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United States Department of Agriculture Meeting the Challenge: Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Invasive Plants in Pacific General Technical Report Northwest Ecosystems PNW-GTR-694 June 2007 TECHNICAL EDITORS Timothy B. Harrington, research forester, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3625 93rd Ave. SW, Olympia, WA 98512 and Sarah H. Reichard, associate professor, University of Washington Botanic Gardens, Box 354115, Seattle, WA 98195. Cover photography (clockwise from top): Manual removal of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiole) (Karen J. Peterson) Herbicide application to milk thistle (Silybum marianum) (Patricia A. MacLaren) Seedhead weevil (Larinus minutus) for bio-control of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) (Daniel L. Fagerlie) Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) (Dennis Chambreau) Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) (Joe Kraft) Hoary alyssum (Berteroa incana) (Daniel L. Fagerlie) Mechanical removal of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor) (Ann Risvold) Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica) (Kyle Strauss) Center image: spotted knapweed (Centaurea biebersteinii) (www.invasive.org, Steve Dewey) Graphic designer: Jenny Beranek, Beaverton, OR. Papers were provided by the authors in camera-ready form for printing. Authors are responsible for the content and accuracy. Opinions expressed may not necessarily reflect the position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The use of trade or firm names is for information only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. PESTICIDE PRECAUTIONARY STATEMENT This publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate state or federal agencies, or both, before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic and wild animals, and desirable plants if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Meeting the Challenge: Invasive Plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems Timothy B. Harrington and Sarah H. Reichard Technical Editors U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station Portland, Oregon General Technical Report PNW-GTR-694 June 2007 This page is intentionally left blank. ABSTRACT Harrington, Timothy B.; Reichard, Sarah H., tech. eds. 2007. Meeting the challenge: invasive plants in Pacific Northwest ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-694. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 166 p. During September 19-20, 2006, a conference was held at the University of Washington Botanic Gardens, Seattle, WA, with the title “Meeting the challenge: invasive plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems.” The mission of the conference was to create strategies and partnerships to understand and manage invasions of non-native plants in the Pacific Northwest. The audience included over 180 professionals, students, and citizens from public and private organizations responsible for monitoring, studying, or managing non-native invasive plants. This proceedings includes twenty-seven papers based on oral presentations at the conference plus a synthesis paper that summarizes workshop themes, discussions, and related information. Topics include early detection and rapid response; control techniques, biology, and impacts; management approaches; distribution and mapping of invasive plants; and partnerships, education, and outreach. KEYWORDS: Non-native plants, invasive, exotic, weeds, vegetation management, early detection/rapid response, biological control, integrated management. ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS When you know: Multiply by: To find: Degrees Celsius (°C) (C*9/5) + 32 Degrees Fahrenheit (°F) Centimeters (cm) .3937 Inches (in) Meters (m) 3.2808 Feet (ft) Kilometers (km) 0.6214 Miles (m) Square meters per hectare (m2/ha) 4.3560 Square feet per acre (ft2/ac) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This conference was sponsored by USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station; University of Washington Botanic Gardens; The Nature Conservancy; and the Center for Invasive Plant Mangement. We would like to thank members of the Conference Steering Committee for their guidance during planning for the conference, the Science Advisory Committee for their assistance with selection and organization of conference presentations, and students from University of Washington and other colleges and universities who helped with conference logistics. Special thanks to Alaine Sommargren for assistance with manuscript formatting, to Steve Reutebuch for providing critical insight and support, and to our keynote speakers, John Randall, Les Mehrhoff, Ann Bartuska, and Doug Johnson, for sharing their knowledge, experiences, and inspiring ideas. Meeting the Challenge: Invasive plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems CONTENTS CONFERENCE SYNTHESIS 1 Meeting the Challenge: Invasive Plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems 3 Sarah H. Reichard EARLY DETECTION AND RAPID RESPONSE 11 Invasive Species Early Detection Protocol Development in the National Parks: Integrating All the Pieces 13 Susan O’Neil, Brad Welch, Penelope Latham, and Daniel Sarr Developing Early Detection Networks to Abate the Invasive Plant Species Threat 17 Kyle Strauss The First Line of Defense: Interceptions of Federal Noxious Weed Seeds in Washington 19 Margaret Smither-Kopperl Summary of the National Environmental Policy Act Approach for Early Detection/Rapid Response to Invasive Plants on the Olympic National Forest 23 Rochelle Desser CONTROL TECHNIQUES, BIOLOGY, AND IMPACTS 25 Developing a Biological Control Program for Invasive Knotweeds (Fallopia spp.) 27 Fritzi Grevstad, Richard Reardon, Bernd Blossey, and Richard Shaw Cytisus Scoparius (Scotch Broom) Control Using Sewage Biosolids – Preliminary Results 31 Jacqueline D. Shaben Establishment of Scotch Broom Seedlings in Douglas-fir Forests: Effects of Overstory Retention Level and Seedbed Type 37 Timothy B. Harrington Biology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds (Hieracium spp.) in the Pacific Northwest 43 Linda M. Wilson Fungal Endophytes in Spotted Knapweed: Do They Affect Its Invasiveness? 47 George Newcombe, Anil K. Raghavendra, Alexey Shipunov, Cort Anderson, Hongjian Ding, Sanford Eigenbrode, Timothy Prather, and Mark Schwarzlaender Successful Biological Control of Invasive Plant Species in Washington 51 Jennifer Andreas, Tara J. Zimmerman, Daniel L. Fagerlie, Brad W. Gaolach, Dale K. Whaley, and Tyler W. Wilson Garden Loosestrife (Lysimachia Vulgaris), a Spreading Threat in Western Waterways 53 Katie Sauter Messick and Drew Kerr Garlic Mustard Control: Is Success a Possibility? Strategy and Potential Impact 59 Karen J. Peterson The Ecological Consequences of Giant Knotweed Invasion into Riparian Forests 63 Lauren Urgenson and Sarah H. Reichard MANAGEMENT APPROACHES 65 Strategic Management of Public Invasive Species Programs 67 Steven J. A. Burke Invasive Plant Management Following the 2003 Okanagan Valley Wildfires, British Columbia 73 Lisa K. Scott A Summary of Acute Risk of Four Common Herbicides to Birds and Mammals 77 Shawna L. Bautista Got Milk Thistle? An Adaptive Management Approach to Eradicating Milk Thistle on Dairies in King County, Washington State 83 Dennis Chambreau and Patricia A. MacLaren Controlling Invasive Plants Without Herbicides, Cedar River Municipal Watershed 85 Sally Nickelson, Heidy Barnett, David Chapin, Bill Richards, and Dwayne Paige DISTRIBUTION AND MAPPING OF INVASIVE PLANTS 93 Non-Native Plants on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest 95 Tracy L. Fuentes, Laura L. Potash, Ann Risvold, Kimiora Ward, Robin D. Lesher, and Jan A. Henderson Is the Spread of Non-Native Plants in Alaska Accelerating? 117 Matthew L. Carlson and Michael Shephard Challenges in Predicting the Potential Distribution of Invasive Species Using Habitat Distribution Models 135 Chad C. Jones, Steven A. Acker, and Charles B. Halpern The Integrated Noxious Weed Invasive Species Project (INWISP) of Washington State 139 Daniel L. Fagerlie, Jennifer E. Andreas, Tara J. Zimmerman, Brad W. Gaolach, Dale K. Whaley, and Tyler W. Wilson Distribution and Abundance of Invasive Plants in Pacific Northwest Forests 143 Andrew Gray Herbarium Collections and Invasive Species Biology: Understanding the Past, Present, and Future 149 David E. Giblin, Ben Legler, and Richard G. Olmstead PARTNERSHIPS, EDUCATION, AND OUTREACH 151 Weeds Cross Borders Project: A Canada – United States Collaboration 153 Lisa K. Scott The St. Louis Codes of Conduct: Providing a Framework to Prevent Invasions from Horticulture 157 Sarah H. Reichard Policies to Reduce the Risk of Invasive Plant Introductions via Horticultural Trade: Stakeholder Perceptions and Preferences 163 Arianne Ransom-Hodges CONFERENCE SYNTHESIS Garden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgaris) (King County Staff) This page is intentionally left blank. Meeting the Challenge: Invasive Plants in Pacific Northwest Ecosystems MEETING THE CHALLENGE: INVASIVE PLANTS IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST ECOSYSTEMS Sarah H. Reichard1 ABSTRACT Compared to other parts of North America, the Pacific Northwest was settled relatively recently by humans of European origin. This more recent population growth and development has resulted in fewer plant invasions and therefore a greater
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