Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science - Chapter One: Chemistry is the central science Lesson 1: Chemistry & Measurement Lesson 2: Nanotechnology & Chemistry Chapter Two: Quantitative Chemistry Lesson 1: Mole & Chemical equation Lesson 2: Calculation of chemical formula Chapter Three: Solutions, Acids & Bases Lesson 1: Solutions & Colloids Lesson 2: Acids & Bases New S.L.S | 1 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science New S.L.S | 2 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science Chapter One: Chemistry is the central science Lesson (1): Chemistry & Measurement Man is searching & exploring the surrounding universe to understand, explain & control phenomena & all of this is coordinated in a structure called “Science”. Science: It is an organized structure of knowledge including facts, concepts, laws, theories & organized methods of research & investigation. Fields of Science differ according to: 1- Different phenomena under study. 2- Tools used. 3- Methods used in research. Astronomy Chemistry Earth Physical Science Sciences Physics Biology New S.L.S | 3 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science Chemistry: It is the science concerned with studying the composition & properties of substances as well as the reactions occurring to them & the conditions suitable for them. Chemistry interferes in everything in our life as: 1- Food 2- Clothes 3- Medicine 4- Tools & apparatus used 5-Strucure of our body & how it works. 6-Fuel in cars. 7- Chemical reactions produce electricity in batteries. 8- water treatment & purification. Chemistry depends on experimentation & measurement. Fields of studying Chemistry: 1- Atomic and molecular structures of substances and how they bind together. 2- Chemical properties of substances. 3- Describing substances qualitatively & quantitatively. 4- Chemical reactions & controlling their conditions. (to create new products that are used in medicine, pharmacy, industry, engineering and agriculture) 6- Treating some environmental problems (as water, soil or air pollution, rust & shortage of water and energy resources…etc) Some applications of Chemistry: 1- Metals & mining. 2- Medicine. 3- Some technical industries as: a- Tanning & dying clothes. b- Production of colours & glass. New S.L.S | 4 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science Branches of Chemistry: Physical chemistry Biochemistry Nuclear chemistry Organic Thermo chemistry Chemistry chemistry Analytical Electrical chemistry chemistry Environmental chemistry New S.L.S | 5 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science The relation between chemistry & other science branches: 1. Chemistry - Biology: & It is the science which is specialized in Biology: studying living organisms. - Biochemistry: (Combination between Chemistry & Biology) The science that studies the chemical structure of the cell parts as fats, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and others. - Chemistry is integrated with Biology in studying chemical reaction occurring inside the living organisms (as digestion, respiration & photosynthesis). - Physics: It is the science interested in studying energy & movement of matter & force acting on it as 2. Chemistry well as measurement & inventing new & methods for measuring with more accuracy. Physics: - Physical chemistry: (Combination between Chemistry & Physics) The science that studies properties & structures of substances and the particles forming them. G.R: Physical Chemistry allow physicists to perform their studies in an easier way. Because it studies properties, structure of matter & the particles forming them. New S.L.S | 6 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science - Medicines: They are chemical substances having healing properties. 3. Chemistry, medicine - Chemists prepare medicines either in the lab. & or extract them from natural resources. pharmacy: - Chemistry explains the: 1- Nature & function of hormones & enzymes. 2- Treatment of their defects. - Chemistry contributes in: 1. Selecting the suitable soil for each crop by its chemical analysis (which determines ratio of soil components & degree of sufficiency of these 4. Chemistry components for the crop). & 2. Selecting of the suitable fertilizer for the soil agriculture: to increase productivity of crops. 3. Production of insecticides. 5. Chemistry Chemistry helps us to discover and form & Future: new useful extraordinary substances (by means of nanotechnology) in all fields of life. New S.L.S | 7 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science Measurement: It is a comparison of an unknown quantity with another quantity of its kind in order to know the number of times which the first includes the second. Result of measurement includes 2 main points: Numerical value Suitable measuring Unit Through which we It is a certain portion of describe the a certain physical measured quantity. amount. Agreed upon by international system of units. Importance of measurement: 1- Knowing information about the type & concentration of elements forming the substance. Ex: Nutrition facts table on a mineral water bottle in mg/L. - A person on low salt nutrition system will choose bottle (A). - If a person drinks 1.5 L of water bottle (B) daily then he consumes 105 mg (70 x 1.5) of Calcium. New S.L.S | 8 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science 2- Monitoring & Protection. Safety of the environment requires the monitoring of drinking water, air, food & agricultural products which requires various measurements. Ex: International standards to decide usability of water. 3- Evaluation of a certain situation & suggesting medication in case of defects. Ex: Medical analysis report - Reference value is the normal limits of normal healthy person. - This report in the figure shows normal glucose amount but high abnormal uric acid amount. - This person should visit the doctor to take the proper medicine & then repeat the analysis once more too check the suitability of treatment. Correct & accurate use of measurement principles lead to scientific, industrial & economical advancement. New S.L.S | 9 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science Chemistry laboratory: A place with certain specifications & conditions where chemical experiments are carried out. Chemistry lab. requires: o Appropriate safety procedures. o Heat source. (as Bunsen flame) o Water source. o Safe place for storing chemicals, tools & different apparatuses. Measurement tools in chemistry lab. Tool Description Use 1- Sensitive balance: - Digital balances which are the most common as the top loading balance. - Measuring the - The using instructions mass of are fixed on one of its sides & should be read substances. very carefully before using the balance. New S.L.S | 11 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science - Long glass tube with 2 2- Burette: openings (the upper one is used to fill the burette with a solution & - Used in the lower has a fixed experiments valve to control the which require amount of solution taken high accuracy from it). degree in measurements - It is fixed on a stand with metal base to such as preserve its vertical identifying the shape through the volume of experiments. liquids during titration. - The graduation zero is usually upwards & ends before the valve. - Mixing the 3- Beakers: liquids & - Transparent beakers solutions. are made of Pyrex glass (heat resistant). - Transferring a They are graduated known volume - with limited of liquid from capacities. place to another. 4- Graduated cylinder: - They are made of glass - Measuring or plastic. volume of - They have different liquids & capacities. irregular insoluble solids. New S.L.S | 11 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science 5- Pipette: - Long glass tube opened from both sides. - The volume capacity is written on its top. - Error percentage is recorded on it. - Used to - It is filled by a solution measure & by sucking which transport requires caution in certain order not to be harmed. volumes of - It may be filled by solutions. vacuum in case of substance of high danger. - Pipette with two bulbs is used mainly in the lab. Conical flask: Used in titration process. 6- Flasks: Round bottom flask: - They are made of Used in preparation & distillation. Pyrex. - They have Volumetric flask: different Used for preparing standard solutions capacities. (solutions with known concentrations) accurately. It has a mark at its top to indicate its volume capacity. New S.L.S | 12 Chemistry Senior One 1st Term Chapter 1: Chemistry is the central science 7- pH-meter: - Used to measure pH of solutions. - pH: It is the measurement that determines the concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in the solution to know if it is an acid or base or neutral. - It is important for chemical & biochemical reactions. - Measuring pH has many types as pH 8- pH- paper tape: paper tapes & digital devices. - pH scale: Strong acid Strong base Weak acid Weak base Basic Acidic 0 7 14 Neutral pH < 7 Acidic pH = 7 Neutral pH > 7 Basic - pH paper we saturate it in the solution that needs to be tested for pH. The tape’s color changes to a certain degree and the value of the pH is determined by a graduation that starts from 0 to 14 consecutively to the color degree. - Digital pH-meter: (more accurate) As the end of the apparatus is saturated