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Extreme Drought to Extreme Floods: Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2009 the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center

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Extreme Drought to Extreme Floods: Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2009 the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center Extreme Drought to Extreme Floods: Summary of Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia, 2009 The United States Geological Survey (USGS) Georgia Water Science Center (WSC) maintains a long-term hydrologic Tree Tree monitoring network of more than 317 real- time streamgages, more than 180 ground- water wells of which 31 are real-time, and 10 lake-level monitoring stations. One of the many benefits of data collected from Sign Sign this monitoring network is that analysis of the data provides an overview of the hydrologic conditions of rivers, creeks, reservoirs, and aquifers in Georgia. Lake Lanier reached an all-time historic low elevation of 1,050.79 feet on December 26, 2007, nearly 21 feet Hydrologic conditions are determined below full pool. From December 2008 through September 2009 the lake elevation increased more than 18 feet after Georgia received above normal precipitation and experienced two historic flood events. Photos by USGS. by statistical analysis of data collected during the current water year1 (WY) and comparison of the results to historical data management and conservation of Georgia’s Streamflow And Groundwater Data collected at long-term stations. During the water resources for the protection of life. 2009 WY Georgia experienced a dramatic On June 10, 2009, Governor Perdue Daily, monthly, and yearly streamflow change from drought conditions to above- met with the State Drought Response and groundwater statistics from the 2009 normal streamflows. Maps A–D indicate Committee and announced that the USGS Annual Data Report (ADR; U.S. that during the first half of the 2009 WY, Environ mental Protection Division issued Geological Survey, 2010a) were used to most streams in Georgia had flows much a non-drought schedule for outdoor water develop this summary. The ADRs for below normal, but by the end of the year, use for the first time since June 2006 (State WYs 1999–2009 can be accessed online the majority of streams had flows much of Georgia, 2010). This announcement was at http://ga.water.usgs.gov/publications/ above normal. At the start of the 2009 WY, made as a result of substantial rainfalls and pubswdr.html. A digital map is available new historic minimum streamflows were improved water supplies in Georgia. Under at this site to interface with current and recorded at several streamgages with 20 a non-drought schedule, household outdoor historical data, graphics, and photographs or more years of record, and reservoirs water use is allowed 3 days a week. from the Georgia WSC monitoring network. approached historic low elevations. South Georgia received drought relief as a result of historic flooding from March 27–April 3, Quarterly Hydrologic Conditions in Georgia for 2009, Based on 7-Day Average Streamflows 2009. North Georgia experienced historic flooding during September 16–22, 2009. A. Oct. 1, 2008 B. Mar. 1, 2009 C. June 1, 2009 D. Sept. 30, 2009 During these flood events, Georgia WSC hydrographers verified peak streamflows and flood levels, and this information was shared with Federal, State, and local GEORGIA agencies for use in protecting life and property. New record peak flows were observed in many creeks and rivers through- out the State during these epic floods, and reservoir and lake elevations approached full pool. Extreme hydrologic conditions, These maps represent hydrologic conditions in EXPLANATION the context of available historical data. The colors both drought and floods, in the 2009 WY Percentile classes represent current 7-day average streamflow as Much above normal, > 90 emphasizes the need for accurate, timely a percentile class of long-term averages. Only Above normal, 76 to 90 data to help make informed decisions by stations having at least 30 years of record were Normal, 25 to 75 state and local authorities regarding the used (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010b). Because of Below normal, 10 to 24 persistent drought conditions that began in spring Much below normal < 10 2006, streamflow conditions at the beginning of the 1Water year is the period October 1 through 2009 WY in the State were “much below normal” “below normal” to “above normal” (map B, C). September 30 and is designated by the year in (map A). Steady rainfall and spring flooding in south By September 30, 2009, the end of the water year, which it ends. For example, the 2009 water year Georgia brought much-needed relief, and 7-day the 7-day average streamflows throughout most of began on October 1, 2008, and ended on average streamflow conditions improved from Georgia were “much above normal” (map D). September 30, 2009. U.S. Department of the Interior Printed on recycled paper Fact Sheet 2010–3101 U.S. Geological Survey October 2010 02398000 Chattooga River at Summerville, Georgia Chattooga River at Summerville 02398000 Daily Discharge and 7-Day Average 100,000 Streamfow Conditions, 2009 Water Year 10,000 R a 1,000 g o to t a 100 h C 02398000 10 EXPLANATION in cubic feet per second 7-day average discharge, 02213000 Streamgage 1 100,000 and number PIEDMONT S Savannah–Ogeechee a Chattooga River at Summerville, va n 10,000 Coosa–Tallapoosa–TennesseeAtlanta n 02337000 a Georgia. Photo by USGS. h Jackson R r i 1,000 e Lake v v e i r R 100 The Chattooga River flows Ocmulgee–Altamaha Daily discharge, O 10 c 02213000 Oconee– o in the northwest corner of n in cubic feet per second e e Og Georgia into Alabama and 1 ee O N D J F M A M J J A S ch e 2008 2009 e is an inflow to Wiess Lake R R iv i e v r e in Alabama (U.S. Geological e r e Oc h m c COASTAL u PLAIN Survey, 1975). At the beginning o l o g Alt h e r am a e e a of the 2009 WY, the 7-day t iv h t R a a Ri h v er average streamflow was “much below normal,” and near-historic minimum C n a Satilla–Suwannee– e daily values were observed. In December 2008, 7-day average streamflow c O r St Marys–Ochlockonee e c v i conditions changed from “much below normal” to “normal.” During the Chattahoochee–Flinti t R n R t a e l n t i e l September 2009 flood in northern Georgia, streamflow conditions were h A F c o “much above normal,” and the annual peak flow exceeded the 2-percent co la h t i 02318500 annual exceedance probability (50-year recurrence interval). W N 0 30 60 MILES 0 30 60 KILOMETERS Base modified from U.S. Geological Survey 1:2,000,000-scale digital data Ocmulgee River at Macon 02213000 02213000 Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia 7-Day Average Discharge 100,000 Hydrographs show the 7-day averages for 2009 as compared to historical 7-day averages. Data are 10,000 categorized in percentile ranges from “much above normal” (greater than the 90th percentile) to “much 1,000 below normal” (less than the 10th percentile; U.S. Geological Survey, 2009b). in cubic feet per second 7-day average discharge, 100 EXPLANATION 100,000 Historical (percentile) Ocmulgee River at Macon, Georgia. Much above normal, ≥ 90 Photo by USGS. Above normal, 76 to 89 10,000 Normal, 25 to 75 Below normal, 11 to 24 Much below normal ≤ 10 The Ocmulgee River flows 1,000 2009 water year out of Jackson Lake and joins Daily discharge, Daily Discharge in cubic feet per second the Oconee River to form the 100 O N D J F M A M J J A S Hydrographs show 2009 daily-mean streamflow, in cubic Altamaha River (U.S. Geological 2008 2009 Survey, 1975). In 2009, new feet per second, as compared to historical maximum, record daily low streamflows median, and minimum streamflow for the entire period were observed for the month of record (U.S. Geological Survey, 2009a). of February. During the historic floods in March–April and September 2009, EXPLANATION however, record high streamflows were observed when 7-day average Historical daily flow streamflows were “much above normal” and daily streamflows were near Maximum Median record maximum. Minimum 2009 daily mean 2 02337040 Sweetwater Creek Below Austell, Georgia Climate Response Network Sweetwater Creek near Austell 02337000 The USGS maintains a network of ground- 10,000 water wells to monitor the effects of droughts and other climate variability on groundwater levels. 1,000 R These wells are part of the Climate Response a g o o t Network, which is designed to measure the effects t a 100 h C 02398000 of climate on groundwater levels in unconfined 10 aquifers or near-surface confined aquifers where in cubic feet per second 7-day average discharge, pumping or other human influences on groundwater 1 100,000 levels are minimal (U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, PIEDMONT S Savannah–Ogeechee a va n 2009a). The national network consists of about Coosa–Tallapoosa–TennesseeAtlanta n Sweetwater Creek near Austell, Georgia. 02337000 a 10,000 h Jackson R Photo by USGS. 130 wells, of which 15 are located in Georgia. r i e Lake v v e 1,000 i r Information obtained for the 2009 WY from four R Ocmulgee–Altamaha of these wells is summarized in this section. These Sweetwater Creek is a major 100 O c wells are monitored as part of the USGS Ground- 02213000 Oconee– o Daily discharge, 10 n tributary of the Chattahoochee e e O water Resources and Cooperative Water Programs. g in cubic feet per second ee River (U.S. Geological Survey, ch 1 e O N D J F M A M J J A S Current conditions of groundwater wells in the e 1975).
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