DOCSLIB.ORG

Nutritional Assay Pereskia Spp.: Running Title: ORA-PRO-NOBIS: Unconventional Vegetable UNCONVENTIONAL VEGETAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nutritional Assay Pereskia Spp.: Running Title: ORA-PRO-NOBIS: Unconventional Vegetable UNCONVENTIONAL VEGETAL An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(Suppl. 1): e20180757 DOI 10.1590/0001-3765202020180757 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências | Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences Printed ISSN 0001-3765 I Online ISSN 1678-2690 www.scielo.br/aabc | www.fb.com/aabcjournal AGRARIAN SCIENCES Nutritional assay Pereskia spp.: Running title: ORA-PRO-NOBIS: unconventional vegetable UNCONVENTIONAL VEGETAL Academy Section: Agrarian MELISSA G. SILVEIRA, CAMILA T.R. PICININ, MARCELO ÂNGELO CIRILLO, JULIANA M. FREIRE & MARIA DE FÁTIMA P. BARCELOS Sciences Abstract: Pereskia grandifolia Haworth (PGH) and Pereskia aculeata Miller (PAM) are recognized sources of proteins; dietary fiber; vitamins and minerals make this plant e20180757 leaves, raw, cooked, and braised, an important ally against protein and micronutrient deficiencies. One of the main problems is the presence of antinutritional factors that may interfere in the digestibility and bioavailability of some nutrients. The objective 92 was to evaluate the amino acid profile and the chemical score of the raw leaves and (Suppl. 1) 92(Suppl. 1) the effects of heating media and time on the total dietary fiber, minerals, trypsin inhibition, oxalic acid and tannins of leaves of PGH and PAM. The samples had similar amino acid profiles and total dietary fiber. With regard to antinutritional compounds, heating the leaves of PGH led to a decrease in trypsin inhibition, primarily after the first minutes of wet cooking. Oxalic acid and tannins predominated in both species. Considering the interaction with time, the variables related to iron and zinc minimized the tannin responses in PGH and PAM, respectively. Heating media and times interfered with the chemical components present in the leaves of Pereskia species and led to high antinutrient retention after heat treatment. Key words: Pereskia grandifolia Haworth, Pereskia aculeata Miller, oxalate, tannins, tryp- sin inhibitor, minerals. INTRODUCTION fiber levels (Moran & Zimmermann 1991, Rocha et al. 2008, Martinevski et al. 2013, Sobrinho et Two edible species of the genus Pereskia, P. al. 2015). grandifolia Haworth (PGH) and P. aculeata Miller Leaves are rich in compounds with (PAM), popularly known as ora-pro-nobis (OPN), antioxidant activity (Sim et al. 2010, Agostini- are recognized sources of proteins; dietary Costa et al. 2014, Almeida et al. 2014) dietary fiber fiber; vitamins A, B, and C; and minerals such as (Rocha et al. 2008, Takeiti et al. 2009, Almeida et calcium, zinc, and iron. These compounds make al. 2014), minerals, such as calcium, iron, zinc, this plant an important ally against protein manganese and magnesium (Albuquerque et al. and micronutrient deficiencies (Hęś et al. 2014, 1991, Girão et al. 2003, Takeiti et al. 2009, Oliveira et Almeida et al. 2014). al. 2013, Souza et al. 2016) and monosaccharides Raw, cooked, and braised OPN leaves are such as arabinofuranose, arabinopyranose, consumed by population. When dried, the leaves galactopyranose, galactopyranosyluronic can add nutritional value to bread dough and acid, rhamnopyranose and glucopyranose pasta or be used to create other acceptable and (Sierakowski et al. 1990). low-cost formulations with elevated protein and An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(Suppl. 1) MELISSA G. SILVEIRA et al. Ora-Pro-Nobis: UNCONVENTIONAL VEGETAL One of the main problems in exploiting When associated with oxalates and tannins, vegetable leaves as a source of nutrients is the fibers may the bioavailability of minerals, the presence of antinutritional factors, such as such as calcium, zinc, magnesium and iron, trypsin inhibitors, oxalates, and tannins, among among others (Benevides et al. 2011). others. These compounds may be toxic and/or Considering that OPN leaves may be used interfere in the digestibility and bioavailability of as low-cost sources of proteins, minerals and some nutrients, such as proteins and minerals. fibers, and are relevant in preventing and/or The antinutritional factors should be treating malnutrition, the present study had two reduced or eliminated when possible. On objectives: to determine the amino acid profile one hand, heating food may improve some of proteins in the leaves of Pereskia grandifolia nutritional and sensory aspects; on the other Haworth and Pereskia aculeata Miller, and to hand, it results in the losses of some nutrients investigate the behavior of the antinutritional and antinutrients due to heating, leaching, and factors and the minerals under different heat complexation between substances, hindering treatments. their extraction and availability in the body (Correia et al. 2008, Pellegrini et al. 2010). Trypsin inhibitors can block the action of MATERIALS AND METHODS proteolytic enzymes and cause endogenous Plant material losses of essential amino acids, especially those Leaves of the ora-pro-nobis (OPN) species containing sulfur (Pisulewska & Pisulewski Pereskia grandifolia Haworth (PGH) and Pereskia 2000). Many researchers have reported that the aculeata Miller (PAM) were harvested from raw leaves of OPN can inhibit of trypsin (Almeida the Medicinal Plant Garden of the Agriculture et al. 2014) and the heating can eliminate the Department, UFLA. The leaves were cleaned trypsin inhibitors (Pompeu et al. 2014) under water, immersed in sodium hypochlorite Oxalic acid, present in higher amounts (200 ppm), washed with distilled water, and in green leafy vegetables (Oliveira et al. 2008, drained. Squena et al. 2009, Almeida et al. 2014) can bind to calcium and iron ions and interferes Sample preparation with the bioavailability of these minerals due One portion of the leaf samples from each to the formation of insoluble salts (Ferreira & species was kept raw for amino acid analysis and Arêas 2010). Ogbadoyi et al. (2006) observed a another portion was heated using various media 65% decrease in oxalate content in ingested and times for mineral, fiber, and antinutritional vegetable leaves after heating (100°C/5 min) compound analysis. and discarding the water, and others (Benevides The vegetables were cooked according to et al. 2013, Lisiewska et al. 2011) . domestic cooking practices. After optimizing the Tannins are able to complex with proteins cooking conditions, wet cooking (boiling) and and minerals, among other polymers, such as mixed cooking (braising) techniques were used, carbohydrate after the vegetables that contain according to the heat transfer media (Ornellas them are damaged, making these polymers 2007). The temperature was kept constant (96 ± unavailable to the human body (Delfino & 2°C). After the raw leaves were added to enough Canniatti-Brazaca 2010, Benevides et al. 2013). boiling distilled water (1:4, p/v), they were wet- cooked. The cooking time (1, 2.5, 5, or 10 min) An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(Suppl. 1) e20180757 2 | 16 MELISSA G. SILVEIRA et al. Ora-Pro-Nobis: UNCONVENTIONAL VEGETAL was measured from the time when the water was determined by calculating the quotient of returned to a boil; then the cooking water was each essential amino acid (mg) contained in the discarded. Mixed cooking was done in 3 mL of test protein (g) divided by the same amino acid soybean oil to 50 g of sample for 1 and 2.5 min, in the reference protein, and then multiplying with the same implements and under the same by 100 (Young & Pellett, 1994). The percentage conditions as the wet-cooked leaves. of protein digestibility was corrected using the After cooking, the plant material was cooled protein digestibility percentages reported by in an ice bath and drained. A portion of the Almeida-Filho & Cambraia (1974) (77.7%) and samples was placed in an oven at 60°C and dried Takeiti et al. (2009) (75.9%) as a base, multiplied to less than 10% moisture content. The dried by the amino acid content of the protein. samples were ground to obtain a homogeneous powder (3 times/20 seconds) and stored in Bioactive analysis amber glass flasks until analysis. The total dietary fiber (TDF) and fractions were determined using the enzymatic-gravimetric Analyses performed method (Sigma®) according to the AOAC (2005). All chemical analyses were conducted in The minerals were analyzed according to triplicate and the results expressed in dry Malavolta et al. (1997) using an Atomic Absorption matter. The reagents used were obtained from Spectrometer. Sigma-Aldrich (USA) or Merck (Germany), and The extracts, diluted in 1:5 ratios, were the other chemical products were of analytical prepared according to Souza et al. (2011). A grade. supernatant was used in the enzymatic inhibition assays, and enzyme activity was determined Chromatographic analysis of amino acids and according to Erlanger et al. (1961). Enzymatic chemical score determination inhibition was obtained by determining the The amino acid profile of the proteins were line slopes (absorbance × time) of the activity determined using the Prates method (Prates assays of the control enzymes and enzymes 2002) with a weight equivalent to 20 mg of with inhibitor, and the absorbance values were crude protein. 1 mL of sample was filtered converted into μmol of product, using the molar through a Millex unit (0.22-mm pore diameter, extinction coefficient of BAPNA. 13-mm diameter) and placed into an automatic Oxalic acid (OA) was determined using sampler for subsequent injection into an amino the titration method (AOAC 1990); that is, hot- acid analyzer under the following analytical extracted in HCl and caprylic acid, precipitated, conditions: injection volume, 10 mL; oven and quantified by titration with potassium temperature, 60ºC; fluorescence detector, EX l permanganate. 350 nm, EM l 450 nm; separation column, Shim- The tannins (TAN), extracted with methanol pack Amino-Na; ammonia trap column, Shim- (80%) using the method describe by Swain and pack ISC-30Na. The amino acid profile was Hillis (1959) were measured by the colorimetry determined using one C18 column with 20 μL method according to AOAC (1990). injection volume, and an amino acid standard was used to construct the calibration curve. Statistical methodology To test the limiting amino acids, the A univariate statistical technique was used chemical score of the amino acids (Who 2002) to interpret the trypsin inhibitor levels with An Acad Bras Cienc (2020) 92(Suppl.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Did the First Cacti Look Like
    What Did the First Cactus Look like? An Attempt to Reconcile the Morphological and Molecular Evidence Author(s): M. Patrick Griffith Source: Taxon, Vol. 53, No. 2 (May, 2004), pp. 493-499 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4135628 . Accessed: 03/12/2014 10:33 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Taxon. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 192.135.179.249 on Wed, 3 Dec 2014 10:33:44 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions TAXON 53 (2) ' May 2004: 493-499 Griffith * The first cactus What did the first cactus look like? An attempt to reconcile the morpholog- ical and molecular evidence M. Patrick Griffith Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Avenue, Claremont, California 91711, U.S.A. michael.patrick. [email protected] THE EXTANT DIVERSITYOF CAC- EARLYHYPOTHESES ON CACTUS TUS FORM EVOLUTION Cacti have fascinated students of naturalhistory for To estimate evolutionaryrelationships many authors many millennia. Evidence exists for use of cacti as food, determinewhich morphological features are primitive or medicine, and ornamentalplants by peoples of the New ancestral versus advanced or derived.
    [Show full text]
  • Pereskia Aculeata Miller and Pereskia Grandifolia Haw) And
    325 A publication of CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS VOL. 75, 2019 The Italian Association of Chemical Engineering Online at www.cetjournal.it Guest Editors: Sauro Pierucci, Laura Piazza Copyright © 2019, AIDIC Servizi S.r.l. ISBN 978-88-95608-72-3; ISSN 2283-9216 DOI: 10.3303/CET1975055 Centesimal Evaluation of Two Species of Ora-pro-nobis (Pereskia aculeata Miller and Pereskia grandifolia Haw) and Application in Extruded Product a a a b Maria F. F. Carvalho , Leonardo M. M , Maiara P. Mendes , Vanesa Gesser , Claudia C. F. monteirod, Rosane M. Peraltab, Antonio R. G. Monteiroc* a Centre of Agriculture Science, Food Science division. State University of Maringá, 5790, Colombo Av., CEP: 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. b Biochemistry Department, State University of Maringá, 5790, Colombo Av., CEP: 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. c Food Engineer Department, State University of Maringá, 5790, Colombo Av., CEP: 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. d Department of Design, State University of Maringá, 5790, Colombo Av., CEP: 87020-900, Maringá-PR, Brazil. [email protected] Some vegetables that are rarely used and/or unknown in daily menu, can represent great sources of vital nutrients to maintain the metabolic health of their consumers. Among them is Pereskia spp family, commonly known as ora-pro-nobis, "the flesh of the poor". According to RDC No. 54/2012 (BRASIL, 2012), Ora-pro- nobis can be considered a functional food due to its high protein content (approximately 25%), with high digestibility (80%), 3.35g/100g of calcium, 2.42g/100g of potassium, 1.13g/100g of phosphorus, 0.45g/100g of magnesium and 0.98g/100g of sulphur, leaf (140.36 ppm) and stem (88.75 ppm) iron.
    [Show full text]
  • Gooseberry Flyer.Pub
    ST PE T Barbados Gooseberry ER Please Call AL 553-5236 Photo by ARC-PPRI. Photographs by TNC Hawaii What is it? Why is it a What is MoMISC What can you do? • Barbados gooseberry problem in doing? • Do not grow Barbados (Pereskia aculeata) is gooseberry. Hawaii? • The Molokai/Maui a cactus from the West Invasive Species • If left unchecked, Indies that is invading Committee is a multi- • Learn to identify invasive Barbados gooseberry Hawaii. sector partnership species in the MoMISC can form a dense fighting to protect brochure. canopy that quickly • Gooseberry appears Molokai from invasive smothers out native as an erect woody plants and animals that • Call MoMISC at 553-5236 vegetation under a liana when young, and threaten our if you see Barbados solid blanket of later a thorny vine that environment, economy, gooseberry anywhere on vines. can climb up trees. and quality of life. Molokai. • It forms dense, spiny • The 2-4 inch long, eye- • MoMISC prevents new • Grow native plants thickets and litter shaped leaves are a invasive species from instead of non-native which are miserable dark glossy green. becoming established on plants. Encourage your for hikers and Molokai through friends to do the same. hunters. • It is covered in clusters education and outreach. of long slender spines • Before purchasing a (1-2 inches long). • Plants can spread • MoMISC works with the plant, check if it is through seeds or community to control invasive. You can ask • The flowers are white, various plant parts invasive species on your nursery, call yellowish or pinkish. (leaves, stems, etc).
    [Show full text]
  • CACTACEAE 1. PERESKIA Miller, Gard. Dict. Abr., Ed. 4. 1754
    CACTACEAE 仙人掌科 xian ren zhang ke Li Zhenyu (李振宇)1; Nigel P. Taylor2 Fleshy perennials, shrubs, trees or vines, terrestrial or epiphytic. Stems jointed, terete, globose, flattened, or fluted, mostly leafless and variously spiny. Leaves alternate, flat or subulate to terete, vestigial, or entirely absent; spines, glochids (easily detached, small, bristlelike spines), and flowers always arising from cushionlike, axillary areoles (modified short shoots). Flowers solitary, sessile, rarely clustered and stalked (in Pereskia), bisexual, rarely unisexual, actinomorphic or occasionally zygomorphic. Receptacle tube (hypanthium or perianth tube) absent or short to elongate, naked or invested with leaflike bracts, scales, areoles, and hairs, bristles, or spines; perianth segments usually numerous, in a sepaloid to petaloid series. Stamens numerous, variously inserted in throat and tube; anthers 2-loculed, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary (pericarpel) inferior, rarely superior, 1-loculed, with 3 to many parietal (rarely basal) placentas; ovules usually numerous; style 1; stigmas 2 to numerous, papillate, rarely 2-fid. Fruit juicy or dry, naked, scaly, hairy, bristly, or spiny, indehiscent or dehiscent, when juicy then pulp derived from often deliquescent funicles (except in Pereskia). Seeds usually numerous, often arillate or strophiolate; embryo curved or rarely straight; endosperm present or absent; cotyledons reduced or vestigial, rarely leaflike. About 110 genera and more than 1000 species: temperate and tropical America; Rhipsalis baccifera (J. S. Mueller) Stearn native in tropical Africa, Madagascar, Comoros, Mascarenes, and Sri Lanka; some species of other genera now extensively naturalized in the Old World through human agency; more than 60 genera and 600 species cultivated as ornamentals or hedges in China, of which four genera and seven species more or less naturalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • Allodletric Neoteny and the Evolution of Succulence in Cacti
    Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society (1994), 114: 283-292. With 12 Figures AlloDletric neoteny and the evolution of succulence in cacti A. ALTESOR, C. SILVA AND E. EZCURRA Centro de Ecologia) Universidad Nacional Aut6noma de Mexico) Apartado Postal 70-275) C,P. 04510) Mexico Received March 1993) accepted Jor publication August 1993 ALTESOR, A., SILVA, C. & EZCURRA, E. 1993. Allometric neoteny and the evolution of succulence in cacti. With the objective of analysing the role of heterochrony in the evolution of succulence in the cactus family, a comparative study of xylem development in six species with contrasting morphologies was carried out. Two woody leaf-bearing cacti and four succulent cactus species belong to different subdivisions within the family were analysed. In each species and for different ages, vessel-element length was measured, vessel-element lateral wall-pitting described and the percentage of xylem and parenchyma in the stem quantified. In the succulent species it was found that vessel element length did not change between juvenile and adult wood, that wall-pitting in adult plants was similar to that of seedlings, and that the woody tissue in adult plants was organized in vascular bundles as in the primary tissue of seedlings. Leaf-bearing cacti, in contrast, changed in both vessel element length and wall-pitting when secondary wood was produced, and the secondary woody tissue of adult plants was organized in a continuous cambial cylinder as in most dicotyledons. An allometric analysis suggests that a retardation in the developmental rate of woody tissues (allometric neoteny) is the main mechanism in the development of succulence in cacti.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Traditional Usage, Chemical Components, Pharmacological Activities, and Safety of Pereskia Bleo (Kunth) DC
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2014, Article ID 326107, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/326107 Review Article A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Traditional Usage, Chemical Components, Pharmacological Activities, and Safety of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC Sogand Zareisedehizadeh,1 Chay-Hoon Tan,2 and Hwee-Ling Koh1 1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543 2 Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597 Correspondence should be addressed to Hwee-Ling Koh; [email protected] Received 19 February 2014; Accepted 2 May 2014; Published 3 June 2014 Academic Editor: Wei Jia Copyright © 2014 Sogand Zareisedehizadeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pereskia bleo, a leafy cactus, is a medicinal plant native to West and South America and distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It is traditionally used as a dietary vegetable, barrier hedge, water purifier, and insect repellant and for maintaining health, detoxification, prevention of cancer, and/or treatment of cancer, hypertension, diabetes, stomach ache, muscle pain, and inflammatory diseases such as dermatitis and rheumatism. The aim of this paper was to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the botanical characteristics, traditional usage, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, and safety of P. bl eo .A literature search using MEDLINE (via PubMed), Science direct, Scopus and Google scholar and China Academic Journals Full- Text Database (CNKI) and available eBooks and books in the National University of Singapore libraries in English and Chinese was conducted.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Expert Meeting on the Global Strategy For
    CBD Distr. CONVENTION ON GENERAL UNEP/CBD/GSPC/1/4 BIOLOGICAL Date: 28 January 2002 DIVERSITY ORIGINAL: ENGLISH TECHNICAL EXPERT ON THE GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PLANT CONSERVATION OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 11-13 February 2002 REVIEW OF EXISTING NATIONALLY-BASED INITIATIVES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PLANT CONSERVATION AT NATIONAL LEVELS REVIEW OF EXISTING NATIONALLY-BASED INITIATIVES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PLANT CONSERVATION AT NATIONAL LEVELS This paper has been compiled and edited by Judith Cheney, Fiona Dennis, Chris Hobson, Etelka Leadlay and Peter Wyse Jackson, for Botanic Gard ens Conservation International, with the support of the Convention on Biological Diversity Secretariat. CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION II. REVIEW OF EXISTING NATIONALLY-BASED ACTIVITIES THAT CAN CONTRIBUTE TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF A GLOBAL STRATEGY FOR PLANT CONSERVATION I. INTRODUCTION 1. The decision V/10 of the COP to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) noted the importance of plants for humankind, the threats they are facing, and a recent call for developing a global strategy for plant conservation contained within the Gran Canaria Declaration (REF). The decision also recognized that there are ongoing international initiatives that should contribute to developing such a strategy. It requests the Executive Secretary to liaise with these existing initiatives and requested the Subsidiary Body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) to examine the issue. 2. In furtherance of the decision V/10 to consider the possible establishment of a global strategy for plant conservation, two informal consultations were convened by the Secretariat of the CBD in March and May, 2001, attended by representatives of intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations of relevance to plant conservation.
    [Show full text]
  • Pereskia (Cactaceae)
    Pereskia (Cactaceae) LIBRARY. JAN 1 2 1987 BOTANICAL GARDEW BEAT ERNST LEUENBERGER Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden Volume 41 Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden ADVISORY BOARD PATRICIA K. HOLMGREN, Director JAMES L. LUTEYN, Curator of the Herbarium The New York Botanical Garden The New York Botanical Garden GHILLEAN T. PRANCE, Senior SCOTT A. MORI, Chairman, Vice-President for Science Publications Committee, The New York Botanical Garden and Curator The New York Botanical Garden EDITORIAL BOARD WILLIAM R. BUCK, Associate Editor The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458 H. DAVID HAMMOND, Associate Editor The New York Botanical Garden Bronx, New York 10458 WALTER S. JUDD (1984-1989), Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A. AMY ROSSMAN (1984-1989), B011 A, Room 329, BARC-West, Beltsville, Mary­ land 20705, U.S.A. LESLIE R. LANDRUM (1985-1990), Herbarium, Department of Botany and Mi­ crobiology, University of Arizona, Tempe, Arizona 85281 U.S.A. MELINDA DENTON (1986-1991), Herbarium, Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 U.S.A. The MEMOIRS are published at irregular intervals in issues and volumes of various sizes and are designed to include results of original botanical research by members of the Garden's staff, or by botanists who have collaborated in one or more of the Garden's research programs. Ordinarily only manuscripts of fifty or more typwritten pages will be considered for publication. Manuscripts should be submitted to the Editor. For further information re­ garding editorial policy and instructions for the preparation of manuscripts, ad­ dress the Editor.
    [Show full text]
  • Leaf Cactus, Pereskia Spp
    A Horticulture Information article from the Wisconsin Master Gardener website, posted 25 March 2019 Leaf cactus, Pereskia spp. Pereskia is a small genus of tropical cacti that don’t look at all like a typi- cal cactus; all 17 species* have thin, spiny stems and large, privet-like leaves. Native to the Americas from Mexico to Brazil, they superfi cially resemble other types of plants, and often are only marginally succulent and are classifi ed as shrubs or climbers. In their native habitat of dry forests or thorny scrub with a distinct dry sea- son, these plants are typically found mixed in with other trees and shrubs and often look very similar to the sur- rounding plants at fi rst glance. They are in the cactus family (Cactace- ae), however, because they have spines de- A leafy cactus, Pereskia sp. veloping from areoles Pereskia shrubs in habitat in Brazil. (small light- to dark-colored bumps) and the same type of distinctive fl o- ral cup that all plants in this family have. A few other genera in the Cac- taceae also have leaves, but they are either succulent or not persistent, whereas Pereskia is the only genus of cacti that has persistent non- succulent leaves. It is regarded as a primitive cactus group and likely the ancestor of the cactus family resembled these leafy, spiny plants. Like their cactus cousins they also have the water-use adaptations that allow succulent leafl ess cacti to thrive in arid environments, including a shallow root system to allow quick water uptake, the abil- *Molecular studies and geographical ity to close stomata to slow distribution suggest that there are actu- water loss, and are capable ally two groups or clades within the orig- of using crassulacean acid inal genus Pereskia, and one clade with The spines on Pereskia come 8 of these 17 species really belongs in a from areoles, like all other cacti.
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Epiphytic Cacti (Cactaceae Spp.)
    CoP15 Doc. 55 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Fifteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties Doha (Qatar), 13-25 March 2010 Species trade and conservation TRADE IN EPIPHYTIC CACTI (CACTACEAE SPP.) 1. This document has been submitted by the Management Authority of Switzerland*. Background 2. The listing of Cactaceae spp. in Appendix II contained and continues to contain certain commodities of bulk trade and industrial production, as well as easily identifiable natural taxa that are virtually absent from international trade and not threatened. Consequently, the listing has been streamlined on various occasions in order to exclude taxa not threatened by trade. This lead to exemption of leaf-bearing cacti (Pereskia spp., Pereskiopsis spp. and Quiabentia spp.), artificially propagated, grafted color mutants of Cactaceae spp., certain hybrids and cultivars of epiphytic cacti (Hatiora, Schlumbergera, see below), and cultivars of Opuntia microdasys. Such streamlining allows for a reduction of the workload of authorities in charge of enforcement. Activities like permitting, inspection and reporting for these non-threatened taxa cease. National CITES resources can be allocated in a more effective way, especially for the monitoring of trade in wild-collected plants that are threatened by such trade and their parts and derivatives. 3. Epiphytic cacti are implicitly listed under Cactaceae spp. in Appendix II. International trade in epiphytic cacti is regulated accordingly. In recent times, trade in artificially propagated epiphytic cacti increased dramatically, as they proved to be extremely well suited for indoor cultivation. In contrast, trade in wild- collected specimens is very limited (see Annex 4) and doesn’t show commercial dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Potential of Non-Timber Forest Products to Contribute to Rural
    CARIBBEAN NATURAL RESOURCES INSTITUTE (CANARI) THE POTENTIAL OF NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS TO CONTRIBUTE TO RURAL LIVELIHOODS IN THE WINDWARD ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN Lyndon John March 2005 Prepared through the project “Developing and disseminating methods for effective biodiversity conservation in the insular Caribbean” CANARI Technical Report No. 334 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 3 Executive Summary 4 1.0 Introduction 5 2.0 Challenges and Constraints in the NTFP Sector 8 2.1 Livelihoods 8 2.2 Resource Sustainability 10 2.3 Finance 12 2.4 Marketing 13 2.5 Policy and institutions 15 2.6 Public awareness and Information 17 2.7 Training 17 3.0 NTFPs and Sustainable Livelihoods; Options for development 19 3.1 Governance and NTFPs 20 3.2 Research 20 4.0 Conclusion 23 Bibliography 24 Appendix 1 Selected List of economically important NTFP plants 26 Appendix 2 List of NTFP Workshop participants 30 2 Acknowledgements This report is an output under the three year project “Developing and disseminating methods for effective biodiversity conservation in the insular Caribbean” implemented by the Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI) and funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The project sought to address two critical regional needs which are (i) enhance the participation of all stakeholders in conservation initiatives, leading to the development of participatory conservation institutions that have popular legitimacy and political support and (ii) the need to strengthen the linkages between conservation and social and economic development. The analysis of the Non Timber Forest Product (NTFP) sector in the region sought to establish this linkage particularly since the sector has remained marginalised to mainstream economic activity for most of the Caribbean.
    [Show full text]