Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
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Chapter One: Chemistry is the central science Lesson 1: Chemistry & Measurement Lesson 2: Nanotechnology & Chemistry
Chapter Two: Quantitative Chemistry Lesson 1: Mole & Chemical equation Lesson 2: Calculation of chemical formula
Chapter Three: Solutions, Acids & Bases Lesson 1: Solutions & Colloids Lesson 2: Acids & Bases
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Chapter One: Chemistry is the central science Lesson (1): Chemistry & Measurement
Man is searching & exploring the surrounding universe to understand, explain & control phenomena & all of this is coordinated in a structure called “Science”. Science: It is an organized structure of knowledge including facts, concepts, laws, theories & organized methods of research & investigation.
Fields of Science differ according to: 1- Different phenomena under study. 2- Tools used. 3- Methods used in research.
Astronomy
Chemistry Earth Physical Science Sciences
Physics Biology
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Chemistry: It is the science concerned with studying the composition & properties of substances as well as the reactions occurring to them & the conditions suitable for them.
Chemistry interferes in everything in our life as: 1- Food 2- Clothes
3- Medicine 4- Tools & apparatus used 5-Strucure of our body & how it works. 6-Fuel in cars. 7- Chemical reactions produce electricity in batteries. 8- water treatment & purification.
Chemistry depends on experimentation & measurement.
Fields of studying Chemistry: 1- Atomic and molecular structures of substances and how they bind together. 2- Chemical properties of substances. 3- Describing substances qualitatively & quantitatively. 4- Chemical reactions & controlling their conditions. (to create new products that are used in medicine, pharmacy, industry, engineering and agriculture) 6- Treating some environmental problems (as water, soil or air pollution, rust & shortage of water and energy resources…etc)
Some applications of Chemistry:
1- Metals & mining. 2- Medicine. 3- Some technical industries as: a- Tanning & dying clothes. b- Production of colours & glass.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Branches of Chemistry:
Physical chemistry Biochemistry Nuclear chemistry
Organic Thermo chemistry Chemistry chemistry
Analytical Electrical chemistry chemistry Environmental chemistry
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
The relation between chemistry & other science branches:
1. Chemistry - Biology: & It is the science which is specialized in Biology: studying living organisms.
- Biochemistry: (Combination between Chemistry & Biology)
The science that studies the chemical structure of the cell parts as fats, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and others.
- Chemistry is integrated with Biology in studying chemical reaction occurring inside the living organisms (as digestion, respiration & photosynthesis).
- Physics: It is the science interested in studying energy & movement of matter & force acting on it as 2. Chemistry well as measurement & inventing new & methods for measuring with more accuracy. Physics: - Physical chemistry: (Combination between Chemistry & Physics) The science that studies properties & structures of substances and the particles forming them.
G.R: Physical Chemistry allow physicists to perform their studies in an easier way. Because it studies properties, structure of matter & the particles forming them.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
- Medicines: They are chemical substances having healing properties. 3. Chemistry, medicine - Chemists prepare medicines either in the lab. & or extract them from natural resources. pharmacy: - Chemistry explains the: 1- Nature & function of hormones & enzymes. 2- Treatment of their defects.
- Chemistry contributes in: 1. Selecting the suitable soil for each crop by its chemical analysis (which determines ratio of soil components & degree of sufficiency of these 4. Chemistry components for the crop). & 2. Selecting of the suitable fertilizer for the soil agriculture: to increase productivity of crops. 3. Production of insecticides.
5. Chemistry Chemistry helps us to discover and form & Future: new useful extraordinary substances (by means of nanotechnology) in all fields of
life.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Measurement: It is a comparison of an unknown quantity with another quantity of its kind in order to know the number of times which the first includes the second.
Result of measurement includes 2 main points:
Numerical value Suitable measuring Unit
Through which we It is a certain portion of describe the a certain physical measured quantity. amount. Agreed upon by international system of units.
Importance of measurement: 1- Knowing information about the type & concentration of
elements forming the substance. Ex: Nutrition facts table on a mineral water bottle in mg/L.
- A person on low salt nutrition system will choose bottle (A). - If a person drinks 1.5 L of water bottle (B) daily then he consumes 105 mg (70 x 1.5) of Calcium.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
2- Monitoring & Protection. Safety of the environment requires the monitoring of drinking water, air, food & agricultural products which requires various measurements.
Ex: International standards to decide usability of water.
3- Evaluation of a certain situation & suggesting medication in case of defects.
Ex: Medical analysis report
- Reference value is the normal limits of normal healthy person. - This report in the figure shows normal glucose amount but high abnormal uric acid amount. - This person should visit the doctor to take the proper medicine & then repeat the analysis once more too check the suitability of treatment.
Correct & accurate use of measurement principles lead to scientific, industrial & economical advancement.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Chemistry laboratory: A place with certain specifications & conditions where chemical experiments are carried out.
Chemistry lab. requires:
o Appropriate safety procedures. o Heat source. (as Bunsen flame) o Water source. o Safe place for storing chemicals, tools & different apparatuses.
Measurement tools in chemistry lab.
Tool Description Use
1- Sensitive balance: - Digital balances which are the most common as the top loading
balance. - Measuring the - The using instructions mass of are fixed on one of its sides & should be read substances. very carefully before using the balance.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
- Long glass tube with 2 2- Burette: openings (the upper one is used to fill the burette with a solution & - Used in the lower has a fixed experiments valve to control the which require
amount of solution taken high accuracy from it). degree in
- It is fixed on a stand measurements with metal base to such as preserve its vertical identifying the shape through the volume of experiments. liquids during titration. - The graduation zero is usually upwards & ends before the valve. - Mixing the 3- Beakers: liquids & - Transparent beakers solutions. are made of Pyrex - Transferring a glass (heat resistant). known volume - They are graduated with limited of liquid from capacities. place to another.
4- Graduated cylinder: - They are made of glass - Measuring or plastic. volume of
- They have different liquids & capacities. irregular insoluble solids.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
5- Pipette: - Long glass tube opened from both sides. - The volume capacity is written on its top. - Error percentage is recorded on it. - Used to - It is filled by a solution measure & by sucking which transport requires caution in certain order not to be harmed. volumes of - It may be filled by solutions. vacuum in case of substance of high danger. - Pipette with two bulbs is used mainly in the lab.
Conical flask: Used in titration process.
6- Flasks: Round bottom flask: - They are made of Used in preparation & distillation. Pyrex. - They have Volumetric flask: different Used for preparing standard solutions capacities. (solutions with known concentrations) accurately.
It has a mark at its top to indicate its volume capacity.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
7- pH-meter: - Used to measure pH of solutions. - pH: It is the measurement that determines the concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in the solution to know if it is an acid or base or neutral.
- It is important for chemical & biochemical
reactions.
- Measuring pH has many types as pH 8- pH- paper tape: paper tapes & digital devices.
- pH scale:
Strong acid Strong base Weak acid Weak base Basic Acidic 0 7 14 Neutral
pH < 7 Acidic pH = 7 Neutral pH > 7 Basic
- pH paper we saturate it in the solution that needs to be tested for pH. The tape’s color changes to a certain degree and the value of the pH is determined by a graduation that starts from 0 to 14 consecutively to the color degree.
- Digital pH-meter: (more accurate) As the end of the apparatus is saturated in the solution, so the value of pH directly appears on the digital screen of the apparatus.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
9-Micro-scale tool case
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Worksheet (1)
A- Write the scientific term: 1- Systematic knowledge that includes facts, concepts, principles, laws, and theories which are coordinated in a structure. 2- The science that is interested in the study of the substance composition, its properties, changes that occur to it, the reactions of different substances with each other, and the suitable conditions for this. 3- The comparison of an unknown amount with another amount of its kind to know the number of times the first includes the second. 4- Long glass tube opened from both sides and its graduation starts from top to bottom. 5- A device used to measure the mass of matter. 6- The science which is interested in studying the chemical structure of the parts of the cell. 7- The science which is resulted from the integration between chemistry & physics. 8- Flask used in titration. 9- Flask used to prepare solutions with very accurate known concentrations. 10- Glass tube with two openings, used to measure and deliver certain volume of liquids. 11- Chemical substances having healing properties. 12- The science which deals with the studying of the structure, properties & the particles forming matter. 13- The result of the integration between chemistry & biology. 14- The measurement that determines the concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in the solution to determine if it is an acid or base or neutral. 15- A glass tool of a certain capacity fixed over a metallic stand in a vertical position & used in titration process.
B- Mention one use for each of the following: 1- Burette 2- Pipette 3- Beaker 4- pH-meter 5- Graduated cylinder 6- Sensitive balance
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
C- Give reasons: 1- Measurement has great importance in chemistry. 2- Chemistry is considered the center for most other sciences as biology. 3- The measurement of pH has a great degree of importance in chemical and biochemical reactions. 4- Chemistry plays an important role in agricultural field.
D- Observe the opposite figure; and then 2 answer the questions below:
1- Write the names of the tools 1 and 2. 1 2- Write one function for each of them.
E- Determine the appropriate tools for the following uses:
Tool Use 1- ...... Measures the volume of liquids.
2- ...... Transports a certain volume of a liquid.
3- ...... Add accurate volumes of liquids during titration.
Prepare solutions of known concentrations with 4- ...... accuracy.
F- Choose the correct answer: 1- One of the types of glass tools used in the processes of preparation and distillation ...... a. Burette b. Pipette c. Sensitive balance d. Round flasks 2- There are many tools to detect pH value such as ……………… a. pH test paper tape b. digital balance c. pH meter d. a & c 3- …………….. is always used in the titration process. a. conical flask b. round bottom flask c. volumetric flask d. all the previous
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
4- The result of measurement process includes …………… . a. numerical value only b. measuring unit only c. measuring tool d. a & b
5- The pH value of basic solutions may be equal ...... a. 7 b. 5 c. 3 d. 10
6- The pH value of acidic solutions may be equal ...... a. 10 b. 5 c. 7 d. 8
G- Mention four branches of chemistry.
H- Correct the underlined words in each of the following statements: 1- Biology is interested in studying the structure of the components of the cell. 2- The integration between chemistry & biology contributes in increasing the production of crops. 3- Neutral solutions have pH value equals 5.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Lesson (2): Nanotechnology & Chemistry
“Nanos” in Greek means dwarf or very small
Nanotechnology:
It is the technology of very small substances which treats the substances on the nano measure to produce new, useful, and unique products in properties.
Nano unit = One part of a billion (10-9) of this unit.
Ex: 1 nm = 10-9 m 1 nano gram = 10-9 gm 1 nano second = 10-9 second
Relation between milli, micro & nano units:
1 milli (m) = 103 micro (흁) = 106 nano (n) 1 micro (흁) = 10-3 milli (m) = 103 nano (n) 1 nano (n) = 10-3 micro (흁) = 10-6 milli (m)
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
The minute nanometer can be clarified through the following examples:
The diameter of a sand The diameter of a The diameter of an
grain is nearly water molecule atom = 0.1 - 0.3 nm. 1 million nm = 1 mm. nearly = 0.3 nm.
Give reason: Nano scale is unique in its measurement. Nano is an unusual measuring unit.
- Because there are new unusual properties of matter appear when it is on the nano scale.
Volume dependant properties:
Properties that change by changing the matter nano volume. Ex: 1- Colour & transparency. 2- Heat & electric conductivity. 3- Melting point. 4- Elasticity & toughness. 5- Speed of chemical reaction.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Critical nano volume: The volume at which the unique nano properties of the substance appear.
This volume should be less than 100 nm.
Examples of nano properties: 1- Colour: Gold Nano gold Takes different colours Bright & yellow in colour (red, orange, green or blue) according to its nano volume.
Give reason: Nano gold takes different colours according to its nano volume. - Because the reaction of gold with light differs from their reaction in the seen volume. 2- Toughness: Copper Nano copper Less hard Harder
As the volume of copper decreases, hardness increases.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Give reason: Nano substances have super unique properties. Fine powdered sugar dissolves in water faster than a cube at the same temperature.
- Due to the increase of the ratio between the surface area and volume, leading to the increase in the number of atoms exposed to t he reaction.
As the ratio between the surface area & volume increases, new unique chemical & physical properties of matter appear.
When dividing a cube into smaller cubes, the surface area increases & the volume remains constant.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
It is a branch of nano science that deals with the chemical applications of nano substances & includes the study, description & creating the substances with nano dimensions.
Nano substances may be in the form of particles, tubes, columns or thin films.
Nano substances are classified according to their nano dimensions into:
One-dimensional Two-dimensional Three-dimensional nano substances nano substances nano substances Ex: Ex: Ex:
1- Thin films 1- Uni-carbon 1- Nano shells nano tubes
2- Nano wires 2- Bucky balls (C60) 2- Multi-carbon nano tubes
3- Nano fibers
3- Nano fibers
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
One dimensional Two dimensional nano Three dimensional
Type nano substances substances nano substances
They are the nano They are the nano They are the nano substances that substances that have two substances that have one nano nano dimensions. have three nano Definition dimension. dimensions.
a- Thin films: Properties of carbon Bucky balls: Used in nano tubes: 1- Painting 1 - Better conductor of surfaces electricity than copper. to protect G.R: 2- Better conductors of them from rust Bucky balls are & erosion. heat than diamond. 3- G.R: Carbon nano used as medicine
2- Packaging tubes are stronger & carriers.
food to protect lighter than steel. Bec. its hollow Due to the powerful it from rotting. structure can bond between its match with molecules. medicine b- Nano wires: - A nano tube in the size of a hair can pull a truck. molecule & resists Used in Uses of carbon nano the reaction with electric tubes: other molecules
circuits. inside the body.
G.R: Scientists use
Uses & Properties carbon nano tubes in c- Nano fibers: making space shuttles. Used in the Bec. it is lighter & stronger production of than steel. water filters. G.R: Carbon nano
tubes can be used as
biological sensors.
Bec. they are sensitive to certain molecules & easily connect to protein.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Applications of Nanotechnology
1- Early diagnosis of diseases. 2- Precise Medicine delivery 1. Medical field: inside the body to the infected cells & tissues. 3- Nano robots are used to remove blood clots.
2. Agricultural 1- Improvement of nutrients & field: pesticides & medicine for plant & animals. 2- Identifying bacteria in nutrients & preserving food.
3. Communi- 1- Production of wireless nano devices. 2- Production of electric chips of cation field: high storage capability. 3- Decreasing size of transistor.
4. Industrial field: 1- Production of self-cleaning glass, repellent tissues for stains & ceramic.
Self-cleaning tissue 2- Improvement of sun block creams & cosmetics through purifying UV-rays. 3- Nano wrapping technology as sprays & paints to protect screens of electric devices.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
1- Production of hydrogen fuel cells of low cost & high performance.
5. Energy field:
2- Production of nano solar cells
using nano silicon.
Normal solar cell Nano solar cell
- Lower - Higher transformation transformation power. power.
- Heat leakage - No heat leakage. occurs.
Nano solar cell
6. Environmental Production of nano filters which are used in: field: 1- Air & water purification. 2- Eliminating dangerous elements from industrial wastes. 3- Solving problem of nuclear waste
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Harmful Effects of Nanotechnology
- Very minute particles may slither (enter) the human or 1. Medical effects: animal bodies or in plant through the cell membrane of lungs or skin causing diseases.
2. Environmental G.R: effects: * Nano pollution has negative effects on the atmosphere, water & soil.
- Because nano wastes may suspend in air & so easily penetrate animal & plant cells.
- Economic & social problems due to 3. Social inequality of resources & technology effects: distribution between developed & rich countries.
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
Worksheet (2)
A- Choose the correct answer: 1) One of the two dimensional nano substances ...... a. Nano fibers b. carbon nano tubes c. Nano shell d. Bucky balls
2) Which of the following expresses the Nanometer? a. 109 m b.10 m c. 10-9 m d.10-3 m
3) The Nano scale is unique in its measurement because ...... a. It needs special tools to see it and deal with it. b. It shows new properties that have not appeared before. c. Its valume ranges from 1-100 nm. d. It needs special methods to produce it.
4) Which of the following values is the largest? ...... a. 10-6 b. 10-9 c. 10-3 d. 10-2
5) When dividing a cube into smaller cubes ...... a. The surface area decreases and the volume decreases. b. The surface area increases and the volume decreases. c. The surface area decreases and the volume remains fixed. d. The surface area increases and the volume remains fixed.
6) The behavior of Nano particles is related with its very small size because ...... a. The ratio between the surface area to the volume increases b. The number of atoms on the surface of the particles increases c. The number of atoms on the surface of the particles decreases d. a & b
7) 1 millimeter = ……….. nanometer. a. 10-6 b. 10-3 c. 106 d. 109
8) All the following are one –dimensional nano substances except ...... a. thin films b. nano wires c. nano fibers d. nano shell
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
9) Which of the following properties changes on the nano scale? a. Transparency b. Rate of chemical reaction c. Melting point d. All of the previous
10) One of the applications of nano technology in the environmental field is ……… . a. wireless nano devices b. nano filters c. hydrogen fuel cells d. nano robots
B- Write the scientific term:
1) A measuring unit that equals one part per billion from the meter. 2) A scale for measuring the very small particles less than 100 nm. 3) The volume at which the unusual properties of matter appears. 4) The properties of nano particles which change with the change of its volume in nano scale. 5) The science which is interested in treating the substances on nano scale to produce new, useful & unique resultants. 6) The science which deals with studying, describing & preparing the nano substances. 7) Substances whose dimensions or one of their dimensions is less than 100 nm. 8) Substances that have two nano dimensions. 9) Substances that have one nano dimension. 10) Pollution with nano particles which are resulted from the production of nano substances. 11) A science based on the behavior of matter on the nano scale.
C- Choose from column (A) what suits column (B) & from column (C) what suits column (B): A B C 1) Substances that have one a) Bucky balls i. Space shuttles Nano dimension 2) Substances that have two b) Nano wires ii. Medicine carrier Nano dimensions 3) Substances that have three c) Nano carbon iii. Electric circuits Nano dimensions tubes
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Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science
D- Choose from column (A) what suits column (B): A (Field) B (Application) a) Production of hydrogen fuel cell. 1) Agriculture b) Production of nano filters to purify water. 2) Energy c) Production of nano robots to remove blood clots. 3) Industry d) Fertilizers improvement. 4) Communication e) Producing paints to protect electric devices 5) Environment screens. 6) Medicine f) Wireless nano devices.
E- Compare between: 1. Normal solar cells and Nano solar cells. 2. Hardness of copper and the Nano particles of copper.
F- Convert: 1- 0.4 mm = ...... nm. 2- 2 nm = ...... 휇푚. 3- 3 휇푚 = ...... m.
G- Give reasons: 1) Nano is an unusual measuring unit. 2) Nano substances have super unique properties. 3) Powdered sugar dissolves in water faster than a block cube. 4) Carbon nano tubes are stronger than steel. 5) Nano pollution may have negative effects on our life. 6) The effectiveness of using the bucky ball as a carrier for medicine. 7) Scientists inspired to use carbon nano tubes to produce space shuttles. 8) Nanotechnology can remove blood clots from the vein walls without surgical interference. 9) The change of gold colour when it changes from macro scale into nano scale. 10) Nano solar cells are better than normal solar cells.
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