped (at least the outer ones) . . . . .07 07a Plants essentially hairless (at least by fowering time) or with a few tiny hairs in leaf/ branch axils) . . . . . Senecio hydrophiloides 7a [Senecio foetidus] 07b Plants with cobwebby, wooly and/or long soft 6a hairs ...... 08 08a Stems from short, ascending rhizomes; basal leaves (at least some) regularly toothed, linear to lance-shaped, not distinctly stalked ...... Senecio lugens 8a 08b Stems from compact, button-like, woody bases; basal leaves smooth- to wavy-edged or lobed (rarely regularly toothed), lance-shaped to almost round, usually distinctly stalked. . . . 8b ...... Senecio integerrimus

------SOLIDAGO Goldenrod 01a Lower leaf stalks fringed with long hairs, otherwise ± hairless; plants 5-50(80) cm tall ...... Solidago multiradiata 01b Leaf stalks not as above; most plants taller 02 02a Flower clusters broadly rounded or fat-topped (cyme-like) ...... Solidago rigida 1a 02b Flower clusters not cyme-like, narrow with ascending branches (raceme-like) to pyramidal with spreading branches (panicle-like) . . . .03 03a Stems single or few together, from spreading 2a rhizomes; upper stem leaves well-developed, similar to the lower leaves; lowermost leaves usually withered by fowering time ...... 04 03b Stems usually clumped, from short, stout rhizomes or woody bases; upper stem leaves much smaller than lower leaves; lowermost leaves green at fowering time ...... 08 04a Plants 10-40 cm tall; leaves greyish velvety on both surfaces, elliptic to ovate, widest towards the tip; middle leaves usually 2-3 times longer than wide; s AB ...... Solidago mollis 04b Plants usually 40-120 cm tall; leaves green, 3a relatively sparse hairy, sometimes hairless on the upper surface, lance-shaped; middle 3b 4a leaves usually >4 times longer than wide; widespread ...... 05

34 05a Upper stems short-hairy; leaves short-hairy to nearly hairless...... 06 05b Upper stems hairless; leaves hairless (sometimes with a few scattered hairs) . . .07 06a Leaves moderately to densely hairy with long soft hairs or short, fat-lying hairs, especially abundant along veins on the lower/outer surface ...... Solidago altissima [Solidago canadensis var. gilvocanescens] 6a 6b 06a Leaves hairless or sometimes with a few soft, fat-lying hairs along the main vein on the upper/inner surface ...... Solidago lepida [Solidago canadensis var. salebrosa] 07a Plants 50-200 cm tall; leaves only slightly reduced upwards on the stem, green with a pale, blue-white coating, lance-shaped and 7a sharply toothed ...... Solidago gigantea 07b Plants 20-50(60) cm tall; leaves largest at 7b; 9b the base, strongly reduced upwards on the stem, green, linear (mostly) to narrowly lance- shaped, smooth-edged or slightly toothed ...... Solidago missouriensis 08a Leaves and stems covered in dense, short, soft, spreading hairs . . . 08b Leaves essentially hairless (sometimes with a few scattered hairs, especially along the edges) ...... 09 09a Flowerheads neither nodding nor turned to one side, in thyrse-like clusters in leaf axils (forming cylindrical arrays) or branched groups (forming pyramidal arrays); involucres sticky 8a 9a with resinous glands ....Solidago glutinosa [Solidago simplex; Solidago spathulata] 09b Flowerheads usually nodding and/or turned ------to one side (especially on upper branches), forming panicle-like clusters; involucres lacking sticky, resinous glands ...... Solidago missouriensis

SONCHUS Sowthistle 01a Perennial herbs with seated, creeping roots; fowerheads mostly 3-5 cm wide; involucres 14-24 mm long, with or without hairs ...... 1a ...... Sonchus arvensis XX [includes Sonchus uliginosus] 01b Annual or biennial herbs with short taproots; 2a fowerheads mostly 1.5-2.5 cm wide; involucres 9-13 mm long, hairless ...... 02

02a Clasping lobes of stem leaves mostly triangular/pointed; achenes weakly fattened, with 2-5+ ribs per side and cross-wrinkling ...... Sonchus oleraceus X 02b Clasping lobes of stem leaves mostly rounded; 2b achenes strongly fattened and winged, with 3 ribs per side, not wrinkled . Sonchus asper X 35 SYMPHYOTRICHUM American-aster [Aster, in part; see also Almutaster, Eurybia Canadanthus, Doellingeria, Eucephalus] 01a Plants annual; ray forets absent or inconspicuous (only slightly longer than the disc forets) . . . . .Symphyotrichum ciliatum [Aster brachyactis] 01b Plants perennial; ray forets usually conspicuous ...... 02 02a Flowerhead stalks and involucres glandular; sw AB ...... Symphyotrichum campestre [Aster campestris] 02b Flowerhead stalks and involucres without glands (or apparently so) ...... 03 03a Lower leaves clearly to somewhat heart- 1a 2a shaped and distinctly stalked ...... Symphyotrichum ciliolatum [Aster ciliolatus] 03b Lower leaves not heart-shaped, usually unstalked or short-stalked...... 04 04a Plants slender from fne (<2 mm thick) rhizomes; leaves <1 cm wide; wetlands ...... Symphyotrichum boreale [Aster borealis] 04b Plants not as above ...... 05 05a Involucral bracts spine-tipped (spines white or clear); ray forets white (rarely pink tinged) . 06 3a 4a 05b Involucral bracts not spine-tipped; ray forets usually violet, purple, blue, lavender, or pink (although white-rayed plants have been found in most species) ...... 07 06a Stems usually single or few, from well- developed, creeping rhizomes; fowerheads 5a 5b few to many, rarely nodding to one-side; involucres 5-8 mm long; outer bracts 3-7 mm long; ray forets 22-35, ≥7 mm long ...... [Aster falcatus] 06b Stems usually clustered, from short rhizomes or thick woody bases; fowerheads numerous, often turned to one side on curved branches; involucres 3-4 mm long; outer bracts 2-3(3.5) mm long; ray forets 10-20, usually ≤6.6 mm long ...... [Aster ericoides] 07a Stems stout, 50-150 cm tall, usually crimson- purple, often with stiff spreading hairs; leaves oblong to lance-shaped, stalkless, clasping the stem, smooth-edged or toothed at the tips 6a 6b ...... 08 07b Plants not as above, not coarse and stiff-hairy ...... 09

36 08a Plants tufted from short rhizomes or stout, branched bases (long rhizomes sometimes present); stems stiff-hairy (usually) to almost hairless; leaves rough with stiff, spreading hairs to almost hairless; midveins sometimes with long, soft hairs on the upper/inner surface; pappus 3.8-6 mm; rays blue, lavender or purple, seldom white or pink, (7-)12-18(-21) x 1.4-1.8 mm . . Symphyotrichum puniceum [Aster puniceus, in part] 8b 08b Plants colonial, from long rhizomes; stems hairless (or nearly so) at the base to somewhat stiff-hairy above; leaves hairless or with small, fat-lying hairs; midveins sometimes with short, soft hairs on lower/outer surface; pappus 5.2-8 mm; rays pale blue, lavender or white, 9-18 x 1-1.2 mm . . . . Symphyotrichum frmum SU [Aster puniceus, in part] 8a 09a Plants hairless throughout, usually with a pale, blue-white coating; lower stem leaves with well-developed, ± narrowly winged stalks ...... [Aster laevis] 09b Plants usually somewhat hairy (hairs often in lines extending down the stem from leaf bases on the upper stem), rarely with a bluish cast; lower stem leaves stalkless or with short, 10a broadly winged stalks ...... 10 10a Outer involucral bracts (at least some) leafy and ≥ the length of the inner bracts ...... 11 10b Outer involucral bracts neither leafy nor ≥ the 10b length of the inner bracts ...... 14 11a Plants with short-rhizomes; lower leaves 9a stalkless and smooth edged; fower clusters relatively compact, with 10-100+ heads, raceme-like or narrowly panicle-like with leafy, ascending branches ≤ 10 cm long; rays pink or white; montane . . .Symphyotrichum eatonii [Aster eatonii] 11b Plants with long rhizomes; lower leaves stalked (at least somewhat), often edged with sharp teeth; fower clusters usually open, with 1-few heads in panicle-like to corymb-like clusters; rays violet/purple to blue, sometimes pale lavender or rose-purple ...... 12 12a Lower stem leaves withered at fowering time, 11a lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic to linear, with broadly tapered bases (sometimes slightly rounded or lobed), rarely clasping the stem; involucres 5-8(10) mm long ...... Symphyotrichum subspicatum [Aster subspicatus] 12b Lower stem leaves usually present at fowering time (if withered, then with strongly clasping 12a bases), ovate to broadly elliptic, with bases often rounded or lobed and clasping the stem; involucres (6)8-16(20) mm long ...... 13

37 13a Plants 10-60 cm tall; basal leaves usually persistent; stem leaf bases tapered to rounded, sometimes ± clasping, but without basal lobes; fowerhead stalks sparsely hairy ...... Symphyotrichum foliaceum SU [Aster subspicatus, in part; A. foliaceus] 13b Plants 40-100 cm tall; basal leaves sometimes withered at fowering time; stem leaf bases with well-developed lobes, clasping the stem; fowerhead stalks pale grey with hairs ...... Symphyotrichum cusickii SU [Aster subspicatus, in part] 13a 13b 14a Stems densely and uniformly covered in short, fat-lying hairs (especially on the upper stem); involucral bracts somewhat spoon-shaped, usually blunt-tipped, pale edged at the base and with a green tip <2.5 x longer than wide; dry, open ground, s AB ...... Symphyotrichum ascendens 15b [Aster ascendens] 14b Stems essentially hairless or with hairs only in lines extending down from leaf bases; involucral bracts linear, abruptly pointed, leafy green throughout or pale edged at the base and with a green tip >2.5 x longer than wide; stem leaf bases cuneate to ± rounded . . . .15 14a 15a Basal leaves withering by fowering; stems 15a and branches hairy in lines from leaf bases; pappus straw-colored; widespread, moist lowland . . . . Symphyotrichum lanceolatum [Aster hesperius] 15b Stems hairless to slightly hairy; pappus white; stem leaves persistent to fowering; rare, historical species, cordillera ...... ------...... Symphyotrichum spathulatum SH [Aster occidentalis]

TANACETUM Tansy 01a Flowerheads 20-200, with disc forets only, 5-10 mm wide; leaves essentially hairless, dotted with translucent, pitted glands; widespread, exotic . . Tanacetum vulgare XX 01b Flowerheads <20, with disc and ray forets (rays sometimes inconspicuous), discs 10-20 1a mm wide; leaves with long, soft hairs (at least when young) and few if any pits/dots; ne AB, native ...... Tanacetum bipinnatum S2 1b [Tanacetum huronense]

------TARAXACUM Dandelion 01a Involucral bracts (at least some) and the ring of bracts at the base of the fowerhead with distinct horns (appendages) at their tips . . . 02 01b Involucral bracts and the ring of bracts at the base of the fowerhead usually without horned 1a 1b tips (tips sometimes thickened or with small, inconspicuous appendages) ...... 03

38 02a Involucral bracts 18-19, usually bent backwards at maturity; mature achenes red to reddish-brown or reddish-purple; weedy, exotic . . . . .Taraxacum erythrospermum X [Taraxacum laevigatum] 02b Involucral bracts (10)12-14(17), erect to ascending; mature achenes olive to straw- colored (occasionally reddish-brown); non- invasive, native . . Taraxacum ceratophorum 03a Plants 1-12 cm tall; leaves <10, horizontal or spreading; bracts below fowerheads erect to spreading, bent backwards in ; involucral bracts 8-12, not thickened/horned at the tips; 2a; 4a corollas 20-50+ 7.5-8.8 mm long; achenes 2b reddish or straw-colored to dark gray with stout 2.8-4.5 mm long beaks; native, subarctic/ montane-alpine . Taraxacum scopulorum S1 03b Plants 5-40(60) cm tall; leaves 20+, horizontal to erect; bracts below fowerheads soon bent backwards; involucral bracts 13-19; corollas (40)50-100+,12-22 mm long; achenes variously colored, tipped with slender, (5)7- 8.5(9) mm long beaks; invasive exotics, widespread ...... 04 3a 04a Leaves deeply cut (almost to the midvein) into narrow lobes, without an enlarged segment at the tip; leaf stalks only slightly winged; mature achenes red to reddish-brown or reddish- purple ...... Taraxacum erythrospermum [Taraxacum laevigatum] 04b Leaves toothed or shallowly to deeply cut/ 4b lobed, with an enlarged lobe at the tip; mature achenes olive- or straw-colored to brown; outer involucral bracts bent sharply backwards; inner involucral bracts lacking horns...... Taraxacum offcinale X

TOWNSENDIA Townsendia 01a Flowerheads on stalks (5)10-20(25) cm tall with leaves 2-20 mm apart ...... Townsendia parryi 01b Flowerheads nestled among the leaves, on 1a stalks 1-3(5) cm tall, with leaves 0.1-1(2) mm 2a apart ...... 02 02a Involucres densely silky-woolly; leaves spatula-shaped; pappus soon shed; sw AB ...... Townsendia condensata S2 02b Involucres not densely silky-woolly; leaves linear to narrowly lance-shaped and widest towards the tip; pappus persistent ...... 03 3a 03a Involucres 7-12(20+) mm wide; disc forets with corollas 3.5-6+ mm long and the pappus 4-6(7.5) mm long . . . . Townsendia hookeri 03b Involucres (10)12-25+ mm wide; disc forets with corollas 6.5-9(12+) mm long and the 3b pappus 6.5-11+ mm long ...... Townsendia exscapa

39 TRAGOPOGON Goatsbeard 01a Ray forets purple; involucral bracts usually 8-9...... Tragopogon porrifolius X 1a 01b Ray forets yellow; involucral bracts varied..0 2

2a 02a Flowerhead stalks cylindrical, not enlarged at the top; involucral bracts (5)8(11), shorter than the outer ray forets Tragopogon pratensis X 02b Flowerhead stalks enlarged at the top; involucral bracts (8)13, longer than the outer ray forets ...... Tragopogon dubius X

2b

40 References

Alberta Conservaton Informaton Management System (ACIMS). 2015. List of all Taxa Confrmed for Alberta as recorded in the ACIMS data- base - October 15 2015. ACIMS, Government of Albert, Edmonton, Alberta.

Brouillet, L., F. Coursol, S.J. Meades, M. Favreau, M. Anions, P. Bélisle & P. Desmet. 2015. VASCAN, the Database of Vascular Plants of . htp://data. canadensys.net/vascan/

Clapham, A.R., T.G. Tutn, D.M. Moore. 1990. Flora of the Britsh Isles. 3 Reprint edi- ton. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. (Pilosella; Hieracium)

Douglas, George W., Gerald B. Straley, Del Meidinger and Jim Pojar. 1998. Illustrated fora of Britsh Columbia. Volume 1. Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons (Ac- eraceae through Asteraceae). Britsh Columbia Ministry of , Victoria, BC.

Flora North America Associaton. 2008. Flora North America Website. Online data accessed December 2014 to Feb 2015. htp://www.eforas.org

Moss, E.H. 1983. The Flora of Alberta. Second Editon, Revised by John G. Packer. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, .

Province of Alberta. 2016. Weed Control Act, Ofce Consolidaton. Alberta Regula- ton 19/2010 with amendments up to and including Alberta Regulaton 125/2016. Alberta Queen’s Printer, Edmonton, AB.

Semple, J.C. 2014. Solidago, Goldenrod In Jepson eFlora, Jepson Herbarium, Univer- sity of , Berkeley, CA. Online database at htp://ucjeps.berkeley. edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?key=612 Accessed April 2015. (Solidago)

Semple, J.C. 2015. Classifcaton and illustratons of Goldenrods. Lab, Biol- ogy Department, University of Waterloo. htps://uwaterloo.ca/astereae- lab/research/goldenrods/classifcaton-and-illustratons. Accessed April 2015. (Solidago)

Wilson, Linda M. 2006. Key to Identfcaton and Natve Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) in the Pacifc Northwest. Britsh Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, Practce Branch, Kamloops, B.C. (Pilosella; Hieracium)

41 List of Species and Illustration Sources Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Achillea alpina Prov. of BC Arnica gracilis RBCM Achillea millefolium H&C Arnica lanceolata H&C Achillea ptarmica B&B Arnica latfolia H&C Adenocaulon bicolor H&C Arnica lonchophylla RBCM Agoseris aurantaca H&C Arnica longifolia H&C Agoseris glauca H&C Arnica louiseana RBCM Almutaster pauciforus Maywood Arnica mollis H&C Ambrosia acanthicarpa H&C Arnica ovata H&C Ambrosia artemisiifolia H&C Arnica parryi H&C Ambrosia psilostachya H&C Arnica rydbergii H&C Ambrosia trifda H&C Arnica sororia H&C Anaphalis margaritacea H&C Artemisia abrotanum B&B Antennaria alpina Prov. of BC Artemisia absinthium H&C Antennaria anaphaloides H&C Artemisia biennis H&C Antennaria aromatca Kershaw Artemisia borealis RBCM Antennaria corymbosa H&C Artemisia campestris H&C Antennaria dimorpha H&C Artemisia cana H&C Antennaria howellii B&B Artemisia dracunculus H&C Antennaria lanata H&C Artemisia frigida H&C Antennaria luzuloides H&C Artemisia hyperborea RBCM Antennaria media Prov. of BC Artemisia longifolia H&C Antennaria microphylla B&B Artemisia ludoviciana H&C Antennaria monocephala Prov. of BC Artemisia michauxiana H&C Antennaria neglecta H&C Artemisia norvegica H&C Antennaria parvifolia H&C Artemisia tlesii H&C Antennaria pulcherrima Prov. of BC Artemisia tridentata H&C Antennaria racemosa H&C Artemisia vulgaris H&C Antennaria rosea H&C Askellia elegans H&C Antennaria umbrinella H&C Askellia pygmaea H&C Anthemis cotula H&C Aster alpinus H&C Arctum lappa H&C Balsamorhiza sagitata H&C Arctum minus H&C Bidens cernua H&C Arctum tomentosum B&B Bidens frondosa H&C Arnica angustfolia B&B Bidens tripartta H&C Arnica chamissonis H&C Bidens vulgata B&B Brickellia grandifora H&C Arnica cordifolia H&C Canadanthus modestus H&C Arnica fulgens H&C

42 Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Carduus acanthoides H&C Erigeron caespitosus H&C Carduus nutans H&C Erigeron compositus H&C Carthamus tnctorius Prov. of BC Erigeron divergens H&C Centaurea cyanus H&C Erigeron elatus Kershaw Centaurea difusa H&C Erigeron fagellaris H&C Centaurea jacea H&C Erigeron glabellus H&C Centaurea macrocephala Kershaw Erigeron glacialis H&C Centaurea montana RBCM Erigeron grandiforus H&C Centaurea solsttalis H&C Erigeron humilis H&C Centaurea stoebe H&C Erigeron hyssopifolius B&B Chaenacts douglasii H&C Erigeron lackschewitzii Kershaw Cichorium intybus H&C Erigeron lanatus H&C Cirsium arvense H&C Erigeron lonchophyllus H&C Cirsium drummondii RBCM Erigeron nivalis H&C Cirsium fodmanii H&C Erigeron ochroleucus H&C Cirsium foliosum H&C Erigeron pallens Maywood Cirsium hookerianum H&C Erigeron peregrinus RBCM Cirsium palustre B&B Erigeron philadelphicus H&C Cirsium scariosum RBCM Erigeron pumilus H&C Cirsium undulatum H&C Erigeron radicatus H&C Cirsium vulgare H&C Erigeron speciosus H&C Conyza canadensis H&C Erigeron strigosus H&C Coreopsis tnctoria RBCM Erigeron trifdus Kershaw Cota tnctoria H&C Eucephalus engelmannii H&C Crepis atrabarba H&C Eurybia conspicua H&C Crepis capillaris H&C Eurybia sibirica H&C Crepis intermedia H&C Euthamia graminifolia H&C Crepis occidentalis H&C Eutrochium maculatum H&C Crepis runcinata H&C Gaillardia aristata H&C Crepis tectorum H&C Galinsoga quadriradiata H&C Cyclachaena xanthiifolia B&B Gnaphalium palustre H&C Dieteria canescens RBCM Gnaphalium uliginosum H&C Doellingeria umbellata B&B Grindelia hirsutula Kershaw Dyssodia papposa H&C Grindelia squarrosa H&C; Kershaw Ericameria nauseosa H&C Guterrezia sarothrae H&C Erigeron acris Kershaw Helenium autumnale H&C Erigeron annuus H&C Helianthus annuus H&C Erigeron aureus H&C

43 Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Helianthus maximiliani H&C Picradeniopsis oppositfolia H&C Helianthus nutallii H&C Pilosella aurantaca B&B Helianthus pauciforus B&B Pilosella caespitosa B&B Helianthus petolaris H&C Pilosella glomerata Kershaw Helminthotheca echioides B&B Pilosella piloselloides B&B Heterotheca villosa H&C Nabalus alata H&C Heterotheca villosa H&C Nabalus racemosa B&B Hieracium albiforum H&C Nabalus sagitata H&C Hieracium scouleri H&C Pseudognaphalium macounii H&C Hieracium triste H&C Pseudognaphalium thermale H&C Hieracium umbellatum H&C Psilocarphus brevissimus H&C Hymenopappus flifolius H&C Pyrrocoma lanceolata H&C Hymenoxys richardsonii H&C Pyrrocoma unifora H&C Iva axillaris H&C Ratbida columnifera H&C Lactuca biennis H&C Rhapontcum repens H&C Lactuca serriola H&C Rudbeckia hirta H&C Lapsana communis H&C Saussurea amara Kershaw Leucanthemum vulgare H&C Saussurea americana H&C Liatris ligulistylis Kershaw Saussurea nuda RBCM Liatris punctata H&C Senecio eremophilus H&C Lygodesmia juncea H&C Senecio fremonti H&C Madia glomerata H&C Senecio hydrophiloides H&C Matricaria chamomilla B&B Senecio integerrimus H&C Matricaria discoidea H&C Senecio lugens H&C Microseris nutans H&C Senecio megacephalus H&C Mulgedium pulchellum H&C Senecio triangularis H&C Nothocalais cuspidata B&B Senecio viscosus B&B Packera cana H&C Senecio vulgaris H&C Packera contermina RBCM Shinnersoseris rostrata B&B Packera cymbalaria H&C Silybum marianum H&C Packera indecora H&C Solidago altssima B&B Packera paucifora H&C Solidago gigantea H&C Packera paupercula H&C Solidago lepida H&C Packera pseudaurea H&C Solidago missouriensis H&C Packera streptanthifolia H&C Solidago mollis H&C Packera subnuda H&C Solidago multradiata H&C Petasites frigidus H&C Solidago nemoralis H&C

44 Scientfc Name Illus. Source Scientfc Name Illus. Source Solidago rigida H&C Tragopogon porrifolius H&C Solidago simplex H&C Tragopogon pratensis H&C Sonchus arvensis H&C Tripleurospermum inodorum H&C Sonchus asper H&C Xanthisma grindelioides H&C Sonchus oleraceus H&C Xanthisma spinulosum H&C Stephanomeria runcinata H&C Xanthium strumarium H&C Symphyotrichum ascendens H&C Symphyotrichum boreale H&C Key to Illustration Sources Symphyotrichum campestre H&C B&B = Britton, N. L. and A. Brown. 1913. Symphyotrichum ciliatum H&C An illustrated fora of the northern United Symphyotrichum ciliolatum H&C States and Canada. reprinted by Dover Publications in 1970 edition. Dover Symphyotrichum cusickii H&C Publications, Inc., , New York. Symphyotrichum eatonii H&C Symphyotrichum ericoides H&C RBCM= illustrations from the Illustrated Flora of (Douglas et. Symphyotrichum falcatum H&C al.), provided courtesy of the Royal BC Symphyotrichum frmum Kershaw Museum and Archives. Symphyotrichum foliaceum H&C Douglas, G. W., G. B. Straley, D. Symphyotrichum laeve H&C Meidinger, and J. Pojar. 1998. Illustrated Symphyotrichum lanceolatum H&C fora of British Columbia. Volume 1. Symphyotrichum puniceum Kershaw Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons (Aceraceae through Asteraceae). British Symphyotrichum spathulatum H&C Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, Symphyotrichum subspicatum H&C British Columbia. Tanacetum bipinnatum B&B H&C = Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist, M. Tanacetum vulgare H&C Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-69. Taraxacum ceratophorum H&C Vascular plants of the Pacifc Northwest. Taraxacum erythrospermum H&C Volume 5. University of Press, Seattle, Washington. Taraxacum ofcinale H&C Taraxacum scopulorum H&C Kershaw = Linda Kershaw. Tephroseris palustris Kershaw Maywood = John Maywood. Tetraneuris acaulis H&C Thelesperma subnudum H&C Prov. of BC = illustrations from the Tonestus lyallii H&C Illustrated Flora of British Columbia (Douglas et. al.), provided courtesy of Townsendia condensata Maywood the Province of British Columbia. Townsendia exscapa H&C Townsendia hookeri Kershaw Townsendia parryi H&C Tragopogon dubius H&C

45 Index

Achillea 5, 15 Arctium 14, 18 alpina 15 lappa 18 borealis 15 minus 18 lanulosa. See Achillea borealis tomentosum 18 millefolium. See Achillea borealis Arnica 10, 12, 18 ptarmica 15 alpina. See Arnica angustifolia sibirica. See Achillea alpina amplexicaulis. See Arnica lanceolata Acroptilon repens. See Rhaponticum ssp. prima repens angustifolia 19 Adenocaulon bicolor 15 chamissonis 18 Agoseris 4, 15 cordifolia 19 aurantiaca 15 diversifolia. See Arnica ovata glauca 15 fulgens 19 Almutaster pauciforus 7 gracilis 19 Ambrosia 14, 16 lanceolata ssp. prima 18 acanthicarpa 16 latifolia 19 artemisiifolia 16 lonchophylla 19 psilostachya 16 longifolia 18 trifda 16 louiseana 19 Anaphalis margaritacea 13 mollis 18 Antennaria 13, 16 ovata 18 alpina 17. See also Antennaria media parryi 18 anaphaloides 18 rydbergii 19 aromatica 17 sororia 19 corymbosa 17 Artemisia 15, 19 dimorpha 16 abrotanum 21 howellii 16 absinthium 20 lanata 18 biennis 20 luzuloides 17 borealis 20 media 17 campestris 20 microphylla 17 cana 19 monocephala 16 dracunculus 21 neglecta 16. See also Antennaria howel- frigida 20 lii furcata. See Artemisia hyperborea parvifolia 17. See also Antennaria mi- hyperborea 20 crophylla longifolia 20 pulcherrima 18 ludoviciana 21 racemosa 16 michauxiana 21 rosea 17 norvegica 20 umbrinella 17 tilesii 21 Anthemis tridentata 19 cotula 5 vulgaris 20 tinctoria. See Cota tinctoria Askellia 4, 21 elegans 21 pygmaea 21 46 Aster. See also Symphyotrichum; See Canadanthus modestus 7 also Eurybia; See also Almutaster; Carduus 11, 22 See also Doellingeria; See also Cana- acanthoides 22 danthus; See also Eucephalus nutans 22 alpinus 6 Carthamus tinctorius 11 ascendens. See Symphyotrichum ascen- Centaurea 11, 14, 22 dens biebersteinii. See Centaurea stoebe borealis. See Symphyotrichum boreale cyanus 5, 22 brachyactis. See Symphyotrichum cilia- difusa 22 tum jacea 22 campestris. See Symphyotrichum camp- macrocephala 22 estre maculosa. See Centaurea stoebe ciliolatus. See Symphyotrichum ciliola- montana 22 tum repens. See Rhaponticum repens conspicuus. See Eurybia conspicua solstitialis 22 eatonii. See Symphyotrichum eatonii stoebe 22 engelmannii. See Eucephalus engelman- Chaenactis douglasii 15 nii Chrysanthemum ericoides. See Symphyotrichum ericoides leucanthemum. See Leucanthemum falcatus. See Symphyotrichum falcatum vulgare foliaceus. See Symphyotrichum foliaceumChrysothamnus nauseosus. See Ericameria hesperius. See Symphyotrichum lanceo- nauseosa latum Cichorium intybus 3 laevis. See Symphyotrichum laeve Cirsium 11, 22 modestus. See Canadanthus modestus arvense 22 occidentalis. See Symphyotrichum atrabarba 24 spathulatum capillaris 23 pauciforus. See Almutaster pauciforus drummondii 23 puniceus. See also Symphyotrichum pu- fodmanii 23 niceum; See also Symphyotrichum foliosum 23 frmum hookerianum 23 sibiricus. See Eurybia sibirica intermedia 24 subspicatus. See also Symphyotrichum occidentalis 24 cusickii; See also Symphyotrichum palustre 22 foliaceum; See also Symphyotri- runcinata 24 chum subspicatum scariosum 23 umbellatus. See Doellingeria umbellata undulatum 23 Asteraceae 3 vulgare 23 Bahia oppositifolia. See Picradeniopsis op- Conyza positifolia canadensis. See Erigeron canadensis Balsamorhiza sagittata 8 Coreopsis tinctoria 9 Bidens 9, 21 Cota tinctoria 5 cernua 21 Crepis 4, 23. See also Askellia frondosa 21. See also Bidens vulgata elegans. See Askellia elegans tripartita 21 nana. See Askellia pygmaea vulgata 21 tectorum 23 Brickellia grandifora 13 Cyclachaena xanthiifolia 14

47 Dieteria canescens 6 Galinsoga Doellingeria umbellata 7 ciliata. See Galinsoga quadriradiata Dyssodia papposa 8 quadriradiata 5 Ericameria nauseosa 12 Gnaphalium 13, 28. See also Pseudog- Erigeron 6, 24 naphalium acris 13, 25 microcephalum. See Pseudognaphalium acris var. debilis. See Erigeron nivalis thermale annuus 25. See also Erigeron strigosus palustre 28 aureus 10, 26 uliginosum 28 caespitosus 27 viscosum. See Pseudognaphalium ma- canadensis 6, 25 counii compositus 24 Grindelia 9, 28 divergens 27 hirsutula 28 elatus 25 integrifolia. See Grindelia hirsutula fagellaris 24 squarrosa 28 glabellus 26, 27 Gutierrezia sarothrae 8 glacialis 27 Haplopappus grandiforus 26 lanceolatus. See Pyrrocoma lanceolata humilis 26 lyallii. See Tonestus lyallii hyssopifolius 26 nuttallii. See Xanthisma grindelioides lackschewitzii 26 spinulosus. See Xanthisma spinulosum lanatus 24, 27 uniforus. See Pyrrocoma unifora lonchophyllus 25 Helenium autumnale 9 nivalis 25 Helianthus 9, 28 ochroleucus 27 annuus 29 pallens 24, 27 couplandii. See Helianthus petiolaris peregrinus 26, 27 maximiliani 29 philadelphicus 26 nuttallii 29 pumilus 27 pauciforus 29 purpuratus ssp. pallens. See Erigeron petiolaris 29 pallens rigidus. See Helianthus pauciforus radicatus 27 subrhomboideus. See Helianthus pauci- speciosus 26 forus strigosus 25 Helminthotheca echioides 5 trifdus 24 Heterotheca villosa 10 Eucephalus engelmannii 7 Hieracium 4, 29. See also Pilosella Eupatorium maculatum. See Eutrochium albiforum 29 maculatum aurantiacum. See Pilosella aurantiaca Eurybia 7, 28 caespitosum. See Pilosella caespitosa conspicua 28 cynoglossoides. See Hieracium scouleri sibirica 28 glomeratum. See Pilosella glomerata Euthamia graminifolia 11 piloselloides. See Pilosella piloselloides Eutrochium maculatum 12 scouleri 29 Filago arvensis. See Logfa arvensis triste 29 Franseria acanthicarpa. See Ambrosia umbellatum 29 acanthicarpa Hymenopappus flifolius 15 Gaillardia aristata 9 Hymenoxys 8

48 acaulis. See Tetraneuris acaulis subnuda 31 richardsonii 8 Petasites 6, 13, 31 Iva 14 frigidus var. frigidus 31, 32 axillaris 14 frigidus var. palmatus 32 xanthifolia. See Cyclachaena xanthiifolia frigidus var. sagittatus 31 Lactuca 4, 29 frigidus var. × vitifolius 32 biennis 29 nivalis. See Petasites frigidus var. frigidus pulchella. See Mulgedium pulchellum palmatus. See Petasites frigidus var. serriola 29 palmatus Lapsana communis 3 sagittatus. See Petasites frigidua var. Leucanthemum vulgare 8 sagittatus Liatris 13, 30 vitifolius. See Petasites frigidus var. × ligulistylis 30 vitifolius punctata 30 Picradeniopsis oppositifolia 9 Logfa arvensis 13 Picris echioides. See Helminthotheca Lygodesmia juncea 4 echioides Lygodesmia rostrata. See Shinneroseris Pilosella 4, 32 rostrata aurantiaca 32 Machaeranthera caespitosa 32 canescens. See Dieteria canescens glomerata 32 grindelioides. See Xanthisma grindeli- piloselloides 32 oides Prenanthes. See Nabalus tanacetifolia 6 alatus. See Nabalus alata Madia glomerata 9, 15 racemosus. See Nabalus racemosa Matricaria sagittatus. See Nabalus sagittata chamomilla 8 Pseudognaphalium 13, 33 discoidea 15 macounii 33 matricarioides. See Matricaria discoidea thermale 33 perforata. See Tripleurospermum inodo- Psilocarphus brevissimus 14 rum Pyrrocoma 10 recutita. See Matricaria chamomilla lanceolata 11 Microseris nutans 5 unifora 10 Mulgedium pulchellum 4 Ratibida columnifera 5, 9 Nabalus 3, 30 Rhaponticum repens 12, 14 alata 30 Rudbeckia hirta 9 racemosa 30 Saussurea 12, 33 sagittata 30 amara 33 Nothocalais cuspidata 4 americana 33 Packera 10, 12, 30 densa. See Saussurea nuda cana 31 glomerata. See Saussurea amara contermina 31 nuda 33 heterophylla 31 Senecio 10, 12, 33. See also Packera indecora 30 canus. See Packera cana paucifora 30 congestus. See Tephroseris palustris paupercula 31 conterminus. See Packera contermina pseudaurea 31 cymbalaria. See Packera heterophylla streptanthifolia 31 cymbalarioides. See Packera subnuda

49 eremophilus 34 cusickii 38 foetidus. See Senecio hydrophiloides eatonii 37 fremontii 33 ericoides 36 hydrophiloides 34 falcatum 36 indecorus. See Packera indecora frmum 37 integerrimus 34 foliaceum 38 lugens 34 laeve 37 megacephalus 34 lanceolatum 38 pauciforus. See Packera paucifora puniceum 37 pauperculus. See Packera paupercula spathulatum 38 pseudaureus. See Packera pseudaurea subspicatum 37 resedifolius. See Packera heterophylla Tanacetum 15, 38 streptanthifolius. See Packera streptanthi- bipinnatum 38 folia huronense. See Tanacetum bipinnatum viscosus 34 vulgare 38 vulgaris 33 Taraxacum 4, 38 Shinnersoseris rostrata 4 ceratophorum 39 Silybum marianum 11 erythrospermum 39 Solidago 11, 34 laevigatum. See Taraxacum erythrosper- altissima 35 mum canadensis var. gilvocanescens. See Soli- ofcinale 39 dago altissima scopulorum 39 canadensis var. salebrosa. See Solidago Tephroseris palustris 10 lepida Tetraneuris acaulis 8 gigantea 35 Telesperma 9, 14 glutinosa 35 marginatum. See Telesperma subnudum graminifolia. See Euthamia graminifolia subnudum 9, 14 lepida 35 Tonestus lyallii 10 missouriensis 35 Townsendia 8, 39 mollis 34 condensata 39 multiradiata 34 exscapa 39 nemoralis 35 hookeri 39 rigida 34 parryi 39 simplex. See Solidago glutinosa Tragopogon 5, 40 spathulata. See Solidago glutinosa dubius 40 Sonchus 35 porrifolius 40 arvensis 35 pratensis 40 asper 35 Trimorpha oleraceus 35 acris. See Erigeron acris uliginosus. See Sonchus arvensis acris var. debilis. See Erigeron nivalis Stephanomeria runcinata 5 Trimorpha acris. See Erigeron acris Symphyotrichum 7, 36 Tripleurospermum inodorum 8 ascendens 38 Xanthisma boreale 36 grindelioides 12 campestre 36 spinulosum 11 ciliatum 13, 36 Xanthium strumarium 14 ciliolatum 36

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