Prepared For

Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.1

5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING OF PIPELINE AND FACILITIES

5.1 Introduction The following section is a summary of the environmental and socio-economic conditions for the Proposed Route of the TMX – Anchor Loop Project. It was compiled from technical studies conducted in 2004 and 2005, and has been supplemented where warranted with materials listed in Section 5.5.

5.1.1 Spatial Boundaries Five spatial boundaries were used to describe the environmental and socio-economic conditions within the Project area. These spatial boundaries were determined using Guide A.2.4 Description of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Setting of the NEB Filing Manual (2004). The spatial boundaries considered for describing the environmental and socio-economic conditions include one or more of the following study areas (Figure 5.1):

• A Project Footprint study area made up the area directly disturbed by assessment, construction and clean-up activities, including associated physical works and activities (i.e., permanent right-of-way, temporary construction workspace, temporary access routes, temporary stockpile sites, temporary staging areas, construction work camps, off load areas, borrow pits, facility sites).

• A Local Study Area (LSA) consisting of a 2 km buffer centered on the proposed pipeline right-of-way. The LSA is based on the typical ‘indirect footprint’ of pipeline facilities and activities (i.e., the zone of influence within which plants (50 m), animals (500 m), and humans (500-800 m) are most likely to be affected by project construction and operation. For the pump stations, the LSA consists of a 1 km radius centred on the pump station site.

• A Regional Study Area (RSA) including 9,319 km2 captured in the ten 1:50,000 map sheets that could be affected by the Project. Includes the following communities most likely to experience socio- economic effects of the Project: Hinton; Jasper townsite; Tete Jaune Cache; and Valemount.

• A Supra-regional Study Area (SRSA) extending beyond the RSA but within the provinces of Alberta and British Columbia (BC).

• A Continental Area extending outside Canada. This includes the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative (Y2Y) corridor proposed for wide ranging species such as grizzly bear and wolves.

The ecological boundary is described within the discussions of each element. Spatial ecological boundaries were determined by the distribution, movement patterns and potential zones of interaction between an element and the Project. The ecological boundary may be limited to the Project Footprint (e.g., pipeline easement or facility) or extend beyond the physical boundaries of the area of the Project component since the distribution or movement of an element can be local, regional, supra-regional or continental in extent.

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344600 354600 364600 374600 384600 394600 404600 414600 424600 434600 444600 454600 464600 474600

William A. Switzer Provincial Park R 1 R 27 R K8L 327 R 7 R 6 R 5 R 4 R 3 R 2 W6M W5M R 26 R 25 R 24 T 51 YK NWT Rock Lake - Yukon Solomon Creek Hinton 0 0 0 0

9 Northwest Wildland Provincial Park 9 3 3

1 Territories 1 9 9 5 5 Nunavut

AK Fort T 50 McMurray KP 310

Dawson British Wildhorse PROJECT FOOTPRINT Creek Columbia Alberta 0 Lake PRA 0 0 Scale 1:3,000 Prince Brûlé 0 9 Grande Prairie 9 3 Rupert BRITISH 3 0 0 9 9 5 COLUMBIA ALBERTA CANADA 5 Prince Stony George Plain Edmonton

Hinto n KP 326.7 Hinton

Va lem ou nt Jasp er Saskatchewan Williams Manitoba Ontario ALBERTA Valemount Jasper Red Deer Lake WA T 49 83E/08 83F/05 Hinton BC Banff Calgary MT ND Kamloops MI 0 Medicine OR MN 0 0 Whistler Hat 0 9 Merritt ID 9 3 83E/03 83E/01 Kelowna USA 3 9 83 E/2 83F/04 WI 9 8 SD 8

5 Vancouver 5 Nanaimo CANADA WY 083D/14 83D/16 Abbotsford 83C/13 US A CA Victoria NV IA Valemount UT NE 83D/15 Jasper IL CO T 48 SUPRA-REGIONAL STUDY AREA CONTINENTAL STUDY AREA REGIONAL STUDY AREA Scale 1:20,000,000 Scale 1:37,000,000 83E/3 Scale 1:3,000,000

0 83E/2 0 0 0 9 9 3 3 8 8 8 8 5 5

Mount Robson T 47 KP 468 Provincial Park Jasper Rearguard Falls National Park 0 0 Provincial Park 0 0 9 9 3 3 7 7 8 8 KP 466.3 5 5

Whitehorse Wildland T 46 Provincial Park 0 0

0 Mount 0 9 9 3 3 6 6

8 Terry Fox KP 406 8 5 Jackman TMX - ANCHOR LOOP 5 Provincial Park Flats Provincial PROJECT Park 83D/14 83D/15 Jasper STUDY AREA BOUNDARIES LEGEND Valemount Proposed TMX - Anchor Loop 0 0 0 0

9 Existing Trans Mountain Pipeline (TMPL) 9 3 3 5 5

8 Local Study Area (1 km buffer) 8 5 5 Regional Study Area Park and Protected Areas City/Town N N A A I I Park and Protected Areas: Government of Alberta 2004; BC Parks Victoria 2004. D D I I Hillshade: Government of Canada 2005. R R City/Town: Government of Canada 2003, Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, The Atlas of Canada. E E 0 0

0 Although there is no reason to believe that there are any errors associated with the data used to generate this product or in 0 M M 9 9

the product itself, users of these data are advised that errors in the data may be present.

3 3 4 4 H 8 8 H 5 5 T T F X I

I SCALE: 1:350,000 F B R I T I S H S km A L B E R T A 0 2.5 5 10 LOCAL STUDY AREA C O L U M B I A (All Locations Approximate) Scale 1:350,000 3739 November 2005 FIGURE 5.1 0 0 0 0 9 9 3 3 3 3 8 8

5 344600 354600 364600 374600 384600 394600 404600 414600 424600 434600 444600 454600 464600 474600 5

00_3739_EA_FIG5-1_Study_Area.mxd Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.1

5.1.2 Information Collection Methodology The information used to determine the current environmental and socio-economic setting along the Proposed Route and associated facilities was compiled from the following sources:

• supporting studies conducted by Terasen Pipelines in support of the Project. Original citations and references are provided in the Technical Reports, which are produced as separate documents to this EA report;

• existing published literature including topographic maps, aerial photography, scientific papers, reference books as well as municipal, provincial and federal government maps, reports, Codes of Practice, guides, information letters and databases. These sources are cited in Section 5.5; and

• personal communications with regulatory agencies, local environmental nongovernment organizations, Aboriginal groups, landowners, local stakeholders, local and municipal government, federal and provincial government agencies and the general public.

Methods of obtaining resource material included searching libraries (i.e., in-house, provincial government, university and public), receiving documents directly from government agencies and using the Internet. All references used in the preparation of the environmental and socio-economic setting of the Project are cited in Section 5.5.

The technical studies conducted include:

• Geotechnical Report

• Soil Assessment Report

• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Technical Report

• Fish and Fish Habitat Investigations

• Wetlands Technical Report

• Vegetation Technical Report

• Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat Technical Report

• Grizzly and Black Bear Assessment and Mitigation Report

• Forest Health Assessment

• Historical Resources Impact Assessment – Alberta

• Archaeological Assessment - Jasper National Park

• Archaeological Assessment - British Columbia

• Palaeontological Overview

• Traditional Land and Resource Use Study

• Socio-Economic Report

• Viewshed Modelling Analysis

• Environmental Site Assessment of Pump Stations (Wolf and Chappel)

• Noise Impact Assessment of Pump Stations (Wolf and Chappel) The methodology used to conduct the technical studies is presented within the Technical Reports.

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.1

5.1.2.1 Detail of Environmental and Socio-Economic Setting The description of the environmental and socio-economic setting discusses the baseline information at one or more of the spatial scales described in Section 5.1.1, as appropriate. Subject headings correspond to those suggested in the NEB Filing Manual (NEB 2004), as outlined in Table 5.1. Valued Ecosystem Components (VECs) include the most important and known sensitive resources, as outlined in the Scope and Requirements of the Environmental Assessment for the Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. TMX - Anchor Loop Project (Terms of Reference (TOR)) (CEA Agency et al. 2005). Where possible, information has been presented to coincide with the following jurisdictions: Alberta, Jasper National Park (JNP), Mount Robson Provincial Park (MRPP) and BC.

TABLE 5.1

BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ELEMENTS

Physical Elements Physical environment Air quality Soil and soil productivity Acoustic environment Water quality and quantity Biological Elements Fish and fish habitat Wildlife and wildlife habitat Wetlands Species at risk Vegetation Socio-Economic Elements Human occupancy and resource use Human health Heritage resources Infrastructure and services Traditional land and resource use Employment and economy Social and cultural well-being

The scope of the Project and consultation results were used to determine which biophysical and socio- economic elements outlined in Table A-3: Circumstances Triggering the Need for Detailed Biophysical and Socio-Economic Information of the NEB Filing Manual (NEB 2004) required detailed information. The level of detail provided is based upon the scope of the Project and results of consultation.

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

5.2 Setting - Pipeline and Associated Facilities This subsection describes the environmental and socio-economic setting along the Proposed Route including the proposed block valves and scraper traps as outlined in Section 2.5.2 of this EA report. The environmental and socio-economic setting for the Wolf and Chappel pump stations and the temporary facilities needed for construction are described in Section 5.3 and Section 5.4, respectively.

5.2.1 Physical Environment A geotechnical assessment of the Project was conducted by Geo-Engineering (M.S.T.) Ltd. (Geo- Engineering 2005). This subsection presents a summary of the physical environment setting of the Proposed Route for the Project Footprint, LSA and RSA. It further describes areas of geotechnical concern identified in the LSA. Where warranted, this information was supplemented with materials listed in Section 5.5. Project-related effects and mitigation are presented in Section 6.2.1 of this EA report.

5.2.1.1 Physiography The topography is variable throughout the RSA. Steep to very steep slopes and high relief characterize the mountaintops and bedrock-controlled upper valley slopes, while gentle slopes and lower relief occur in the valley bottom and lower valley slope areas. Elevations in the Project Footprint range from 1,100 m above sea level (asl) at the east end of the Proposed Route at KP/KL 310.1, to 990 m asl in the Athabasca River valley, to 1,060 m asl at the Jasper townsite. The Yellowhead Pass lies at an elevation of 1,143 m and the west end of the Proposed Route (KP/KL 468.0) lies at approximately 875 m asl. Table 5.2 shows the physiographic units within which each segment of the Proposed Route is located.

Alberta In Alberta, the Proposed Route traverses the Foothills and the Front Ranges of the Rocky Mountains (Table 5.2). This segment of the Proposed Route lies within the Entrance Benchlands district of the Grande Cache Benchlands section of the Southern Alberta Uplands Physiographic Region (Pettapiece 1986). Elevations range from 1,100 m asl at KP/KL 310.1 to approximately 1,110 m asl near JNP’s east gate at KL 325.7. The topography is gentler and the relief is lower in the LSA in Alberta than in JNP.

Jasper National Park In JNP, the Proposed Route traverses the Front Ranges and Main Ranges of the Rocky Mountains (Table 5.2). This segment lies in the Front Ranges district and section and the Park Ranges district and section of the Rocky Mountains Physiographic Region (Pettapiece 1986). Elevations range from 1,110 m asl in the Athabasca River valley near KL 325.7 to 1,143 m asl at Yellowhead Pass near KP/KL 405.9. Gentle slopes and low relief are characteristic of valley-bottom and lower valley slope areas along the main river valleys, particularly in the Jasper townsite area. Upper valley slopes and mountaintops are often very steep in the Front Ranges and Main Ranges of the Rocky Mountains.

Mount Robson Provincial Park In MRPP, the Proposed Route lies in the Park Ranges section of the Continental Ranges subdivision of the Rocky Mountains Physiographic Region (Holland 1976, Valentine et al. 1978) and is located in the Main Ranges of the Rocky Mountains (Table 5.2). This Physiographic Region contains Mount Robson (3,954 m asl), which is the highest peak in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Elevations along the Proposed Route range from 1,143 m asl at Yellowhead Pass near KP/KL 405.9 to about 875 m asl near the west end of the Proposed Route, described for the BC segment below. Topography and relief in MRPP are generally greater than those found in JNP, with fairly low relief and gentle slopes in the valley bottom and lower valley slope areas, and greater relief and steeper slopes on the upper valley slopes and mountaintops.

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British Columbia The physiographic description in the BC segment of the Proposed Route is as described for MRPP above. The west end of the Proposed Route (KP/KL 468.0) lies at an elevation of approximately 875 m asl.

5.2.1.2 Geology This subsection identifies the types of bedrock that may be encountered in the Project Footprint and the characteristics of the formations as they may affect pipeline construction activities such as ripping and blasting. Along with glaciation, bedrock geology is the precursor to surficial deposits and soils and, consequently, may have an influence on the chemistry of the soil profile within trench depth. As a result, locations where the Proposed Route encounters bedrock at the surface are identified.

All geologic formations in the Proposed Route contain sedimentary rock. No acid-generating bedrock is encountered in the Project Footprint. Table 5.2 shows the geologic groups and formations encountered along the Proposed Route and their geological characteristics. Table 5.3 presents areas where exposed bedrock is encountered in the Project Footprint.

Alberta The Project Footprint in Alberta located in the Foothills is underlain by folded and faulted Upper Cretaceous sandstones, siltstones and shales of the Alberta Group and Brazeau Formation. Both formations contain thin coal beds and the Alberta Group also contains thin beds of ironstone (Hamilton et al. 1999). A small portion of this route segment extends into the Front Ranges, described in the JNP section below. One area of exposed non-acid generating bedrock is encountered by the Project Footprint in Alberta.

Jasper National Park In JNP, the Project Footprint traverses the Front Ranges and a portion of the Main Ranges. Within the Front Ranges, the valley bottom areas are developed on clastic sediments (sandstone, conglomerate and shale / mudstone) of Triassic (Spray Lakes Group), Jurassic (Fernie Group) and Lower Cretaceous (Luscar and Cadomin formations) age (Hamilton et al. 1999). The ridges consist of Upper Devonian and Mississippian bedrock, part of the Fairholme Group and Sassenach, Palliser and Banff formations. These Upper Paleozoic units, comprising dolomite, limestones, shale, sandstone, and siltstone, have been thrust over the younger (Mesozoic) strata.

The Main Ranges are composed of Miette Group sandstones, slates and shales that underlie the Jasper townsite and areas to the west. These Precambrian strata are overlain by Lower Cambrian Gog Group quartzites and carbonates and, on the mountaintops and upper valley slopes, by carbonates of the Snake Indian, Eldon, Pika, Arctomys and Survey Peak formations, of mostly Middle and Upper Cambrian age.

East of the Jasper townsite, the Project Footprint encounters predominantly limestone-dolomite bedrock in three areas, forming northwest-southeast trending ridges. Sandstone and shale bedrock is encountered at eleven locations west of Jasper townsite. Areas in JNP where the Project Footprint encounters exposed non-acid generating bedrock are identified in Table 5.3 (Plate 5A.1 in Appendix 5A).

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TABLE 5.2

GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT

Name of Geologic Formation Physiographic Location or Group Rock Types Unit Alberta KP/KL 310.1 to KP/KL 310.6 Brazeau Formation sandstone, siltstone, shale, Foothills coal KP/KL 310.6 to KP/KL 311.4 Alberta Group sandstone, siltstone, shale, coal, ironstone KP/KL 311.4 to KP/KL 314.2 Brazeau Formation sandstone, siltstone, shale, coal KP/KL 314.2 to KP/KL 321.5 Alberta Group sandstone, siltstone, shale, coal, ironstone KP/KL 321.5 to KP/KL 324.1 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Front Ranges Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KP/KL 324.1 to KL 325.7 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone Jasper National Park KL 325.7 to KL 328.0 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Front Ranges Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KL 328.0 to KL 333.0 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KL 333.0 to KP/KL 341.0 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KP/KL 341.0 to KP/KL 343.6 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KP/KL 343.6 to KP/KL 345.9 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KP/KL 345.9 to KP/KL 347.4 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KP/KL 347.4 to KP/KL 348.6 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KP/KL 348.6 to KP/KL 350.3 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KP/KL 350.3 to KP/KL 352.0 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KP/KL 352.0 to KP/KL 352.8 Spray Lakes and Fernie Groups, sandstone, conglomerate, Luscar and Cadomin Formations shale / mudstone KP/KL 352.8 to KP/KL 372.0 Fairholme Group, Sassenach, dolomite, limestone, shale, Palliser and Banff Formations sandstone, siltstone KP/KL 372.0 to KP/KL 405.9 Miette Group sandstone, slate, shale Main Ranges Mount Robson Provincial Park KP/KL 405.9 to KP/KL 466.3 Miette Group sandstone, slate, shale Main Ranges British Columbia KL 466.3 to KP/KL 468.0 Miette Group sandstone, slate, shale Main Ranges

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TABLE 5.3

BEDROCK OUTCROPS IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT

Location Rock Type1 Alberta KP/KL 313.3 to KP/KL 313.4 sandstone / siltstone / shale Jasper National Park KP/KL 345.6 to KP/KL 345.7 limestone-dolomite KP/KL 349.4 to KP/KL 350.3 limestone-dolomite KP/KL 371.9 to KP/KL 373.0 limestone-dolomite KL 380.2 to KL 380.3 sandstone / slate / shale KL 380.8 to KL 381.1 sandstone / slate / shale KP/KL 385.5 to KP/KL 385.7 sandstone / slate / shale KL 389.0 to KL 389.5 sandstone / slate / shale KL 390.0 to KL 390.3 sandstone / slate / shale KP/KL 395.1 to KP/KL 395.2 sandstone and shale KL 396.3 to KL 396.6 sandstone and shale KL 396.8 to KL 396.9 sandstone and shale KL 397.2 to KL 397.4 sandstone and shale KL 397.5 to KL 397.6 sandstone and shale KL 402.0 to KL 404.4 sandstone and shale Mount Robson Provincial Park KP/KL 410.1 to KP/KL 410.4 sandstone / slate / shale KL 435.3 to KP/KL 435.5 sandstone / slate / shale KP/KL 437.0 to KP/KL 437.4 sandstone / slate / shale KP/KL 441.7 to KP/KL 441.8 sandstone / slate / shale British Columbia None N/A Source: Geo-Engineering (2005), Mentiga (2005) 1 All bedrock outcrops are non-acid generating

Mount Robson Provincial Park In MRPP, the Project Footprint is underlain by coarse-grained sandstone (grit), slate and shale bedrock of the Middle Miette Group. As elsewhere in the Main Ranges, Lower Cambrian Gog Group quartzite, carbonate, and conglomerate and Middle and Upper Cambrian carbonates overlie the Precambrian strata, forming extensive cliffs on Mount Robson and other peaks, which are located outside the LSA (BC Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks (MELP) 2001, Massey et al. 2005).

The Project Footprint encounters non-acid generating exposed bedrock at four locations, between Yellowhead Pass and the south end of Moose Lake, and locally along the northeast side of Moose Lake (Table 5.3).

British Columbia The Project Footprint in BC is underlain by bedrock of the Miette Group, which is described in MRPP above. No exposed bedrock is encountered along this segment (Table 5.3).

5.2.1.3 Surficial Geology This subsection identifies the surficial deposits that may be encountered within trench depth along the Project Footprint. Characteristics of the surficial deposits are related to potential concerns such as compaction and rutting, trench instability, erosion hazard and steep topography.

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Cordilleran till, a mixture of clay to boulder size material laid down by the glaciers, is the dominant glacial surficial deposit throughout the LSA, forming ground moraine and moraine blanket / veneer landforms. Glaciofluvial gravels and sands occur on terrace and plain landforms in local areas. Postglacial deposits include colluvium on slopes and alluvial floodplains, terraces and fans along the valley bottoms of the Athabasca, Miette and Fraser rivers. Wetlands, locally extensive, are encountered throughout the entire length of the Proposed Route. Surficial geology encountered by the Project Footprint is summarized in Table 5.4.

Alberta The Project Footprint in Alberta traverses gently to moderately sloping and undulating ground moraine (till) and moraine-veneered bedrock terrain, with occasional short wetland segments. Fluvial deposits of the Drystone Creek fan are encountered close to the JNP boundary (Table 5.4).

Jasper National Park Surficial materials along much of the Project Footprint in JNP are characterized by colluvial veneers and moraine (till) blankets and veneers, which often overlie steeply inclined bedrock (Pettapiece 1986). Fluvial deposits are also present along the Athabasca River valley bottom and form fans such as those deposited by the Fiddle and Snaring rivers, and a number of smaller streams.

West from the JNP boundary to the Athabasca River crossing (KL 336.8 to KL 337.5), the Project Footprint follows the south side of Highway 16, crossing the Fiddle River and its fan, then traverses fluvial floodplain/terrace and fan terrain, with some wetlands, along the Athabasca River valley bottom (Table 5.4). Southwest and south from the river crossing, fluvial terraces and fans, and ground moraine (till) benches are traversed, with fluvial floodplains at the crossings of the Snaring River and a number of smaller streams.

Between KP/KL 375.0 and KL 381.6, in the Jasper townsite area, the Project Footprint follows the north side of Highway 16 and then ascends a steep terrace scarp, along a sidehill, onto an extensive cobbly- bouldery glaciofluvial terrace (Plate 5A.2). The alignment trends south and west across the terrace and descends to the valley bottom and follows it to a crossing of the Miette River at KP/KL 383.2. Between KP/KL 383.2 and KL 388.1, sand-gravel fluvial floodplain / terrace terrain is traversed in the valley bottom.

West from KL 388.1 the Project Footprint parallels Highway 16 and between KP/KL 391.0 and KL 396.4 follows the existing Trans Mountain pipeline along the Miette River valley bottom. Northwest from KL 396.4, the abandoned Canadian Northern Alberta (CNA) Railway grade is followed along the north side of the valley bottom, between the Miette River floodplain and the moderate to steep valley wall. Most of the terrain is bedrock-controlled and, except for some fluvial terraces and fans, non-acid generating bedrock is expected to be encountered more or less throughout this segment.

Mount Robson Provincial Park As elsewhere within the Project Footprint, Cordilleran till is the dominant surficial deposit of glacial origin, forming ground moraine and moraine blanket / veneer in MRPP. Sand-gravel outwash deposits are mapped locally (e.g., in the vicinity of Yellowhead and Witney lakes). Postglacial landforms include colluvium on slopes, and alluvium and wetlands along the Fraser River valley bottom.

Between the MRPP boundary and KL 435.3, the Project Footprint generally traverses ground moraine (till) with some colluvial veneers / blankets (including slide debris), fluvial fans (e.g., that deposited by Rockingham Creek), hummocky sand-gravel glaciofluvial deposits close to Yellowhead and Witney lakes, and recent lake basins and wetlands (Table 5.4). Between KL 435.3 and KP/KL 442.5, moraine- and colluvium-veneered bedrock terrain is encountered, with extensive wetland areas at the south end of Moose Lake. Fluvial and colluvial fans predominate between KP/KL 442.5 and KL 448.9. From KL 448.9 to KL 455.2, the Proposed Route traverses fluvial terraces and fans with local ground moraine. From KL 455.2 to KP/KL 457.5, the Project Footprint traverses sand-gravel fluvial terraces along the north side of the Fraser River. Crossing to the south side of the river, between KP/KL 457.5 and KL 461.4 the Project Footprint is underlain by fluvial floodplain / terrace deposits close to the river and ground moraine

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(till) and colluvium- and moraine-veneered bedrock on the valley slopes. Between KL 461.4 and KP/KL 466.3, moraine (till) deposits are generally traversed, with some fluvial fans.

British Columbia The Project Footprint within BC traverses moraine (till) deposits and organic plain along the Fraser River valley bottom (Table 5.4).

TABLE 5.4

SURFICIAL GEOLOGY IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT

Location Landform Surficial Materials Alberta KP/KL 310.0 to KP/KL 311.2 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 311.2 to KP/KL 311.3 Organic veneer Shallow organics over till KP/KL 311.3 to KP/KL 311.7 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 311.7 to KP/KL 311.8 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 311.8 to KP/KL 314.4 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 314.4 to KP/KL 314.6 Organic veneer Shallow organics over till KP/KL 314.6 to KP/KL 315.7 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 315.7 to KP/KL 315.8 Organic veneer Shallow organics over fluvial deposits KP/KL 315.8 to KP/KL 317.0 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 317.0 to KP/KL 317.1 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 317.1 to KL 324.9 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KL 324.9 to KL 325.7 Fluvial fan and plain Gravel and sand Jasper National Park KL 325.7 to KL 326.5 Colluvial cone Gravel and sand KL 326.5 to KL 327.0 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KL 327.0 to KL 327.4 Colluvial cone Gravel and sand KL 327.4 to KL 330.7 Fluvial fan and plain Gravel and sand KL 330.7 to KL 330.9 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 330.9 to KL 333.5 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KL 333.5 to KL 333.7 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 333.7 to KP/KL 342.1 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KP/KL 342.1 to KP/KL 343.0 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 343.0 to KP/KL 345.4 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 345.4 to KP/KL 346.0 Bedrock Colluvial slopewash (discontinuous) KP/KL 346.0 to KP/KL 348.5 Moraine and moraine veneer Till, minor colluvium KP/KL 348.5 to KP/KL 349.3 Colluvial cone Gravel and sand KP/KL 349.3 to KP/KL 350.3 Bedrock Colluvial slopewash (discontinuous) KP/KL 350.3 to KP/KL 351.0 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 351.0 to KP/KL 360.3 Fluvial fan and plain Sand and gravel KP/KL 360.3 to KP/KL 360.9 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 360.9 to KP/KL 361.9 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KP/KL 361.9 to KP/KL 365.2 Glaciofluvial terrace and plain Cobbles, boulders, gravel and sand KP/KL 365.2 to KP/KL 371.8 Fluvial fan and plain Sand and gravel KP/KL 371.8 to KP/KL 372.0 Bedrock Colluvial slopewash (discontinuous) KP/KL 372.0 to KP/KL 375.1 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KP/KL 375.1 to KP/KL 376.3 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 376.3 to KL 381.6 Glaciofluvial terrace Cobbles, boulders, gravel and sand KL 381.6 to KP/KL 384.2 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel

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TABLE 5.4 Cont'd

Location Landform Surficial Materials KP/KL 384.2 to KP/KL 384.3 Lacustrine plain Silt and clay KP/KL 384.3 to KP/KL 386.8 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KP/KL 386.8 to KP/KL 387.0 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 387.0 to KP/KL 387.2 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KP/KL 387.2 to KP/KL 387.5 Organic veneer Shallow organics over fluvial deposits KP/KL 387.5 to KL 388.4 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KL 388.4 to KL 389.4 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 389.4 to KL 390.0 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KL 390.0 to KL 390.3 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 390.3 to KP/KL 391.3 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KP/KL KL 391.3 to KP/KL 391.4 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL KL 391.4 to KP/KL 394.4 Organic veneer Shallow organics over fluvial deposits KP/KL 394.4 to KP/KL 395.5 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KP/KL 395.5 to KL 396.3 Organic veneer Shallow organics over fluvial deposits KL 396.3 to KL 399.5 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 399.5 to KL 401.5 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KL 401.5 to KL 402.0 Organic veneer Shallow organics over fluvial deposits KL 402.0 to KL 402.4 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KL 402.4 to KL 405.4 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 405.4 to KP/KL 405.9 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel Mount Robson Provincial Park KP/KL 405.9 to KL 407.5 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KL 407.5 to KP/KL 410.5 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 410.5 to KP/KL 412.0 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KP/KL 412.0 to KL 416.0 Glaciofluvial plain and Gravel and sand hummocky outwash KL 416.0 to KL 416.5 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KL 416.5 to KL 419.0 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 419.0 to KL 420.1 Moraine Till KL 420.1 to KL 420.2 Slide terrain (old) Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 420.2 to KL 420.7 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 420.7 to KL 421.3 Slide terrain (old) Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 421.3 to KL 421.8 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 421.8 to KL 422.3 Slide terrain (old) Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 422.3 to KL 422.5 Colluvial blanket Colluvial slopewash KL 422.5 to KL 422.8 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KL 422.8 to KL 424.1 Colluvial blanket Colluvial slopewash KL 424.1 to KL 424.4 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KL 424.4 to KL 426.3 Colluvial veneer and blanket Colluvial slopewash KL 426.3 to KL 426.8 Slide terrain (old) Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KL 426.8 to KL 428.0 Colluvial blanket Colluvial slopewash KL 428.0 to KL 429.0 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KL 429.0 to KL 430.3 Colluvial fan Sand and gravel KL 430.3 to KL 434.1 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KL 434.1 to KL 434.8 Hummocky outwash Gravel and sand KL 434.8 to KP/KL 438.6 Colluvial veneer and blanket Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 438.6 to KP/KL 438.9 Slide terrain (old) Colluvial slopewash, including slide debris KP/KL 438.9 to KP/KL 442.3 Colluvial veneer and blanket Colluvial slopewash KP/KL 442.3 to KP/KL 444.0 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KP/KL 444.0 to KP/KL 445.8 Colluvial blanket Colluvial slopewash

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TABLE 5.4 Cont'd

Location Landform Surficial Materials KP/KL 445.8 to KP/KL 446.9 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KP/KL 446.9 to KP/KL 448.6 Colluvial blanket and fan Colluvial slopewash and sand-gravel KP/KL 448.6 to KL 449.4 Fluvial plain and fan Gravel and sand KL 449.4 to KL 451.3 Colluvial fan Sand and gravel KL 451.3 to KL 454.6 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KL 454.6 to KL 454.8 Glaciofluvial plain Gravel and sand KL 454.8 to KP/KL 456.0 Colluvial veneer and fan Colluvial slopewash and sand-gravel KP/KL 456.0 to KP/KL 457.3 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KP/KL 457.3 to KL 457.7 Colluvial veneer Colluvial slopewash KL 457.7 to KL 458.1 Fluvial plain Sand and gravel KL 458.1 to KL 460.1 Moraine Till KL 460.1 to KL 461.0 Fluvial fan Gravel and sand KL 461.0 to KP/KL 465.0 Moraine and moraine veneer Till KP/KL 465.0 to KP/KL 466.2 Fluvial plain and fan Sand and gravel KP/KL 466.2 to KP/KL 466.3 Organic veneer Shallow organics over till British Columbia KP/KL 466.3 to KP/KL 466.5 Organic veneer Shallow organics over till KP/KL 466.5 to KP/KL 468.0 Moraine Till

5.2.1.4 Seismic and Other Natural Hazards In general, major natural hazards are avoided by the Proposed Route. A list of natural hazards encountered in the LSA is presented in Table 5.5.

Several minor earthquakes have been documented in the RSA (Geological Survey of Canada 2005a, Natural Resources Canada 2005a). Although there have been no reported landslides in the LSA (Natural Resources Canada 2005b, Geological Survey of Canada 2005b), debris flows along creeks have occurred (Scott pers. comm). Generally, landslides and other mass wasting events are common in mountainous terrain of the Rocky Mountains. A number of ground instabilities (rockslides and slumps) are encroached upon by or affect slopes close to the Project. These landslides are interpreted to be old and inactive in most instances. Creeks with evidence of debris flow activity are encountered along the entire Project Footprint.

Numerous major snow avalanches have been reported in the RSA (Cyberspace Snow and Avalanche Centre 2005). These were almost exclusively encountered during recreational use of the back-country. The topography of the RSA is mountainous and avalanches may occur frequently, leading to temporary closures of highways and access roads. Natural Resources Canada (2005c) has not documented any major avalanches in the LSA, however, aerial photo interpretation and field observations showed that snow avalanche tracks are locally abundant. Erodible surficial materials occur on slopes and within areas of eolian deposits (Section 5.2.2), while valley bottom areas close to the rivers and creeks are susceptible to flooding. Two areas of permafrost, located in the LSA in JNP, are discussed below in the JNP section.

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TABLE 5.5

NATURAL HAZARDS WITHIN THE LOCAL STUDY AREA

Location along the Within Project Proposed Route Footprint Type of Hazard Comment Alberta None None None None Jasper National Park KP/KL 351.4 Yes Debris flow Vine Creek KP/KL 352.8 Yes Debris flow Corral Creek KP/KL 355.6 Yes Debris flow Cobblestone Creek KP/KL 357.1 Yes Debris flow unnamed creek KL 388.4 to KL 388.9 Yes Rockslide Inactive KL 390.1 Yes Debris flow Meadow Creek KP/KL 391.5 No Rockslide / slump Inactive KP/KL 394.8 Yes Debris flow Clairvaux Creek KP/KL 398.2 to KP/KL 398.6 Yes Rockslide / slump Inactive KP/KL 398.5 No Rockslide / slump Inactive KP/KL 400.1 Yes Debris flow Derr Creek KP/KL 402.6 No Rockslide / slump Inactive KL 403.7 No Rockslide / slump Inactive Mount Robson Provincial Park KP/KL 407.0 No Rockslide / slump Active KP/KL 411.6 Yes Debris flow Rockingham Creek KL 420.1 Yes Rockslide / slump Inactive KL 420.9 to KL 421.3 Yes Rockslide / slump Inactive KL 421.8 to KL 422.2 Yes Rockslide / slump Inactive KL 426.2 to KL 426.7 Yes Rockslide / slump Inactive KP/KL 428.0 Yes Debris flow Grant Brook Creek KP/KL 438.7 to KP/KL 438.9 Yes Rockslide Inactive KL 449.3 No Rockslide / slump Inactive KP/KL 452.7 Yes Debris flow unnamed creek KP/KL 456.6 Yes Debris flow unnamed creek KP/KL 465.8 Yes Debris flow Cochrane Creek British Columbia KP/KL 466.6 Yes Debris flow recent debris flow

Alberta The LSA in Alberta is located within Seismic Zone 0 where peak horizontal ground acceleration ranges from 0 to 0.04 (or 0 to 0.04 times the acceleration due to gravity) at a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years (National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) 1985). The probability for liquefaction is unknown for the LSA in Alberta.

There is no evidence of mass wasting and natural hazards in the LSA in Alberta and there is no evidence of permafrost or karst terrain (Table 5.5). Valley bottom areas and areas close to the rivers and creeks are prone to flooding, while the wetlands are poorly drained, with standing water.

In Alberta, the RSA is situated in a forested area where natural and prescribed forest fires may occasionally occur. Several historic forest fires have been recorded in the RSA (Table 5.6). A prescribed burn is planned between KL 325.0 and KL 325.7, extending into JNP. This burn is planned to proceed as soon as conditions are suitable at any time of the year. The burn may be postponed for several seasons due to wet conditions (Coleman pers. comm.).

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TABLE 5.6

HISTORIC FOREST FIRES IN THE REGIONAL STUDY AREA IN ALBERTA

Location Year Area Burned (ha) Proximity to Proposed Route KP/KL 321.5 1946 633.7 10 km northwest KP/KL 317.5 1959 485 4 km southeast KP/KL 317.5 1960 26.6 0.85 km east KP/KL 322.0 to KP/KL 323.0 1973 28.3 0 km KP/KL 317.5 1980 157.2 1 km east KP/KL 310.1 1997 405.3 4.5 km north KP/KL 316.0 to KP/KL 320.0 1997 1,966 20 km east KP/KL 312.5 2003 5 5 km west Source: ASRD 2005a

Jasper National Park The LSA in JNP is located within Seismic Zone 0 where peak horizontal ground acceleration ranges from 0 to 0.04 (or 0 to 0.04 times the acceleration due to gravity) at a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years (NBCC 1985). The probability for liquefaction is unknown for the LSA in JNP.

Debris flow activity is noted along several creeks in JNP (Table 5.5). A number of rockslides / slumps, mostly interpreted as old and inactive, exist along the Miette River valley west of Jasper townsite, affecting the valley walls upslope from the Proposed Route. They are locally encroached upon by the Project Footprint. Karst terrain occurs in the RSA in JNP but there is no evidence of karst terrain in the LSA of this segment.

Circular water-filled depressions suggestive of thermokarst (i.e., degrading or thawing permafrost) were observed within two wetland areas in the LSA but not within the Project Footprint. These occurrences are located 400 m northwest of the Proposed Route at KP/KL 344.4 and adjacent to the Proposed Route between KP/KL 361.9 and KP/KL 362.4. Perennially frozen ground likely also exists in alpine areas outside the LSA.

The Project Footprint in JNP crosses floodplain areas that are frequently flooded and wetlands which are poorly drained, with standing water. The potential for erosion exists on long gentle slopes and in moderately to steeply sloping terrain, as well as in areas of erosion-susceptible surficial materials. Eolian (loess) sediments susceptible to wind erosion are found in the Jasper Lake area (Section 5.2.2). Near surface silt deposits (loess) in the Jasper townsite area and elsewhere along the Athabasca River valley may also be eroded by the wind if disturbed.

The LSA is situated in a forested area where natural and prescribed forest fires occasionally occur. Historically, the Miette and Athabasca valleys had a fire cycle of ten to 25 years as a result of burning by Aboriginals. Since the establishment of JNP in 1907, fire suppression has dramatically changed the natural fire cycle. Table 5.7 presents historic forest fires that have occurred in the RSA in JNP between 1980 and 2003. The result of past management practices is an increase in fuel loads, an alternation in stand/age dynamics and a general decrease in forest health (Smith pers. comm.).

JNP has a series of prescribed burns planned with the purpose of re-introducing wildfire into ecosystems, of protecting human used areas and of containing mountain pine beetle (MPB). Parks Canada conducts most prescribed burns in JNP in the spring and fall, however, suitable conditions are determined by weather, fuel, and moisture conditions and can occur at any time during the year. If conditions do not create a burning window during the year, prescribed burns are usually postponed, sometimes for several seasons, until those conditions occur (Smith pers. comm.). The prescribed burns listed in Table 5.8 have been proposed by B.A. Blackwell and Associates Ltd. (Blackwell 2005a). Parks Canada is currently planning to conduct the prescribed burns listed in Table 5.9 (Smith pers. comm.).

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TABLE 5.7

HISTORIC FOREST FIRES IN THE REGIONAL STUDY AREA IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK (1980-2003)

Proximity to Location Name Cause Proposed Route KL 333.0 Rock Creek anthropogenic 49 km northwest KL 333.0 Willow Creek anthropogenic 35 km northwest KL 333.0 Kidney natural 30 km northwest KL 333.0 to KL 336.0 Mushroom Patch anthropogenic 3 km northwest KL 337 to KP/KL 343.0 Syncline Ridge anthropogenic 2 km east KP/KL 354.0 Unnamed anthropogenic 2 km east KP/KL 357.0 Rhonde anthropogenic 2 km east KP/KL 359.0 to KP/KL 364.0 Colin Range anthropogenic 4 km east KP/KL 361.0 to KP/KL 363.0 Henry House anthropogenic 1 km east KP/KL 363.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Jackladder anthropogenic 0.5 km east KP/KL 364.0 to KP/KL 368.0 Palisades anthropogenic 2 km east KP/KL 365.0 Unnamed anthropogenic 0 m KP/KL 370.0 Old Man anthropogenic 4 km east KP/KL 370.0 Simpson anthropogenic 32 km southeast KP/KL 379.0 Unnamed natural 5 km south

TABLE 5.8

PRESCRIBED BURNS IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK PROPOSED BY BLACKWELL (2005a)

Location Name Area (ha) Proximity to Proposed Route KP/KL 360.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Hawk Mountain North 563.4 1,900 m KP/KL 362.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Snaring Central 96.1 730 m KP/KL 362.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Snaring East 167.4 850 m KP/KL 363.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Snaring West 156.8 120 m KP/KL 365.0 to KP/KL 368.0 Hawk Mountain South 696.3 970 m KP/KL 367.0 ATCO Plant East 15.3 239 m KP/KL 371.0 Lake Edith North Boundary 61.6 520 m KP/KL 372.0 Pyramid Lake North 164.8 1,830 m KP/KL 373.0 Pyramid Lake Scarp 63.6 160 m KP/KL 374.0 Patricia Lake West 183.8 2,205 m KP/KL 374.0 Stable Flats North 322.2 140 m KP/KL 375.0 Jasper Park Lodge - East 49.9 1,390 m KP/KL 375.0 Stable Flats South 99.7 280 m KP/KL 376.0 Riley/Mina Lake East 30.4 1,265 m KP/KL 376.0 Riley/Mina Lake North 156.1 1,360 m KP/KL 376.0 Riley/Mina Lake Central 33.7 1,200 m KP/KL 377.0 to KL 378.0 Old Fort Point Ridge East 67.3 2,900 m KP/KL 377.0 to KL 378.0 Old Fort Point Ridge West 74.8 850 m KP/KL 377.0 to KL 378.0 Old Fort Point South 64.1 2,270 m KP/KL 377.0 to KL 378.0 Tekarra North 37.5 850 m KL 378.0 Athabasca Bridge East 212.9 5,835 m KL 378.0 Athabasca Bridge West 51.3 5,520 m KL 378.0 DF Ridge 67.4 1,635 m KL 378.0 Prairie de la Vache North 177.8 2,205 m

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TABLE 5.8 Cont'd

Location Name Area (ha) Proximity to Proposed Route KL 378.0 Prairie de la Vache South 129.5 8,250 m KL 378.0 River Bend North 142.7 1,670 m KL 378.0 Tekarra Aspen 102.2 1,505 m KL 378.0 Tekarra Bench 486.7 2,000 m KL 378.0 Tekarra East 77.3 1,420 m KL 378.0 Tekarra Point 25.9 1,335 m KL 378.0 Whirlpool River East 126.5 17,801 m KL 378.0 Whirlpool River North 772.8 13,325 m KL 378.0 Whirlpool River West 198.9 17,900 m KL 378.0 to KP/KL 381.0 Whistler’s Creek North 251.9 3,730 m KL 379.0 Riley/Mina Lake South 62.1 1,250 m KL 379.0 to KP/KL 381.0 Whistler's Slide 790.5 1,075 m KL 380.0 Cabin Lake East 71.2 945 m KL 380.0 Marjorie Lake East 24.8 22 m KL 380.0 to KL 382.0 Marjorie Lake North 182.0 240 m KL 381.0 Marjorie Lake Central 22.5 255 m KL 381.0 Marjorie Lake South 19 25 m KL 381.0 to KP/KL 386.0 Marjorie Lake West 393.9 less than 10 m KL 390.0 Minaga Guard North 401.7 163 m KL 390.0 to KP/KL 394.0 Minaga Guard South 201.1 75 m

TABLE 5.9

SCHEDULED PRESCRIBED BURNS IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK

Area Proximity to Location Name Tentative Schedule (ha) Proposed Route KP/KL 326.0 Fiddle Spring 2006 or 2007 153 0 m KP/KL 360.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Hawk I Spring 2006 615 2 km east KP/KL 365.0 to KP/KL 370.0 Hawk II Spring 2008 1,230 2 km east KP 360.0 to KP/KL 365.0 Henry House II Spring or Fall 2009 275 0 m KP 375.0 to KL 380.0 Pyramid Bench Starting in 2006 (regular 150 1 km west rotation of 40 to 60 ha each year in spring and/or fall) KP 350.0 to KP/KL 352.0 Windy Point Spring 2007 750 4 km west KP 377.0 Tekarra Spring or fall 2010 40 3 km east

Mount Robson Provincial Park The LSA in MRPP is located within Seismic Zone 1 where peak horizontal ground acceleration ranges from 0.04 to 0.08 (or 0.04 to 0.08 times the acceleration due to gravity) at a probability of exceedance of 10% in 50 years (NBCC 1985). The probability for liquefaction along the Proposed Route is between 2% and 5% in 50 years (BC Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management (MSRM) 1994).

Evidence of mass wasting in the form of landslides and debris flow activity is widespread within both the RSA and the LSA in MRPP (Table 5.5). An active landslide exists on the west side of Yellowhead Pass (north of the Project at KP/KL 407.0) but does not encroach onto the Project Footprint (Plate 5A.3). Other inactive rockslides and slumps were also identified. There is evidence of debris flow activity along several creeks crossed by the Proposed Route. Snow avalanche tracks are widespread on this (west) side of the continental divide.

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There is no evidence of permafrost or karst terrain in the LSA in MRPP. However, permafrost likely occurs in alpine areas outside the LSA. Valley bottom areas and areas close to the rivers and creeks are prone to flooding, while the wetlands are poorly drained, with standing water. The potential for erosion exists on long gentle slopes and in moderately to steeply sloping terrain, as well as in areas of erosion- susceptible surficial materials, such as eolian and glaciolacustrine deposits (Section 5.2.2).

The LSA in MRPP is situated in a forested area where natural and prescribed forest fires occasionally occur. Recent fires include the prescribed Moose Lake fire, which occurred in the Project Footprint and LSA between KL 433.3 and KP/KL 446.9 in 2004 and burned 2,638 ha (BC Ministry of Forests and Range (MOF) 2005). Several forest fires also occurred north of the Moose Lake fire in 2004, approximately 2.5 km north of the Proposed Route. In May 2003, a human caused fire burned 7 ha at Yellowhead Lake (approximately 500 m north of KL 421.3). A series of prescribed burns has been proposed in the 2005 Forest Health Strategy for MRPP (Blackwell 2005b) (Table 5.10).

TABLE 5.10

PRESCRIBED BURNS IN MOUNT ROBSON PROVINCIAL PARK

Proximity to Location Site Area (ha)1 Year Proposed Route KP/KL 415.0 Upper Fraser 650 2009 / 2010 4 km south KL 421.0 to KL 431.0 Yellowhead West 3,100 2007 / 2008 0 km KP/KL 466.0 to KP/KL 468.0 Swiftcurrent2 2,200 2006 / 2007 2.2 km north Notes: 1 Except for Moose Lake prescribed burn which has a prescription under development, all areas are estimates until such time as detailed prescriptions are developed. 2 Although the Swiftcurrent burn is located north of the Proposed Route in BC it is located within the boundaries of MRPP.

British Columbia In the LSA in BC, a recent debris flow, crossing both Canadian National (CN) Railway tracks and the existing Trans Mountain pipeline, was observed at KP/KL 466.6 during the route reconnaissance (Table 5.5, Plate 5A.4). The LSA in BC is situated in a forested area where natural and prescribed forest fires occasionally occur. In July 2004, the Swift Creek fire, caused by lightning, burned 503 ha approximately 6 km northwest of KP/KL 467.0. A prescribed burn is scheduled for the Swiftcurrent area north of the LSA in BC, located within the boundaries of MRPP (Table 5.10). No prescribed burns are planned in the LSA in BC by BC provincial government agencies (Stromberg-Jones pers. comm.). Refer to MRPP above for a description of other seismic and natural hazards in the LSA in BC.

5.2.1.5 Climate This subsection describes the climatic setting in the LSA. On average, MRPP has higher snowfall than JNP. A detailed description of the ecosystem classification of the LSA is provided in Section 5.2.8.1.

Alberta In the LSA in Alberta, the Lower Foothills Subregion (KP/KL 310.1 to KP/KL 315.0), receives an average annual precipitation of 465 mm. Approximately two-thirds of the annual precipitation falls between May and September.

The mean May-September temperature is 11°C to 13°C. KP/KL 315.0 to KL 325.7 of the LSA lies within the Montane Subregion, which is described in the JNP section below (Alberta Environmental Protection (AEP) 1994).

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Jasper National Park The LSA in JNP lies within the Montane Subregion (KL 325.7 to KP/KL 405.9), with pockets of Sub-Alpine Subregion occurring at the outer margins of the LSA at KP/KL 350.0 and between KP/KL 392.0 and KL 399.0.

Chinooks are characteristic of the Montane Subregion and it is intermittently snow-free in the winter. The average temperature from May to September is 12°C with a mean July temperature of 15°C and a mean January temperature of -8°C. There are about 70 frost-free days per year. Average annual precipitation is about 600 mm with a range of 300 mm to 1,280 mm (AEP 1994).

Within the Sub-Alpine Subregion, the mean annual temperature ranges from -1°C to 3°C, with a mean July temperature of 9°C. Below-freezing temperatures occur in all months and the frost-free period is likely less than 30 days. Total annual precipitation ranges from 460 mm in the drier Front Ranges to more than 1,400 mm in southern Alberta. Winter precipitation is higher in this subregion than any other subregion in Alberta with often more than 200 cm of snowfall per year (AEP 1994).

Table 5.11 presents the average monthly rainfall, snowfall, snow depth and daily temperature in JNP recorded at the Jasper townsite station.

Mount Robson Provincial Park The Project Footprint lies within the Sub-Boreal Spruce (SBS) (KP/KL 405.9 to KP/KL 464.0) and Interior Cedar-Hemlock (ICH) biogeoclimatic (BGC) zones (KL 460.0 to KP/KL 466.3). Very minor inclusions of the Raush moist mild Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir subzone (ESSFmm1) and the Robson moist mild Engelmann Spruce Subalpine Fir subzone (ESSFmm2) are encountered sporadically along the southern and northern margins of the LSA, respectively (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

The climate in the SBS BGC zone is characterized by seasonal temperature extremes with warm, moist summers and harsh snowy winters. Mean annual temperatures range from 1.7°C to 5°C with the average temperature falling below 0°C for 4 to 5 months of the year and rising above 10°C for 2 to 5 months each year. This region experiences moderate precipitation with annual means ranging from 440-900 mm, 25- 50% of which is snow (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

The climate in the ICH BGC zone is an interior, continental climate with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. There are very few extreme temperatures with mean annual temperatures ranging from 2°C to 8.7°C. Temperatures average below 0°C for 2 to 5 months of the year and above 10°C for 3 to 5 months of the year. The mean annual precipitation is 500-1,200 mm, 25-50% of which falls as snow (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

The climate in the ESSF BGC zone is a relatively cold, moist, and snowy continental climate, with cool, short growing seasons. Mean annual temperatures range from -2°C to 2°C, with mean monthly temperatures below 0°C for 5 to 7 months of the year and above 10°C for 0 to 2 months. Precipitation within this zone is quite variable ranging from as little as 400 to 500 mm up to as much as 2,200 mm in the wetter areas. Most (50 to 70%) of the precipitation falls as snow (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

Table 5.11 presents the monthly average rainfall, snowfall and snow depth, and daily temperature for MRPP recorded at the Mount Robson Ranch station.

British Columbia The Project Footprint in BC lies within ICH BGC zone. The SBS BGC zone is encountered at the outer margins of the LSA. These BGC zones are described above in the MRPP section (Meidinger and Pojar 1991).

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TABLE 5.11

SNOWFALL, RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE AVERAGES WITHIN JASPER NATIONAL PARK AND MOUNT ROBSON PROVINCIAL PARK (1971-2000)

Station Location Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec a) Average Rainfall (mm) Jasper townsite 4.5 2.8 5.1 12 28.7 54.7 60.1 59 35.9 22.1 8.3 3.4 Mount Robson 3 6.6 12.3 16 36.8 53.4 61.3 66.9 49.5 44.9 16.2 5.6 Ranch b) Average Snowfall (cm) Jasper townsite 30.5 18.3 16.9 8.6 1.4 0.3 0 0.2 1.9 8 21.6 30.3 Mount Robson 56.8 30.9 15.5 4.4 0.9 0.1 0 0 0 6.9 37.5 68.8 Ranch c) Average Snow Depth (cm) Jasper townsite 23 24 15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 16 Mount Robson 128 110 105 77 27 0 0 0 0 17 54 83 Ranch 1 d) Average Daily Temperatures (°C) Jasper townsite -9.8 -6.3 -1.2 4.3 9.1 12.8 15 14.5 9.8 4.5 -4.0 -9.2 Mount Robson -9.7 -5.9 -0.5 4.7 9.5 13.2 15.5 14.8 9.6 3.8 -4.1 -9.2 Ranch Source: Environment Canada 2000 Note: 1 Due to lack of average snow depth data at Mount Robson Ranch, extreme snow depth data is presented.

5.2.1.6 Contaminated Soils This subsection describes known locations of contaminates soils in the LSA. These include sites identified by Terasen Pipelines, sites included in the Federal Contaminated Sites and Solid Waste Landfills Inventory, and sites identified by the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board (EUB) and the BC Ministry of Environment (BC MOE). Project-related effects and mitigation pertaining to known contaminated sites are presented in Section 6.2.1 of this EA report. The potential effects and mitigation related to spills during construction or operations are discussed in Section 6.2.18 of this EA report.

Alberta The Alberta Energy and Utility Board (EUB) has no records of substance releases in the LSA in Alberta (EUB 2005). In Alberta, the Proposed Route parallels the existing Trans Mountain pipeline for most of its length and the Project Footprint overlaps that of the existing Trans Mountain pipeline. There are no records of historical Terasen Pipelines spills in the Project Footprint that resulted in the release of hydrocarbons to the environment (Table 5.12).

Jasper National Park There are 34 federal contaminated sites located within JNP. Eleven sites are located in the LSA and three of these are traversed by the Project Footprint (Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat 2005). In addition, there are two historic gas station sites in the LSA with one of these in the Project Footprint. Four historical Terasen Pipelines spills are identified in the Project Footprint (Table 5.12).

Mount Robson Provincial Park There are no provincially designated contaminated sites in the LSA (BC MOE 2005a) and no historical Terasen Pipelines spills in the Project Footprint in MRPP (Table 5.12).

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British Columbia There are no provincially-designated contaminated sites in the LSA (BC MOE 2005a) and there are no historical Terasen Pipelines spills in the Project Footprint in BC (Table 5.12).

TABLE 5.12

LOCATIONS OF POTENTIAL CONTAMINATED SOILS WITHIN THE LOCAL STUDY AREA

Project Footprint / Proximity to Location Name Details LSA Proposed Route Alberta None None N/A N/A N/A Jasper National Park KL 331.2 Pocahontas / Hwy 16 Old dump site. Project 0 m Dump / Fiddle Area Footprint Dump KL 333.4 Pocahontas Mine Cleared area along Roche LSA 300 m east (pits) Miette Creek. KL 332.8 Old gas station Former gas stations site LSA 100 m west (relocated to site east of Highway 16). KL 332.8 Old gas station Former Petro-Canada gas Project 0 m stations site. Footprint KP/KL 365.0 Trade Waste Pit Solid waste (on proposed work LSA 800 m east camp site “Old Jasper Dump”). KP/KL 370.0 Terasen Pump Release of crude & refined oil Project 0 m Station and methyl tertiary-butyl ether Footprint (MTBE). Perforation in pipe discovered during routine anomaly investigation in 2001. KP/KL 370.1 Waste Transfer Nuisance substances present. LSA 15 m east Station KP/KL 372.0 Historical spill Rupture of existing Trans Project 0 m Mountain pipeline at Sucker Footprint Creek. KP/KL 376.0 to CN Railway yard CN Railway Tank Farm. Project 0 m KP/KL 377.0 Contaminant plume extends Footprint across Proposed Route east to the Athabasca River. KP/KL 376.5 Lac Beauvert Cleared site across Athabasca LSA 500 m east River. Solid waste, no chemical contamination. KP/KL 377.0 Maintenance Contaminants present include Project 0 m Compound salt, chlorides and a small Footprint amount of hydrocarbons. KP/KL 377.5 Townsite Block S Site Contaminants present include LSA 50 m hydrocarbons. KL 377.8 93A small pit Current dump site for LSA 600 m east construction waste. KL 377.8 Stormwater Outfall Storm drain for Jasper townsite. LSA 20 m west Contaminants present include hydrocarbon and metals. KL 378.9 Waste Disposal Site Within proposed staging area J- Project 0 m CS 379; hydrocarbons and solid Footprint waste present.

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TABLE 5.12 Cont'd

Project Footprint / Proximity to Location Name Details LSA Proposed Route KP/KL 384.0 Historical spill Historical spill in 1966. Crude oil Project 0 m released. Footprint KP/KL 387.0 Historical spill Spills at existing Trans Project 0 m Mountain pipeline during river Footprint crossing repairs in 1954. Crude oil released. KL 399.0 to KL Highway 16 West km Nuisance substances present. LSA 400 m south 401.0 20.6 Mount Robson Provincial Park None None N/A N/A N/A British Columbia None None N/A N/A N/A

5.2.2 Soils Overview A soil assessment of the Proposed Route was conducted by Mentiga Pedology Consultants Ltd. (Mentiga 2005) between May and August 2005. This subsection presents a summary of this soil survey, identifying soil types encountered in the Project Footprint and concerns such as erosion risk, trench instability, problem subsoils and compaction associated with construction.

In total, 21 soil units were described and mapped along the Proposed Route. Summaries of soil characteristics and soil constraints associated with pipeline construction in the Project Footprint are presented in Table 5.13. Potential project-related impacts and mitigation pertaining to soils are discussed in Section 6.2.2 of this EA report.

A variety of soils occur along the Proposed Route. Soils in the Project Footprint in Alberta are very strongly to extremely calcareous and have a substantial depth of topsoil while soils in the eastern portion of JNP have thinner topsoil depths but are still very strongly to extremely calcareous. Calcareous Melanic Brunisols developed on eolian veneers and blankets as well as Calcareous Orthic and Cumulic Regosols developed on fluvial fans occur throughout the eastern portion of the Proposed Route. These soils occur in rapidly to imperfectly drained positions and occupy about 43 km (27%) of the Project Footprint.

Orthic and Eutric Brunisols with little or no topsoil (Ah, Ahe, or Ap horizons) and developed on glaciofluvial sands and gravels, glaciolacustrine silts, fluvial fans and coarse-textured till materials occupy about 49 km (31%) of the Project Footprint. These soils mainly occur in the Project Footprint in the central and western portions of JNP and eastern portion of MRPP. Carbonates were detected at 50 cm to 80 cm below the surface in some of these soils.

Well drained Orthic and Cumulic Regosols developed on coarse-textured fluvial fans occur in JNP and MRPP, and occupy about 8 km (5%) of the Project Footprint. These soils usually lack a topsoil horizon, however, thin buried surface horizons occasionally occur at depth.

Well to rapidly drained Orthic Dystric Brunisols and Eluviated Dystric Brunisols with no topsoil horizon and developed on coarse and medium textured tills, and coarse-textured fluvial fans mainly occur along the western portion of the Proposed Route in MRPP and in BC. These soils are usually strongly acidic in soil reaction and carbonates are not detected at depth. These soils occupy about 25 km (16%) of the Project Footprint.

Poorly drained Gleysolic soils and very poorly drained Organic soils occupy about 14 km (9%) of the Project Footprint. Some of the Gleysolic soils have 20 cm to 50 cm of surface peat and are identified as a peaty phase. Calcareous Rego Gleysols occur along the eastern portion of the Proposed Route while Rego Gleysols occur along the central and western portions. The Gleysolic soils are usually developed on

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 stone-free and gravel-free silts on the floodplains of the major rivers and creeks. These poorly drained soils rarely have a topsoil horizon (Ah, Ahg or Ahe horizon) but frequently have a thin layer of peat at the surface. Organic soils (mainly Typic and Fibric Mesisols) are of minor extent occupying less than 0.1% of the Proposed Route.

The remaining 19 km (12%) of the Project Footprint consists of Miscellaneous Land Units such as Braided River Channels along the major rivers and creeks, previously Disturbed Land, Consolidated Rock Outcrops, Major Rivers, and Open Bodies of Water. Previously Disturbed Land and Rock Outcrops account for about 10% of the Project Footprint.

Alberta In Alberta, Brule, Erith, Hinton and Hillsdale 1 soil units occur in the Project Footprint (Table 5.13). All of these soil units are strongly to extremely calcareous at the surface and calcareous soils are encountered throughout the Project Footprint.

Brule soils, which occur intermittently between KP/KL 318.4 and KL 324.8, have 45 cm to 68 cm of topsoil. In areas of Erith soils, which occur as intermittent patches in wet areas between KP/KL 311.1 and KP/KL 321.7, the water table may be encountered at or near the surface. These poorly drained soils are also susceptible to soil compaction and rutting. Hinton soils, which intermittently occur throughout the entire Alberta segment of the Proposed Route, are very stony at depth and have 20 cm to 50 cm of topsoil.

There are no acidic soils on the Alberta segment of the Proposed Route but Hinton, Brule and Hillsdale 1 soils are all highly susceptible to wind erosion when disturbed.

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Terasen Pipeline (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

TABLE 5.13

SUMMARY OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT

Topsoil Erosion Hazards2 Susceptible to Depth Soil Susceptible Soil Route Segment Range1 Range Topsoil Colour Compaction To Trench Surface Symbol Soil Unit (intermittent occurrence) Length Soil Classification Parent Material Texture Class (cm) Differentiation Wind Water and Rutting Instability Stoniness3 Comments or Other Concerns ATB1 Athabasca1 JNP 8.1 km (5.1%) Orthic Eutric Brunisols glaciofluvial gravelly sandy loam - 0 - H S-H - Yes S0-3 - upper 10 to 20 cm of material is usually KP/KL 360.5 to KL 381.6 loamy sand gravel-free MRPP KP/KL 410.6 to KP/KL 411.2 byATB1 bouldery JNP 1.5 km (0.9%) Orthic Eutric Brunisols glaciofluvial bouldery sandy loam - 0 - H S-H - Yes S4-S5 - bouldery surface does not allow root zone Athabasca1 KP/KL 377.0 to KL 390.5 loamy sand material salvage ATB2 Athabasca2 JNP 6.8 km (4.3%) Orthic Eutric Brunisols glaciofluvial loamy sand - sand 0 - H S-H - Yes S0 - KP/KL 362.5 to KP/KL 373.8 BRU Brule Alberta 3.5 km (2.2%) Calcareous Melanic eolian silt loam - fine sandy 45-68 Good H S-M - Yes S0 - topsoil horizon is strongly to very strongly KP/KL 318.4 to KL 324.7 Brunisols loam calcareous glBRU gleyed Brule Alberta 0.5 km (0.3%) Gleyed Calcareous eolian silt loam - fine sandy 65 Good H S - Yes S0 - topsoil horizon is strongly to very strongly KP/KL 319.6 to KP/KL 320.1 Melanic Brunisols loam calcareous CTW Cottonwood JNP 4.3 km (2.7%) Eluviated and Orthic glaciolacustrine silt loam - silty clay 0 - M S-H - - S0 - KP/KL 365.4 to 365.7 Eutric Brunisols MRPP KL 423.5 to KL 430.5 DVA Devona JNP 3.6 km (2.3%) Calcareous Orthic and eolian silt loam - very fine 13-22 Fair H S-H - Yes S0 - extremely calcareous material to the surface KL 330.2 to KL 331.7 Calcareous Cumulic sandy loam KP/KL 341.0 to KP/KL 342.5 Regosols ETH Erith Alberta 0.8 km (0.5%) Calcareous Rego fluvial loam - silt loam 0 - M S Yes Yes S0 - strongly to very strongly calcareous material KP/KL 314.4 to KP/KL 321.6 Gleysol to the surface - unstable trench walls in excessively wet areas FOX Fox BC 1.2 km (0.8%) Orthic and Eluviated rocky till silt loam 0 - M M-H - - S0-3 - stones consist mainly of schist bedrock KP/KL 466.4 to KP/KL 468.0 Dystric Brunisols fragments FRS Fireside JNP 10.0 km (6.3%) Eluviated and Orthic fluvial fan sandy loam -gravelly 0 - H S-M - Yes S0-4 - upper 15 to 20 cm of material is usually KP/KL 383.4 to KP/KL 384.9 Eutric Brunisols sandy loam gravel-free KL 397.9 to KL 398.9 MRPP KL 407.4 to KP/KL 439.6 KL 451.3 to KP/KL 456.8 byFRS bouldery MRPP 0.3 km (0.2%) Eluviated and Orthic fluvial fan bouldery sandy loam - 0 - H S - Yes S4-S5 - bouldery surface doesn’t allow root zone Fireside KL 428.1 to KL 428.4 Eutric Brunisols gravelly sandy loam material salvage FTZ Fitzwilliam MRPP 6.6 km (4.1%) Eluviated and Orthic glaciofluvial gravelly coarse sand 0 - H S-H - Yes S0-4 - KP/KL 412.1 to KL 422.5 Eutric Brunisols GHT2 Ghita2 MRPP 0.1 km (0.1%) Typic and Fibric organic organic 0 - S S Yes Yes S0 - salvage upper 40 to 50 cm of material KL 434.0 to KL 434.1 Mesisols HDL1 Hillsdale1 Alberta 13.7 km (8.6%) Calcareous Orthic and fluvial fan very fine sandy loam - 0-25 Fair H S-H - Yes S0-2 - strongly to very strongly calcareous material KL 325.0 to KL 325.7 Calcareous Cumulic gravelly loamy sand JNP Regosols KL 325.7 to KP/KL 366.5 MRPP KL 432.6 to KL 433.3 stHDL1 stony Hillsdale1 Alberta 1.3 km (0.8%) Calcareous Orthic and fluvial fan stony very fine sandy 5-20 Fair H S - Yes S3-4 - stony conditions may hamper root zone KL 325.1 to KL 325.3 Calcareous Cumulic loam - stony loamy salvaging Regosols sand HDL2 Hillsdale2 JNP 5.8 km (3.7%) Orthic and Cumulic fluvial fan very fine sandy loam - 0 - H S-M - Yes S0-2 - upper 15 to 30 cm of material is usually KL 380.4 to KP/KL 405.6 Regosols gravelly loamy sand gravel-free MRPP KL 428.5 to KL 428.9 KP/KL 444.9 to KL 452.5

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Terasen Pipeline (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

TABLE 5.13 Cont'd

Topsoil Erosion Hazards2 Susceptible to Depth Soil Susceptible Soil Route Segment Range1 Range Topsoil Colour Compaction To Trench Symbol Soil Unit (intermittent occurrence) Length Soil Classification Parent Material Texture Class (cm) Differentiation Wind Water and Rutting Instability Stoniness3 Comments or Other Concerns glHDL2 gleyed JNP 1.3 km (0.8%) Gleyed Regosols and fluvial fan very fine sandy loam - 0 - M S - Yes S0-2 - upper 15 to 20 cm of material is usually Hillsdale2 KL 401.2 to KL 401.6 Gleyed Cumulic gravelly loamy sand gravel-free MRPP Regosols KP/KL 444.9 to KP/KL 445.5 KL 452.1 to KL 452.4 stHDL2 stony JNP 0.4 km (0.2%) Orthic and Cumulic fluvial fan stony very fine sandy 0 - H S - Yes S3-4 - stony conditions may hamper root zone Hillsdale2 KP/KL 394.4 to KP/KL 394.8 Regosols loam - stony loamy salvaging sand HTN Hinton Alberta 12.4 km (7.8%) Calcareous Melanic eolian / till loam - silt loam / stony 10-90 Good H S-H - - S0 - strongly to extremely calcareous material to KP/KL 310.1 to KL 325.0 Brunisol loam the surface JNP KP/KL 343.0 to KP/KL 347.7 glHTN gleyed Hinton Alberta 1.2 km (0.8%) Gleyed Calcareous eolian / till loam - silt loam / stony 40-65 Good H S - - S0 - strongly to extremely calcareous material to KP/KL 316.3 to KP/KL 317.6 Melanic Brunisol loam the surface LUC1 Lucerne1 JNP 7.2 km (4.5%) Eluviated and Orthic till sandy loam, loam or silt 0 - M-H S-H - - S1-3 - upper 15 to 20 cm of material is usually not as KL 396.9 to KL 405.4 Eutric Brunisols loam stony MRPP KL 408.3 to KP/KL 439.2 stLUC1 stony Lucerne1 JNP 1.4 km (0.9%) Eluviated and Orthic till stony sandy loam, 0 - M-H H - - S3-4 - stony conditions may hamper root zone KL 397.3 to KL 399.1 Eutric Brunisols stony loam or stony silt salvaging loam LUC2 Lucerne2 MRPP 7.8 km (4.9%) Eluviated and Orthic till sandy loam, loam or silt 0 - M-H M-H - - S1-3 - upper 10 to 15 cm of material is usually not as KP/KL 455.8 to KP/KL 465.6 Dystric Brunisols loam stony or gravelly MOS Moose MRPP 12.3 km (7.7%) Eluviated Dystric till gravelly sandy loam - 0 - H S-H - Yes S3-4 - very coarse textured and acidic till KP/KL 439.6 to KP/KL 456.1 Brunisol gravelly loamy sand NQY Norquay MRPP 4.2 km (2.6%) Orthic and Eluviated till sandy loam, loam or silt 0 - M H - - S2-3 - till is moderately calcareous KL 434.3 to KP/KL 438.9 Eutric Brunisols loam TAB Talbot JNP 6.3 km (4.0%) Calcareous Orthic and eolian / fluvial or till silt loam / gravelly 9-35 Fair H S-H - - S0 - extremely calcareous material to the surface KL 327.0 to KP/KL 350.6 Calcareous Cumulic sandy loam - gravelly Regosols loamy sand stTAB stony Talbot JNP 0.3 km (0.2%) Calcareous Orthic and eolian / fluvial or till silt loam / stony sandy 10 Fair H H - - S3-4 - stony conditions at 10 cm below the surface KP/KL 345.8 to KP/KL 347.8 Calcareous Cumulic loam - stony loamy Regosols sand VLN1 Vermilion JNP 3.0 km (1.9%) Calcareous Rego fluvial silt loam 0-22 Fair M S Yes Yes S0 - strongly to very strongly calcareous material to Lakes1 L 332.2 to KP/KL 362.4 Gleysol the surface - unstable trench walls in excessively wet areas ptVLN1 peaty Vermilion JNP 1.2 km (0.8%) Peaty Calcareous Rego organic / fluvial organic / silt loam 0 - S S Yes Yes S0 - salvage peat material Lakes1 KP/KL 361.5 to KP/KL 362.0 Gleysol - strongly to very strongly calcareous material to the surface - unstable trench walls in excessively wet areas VLN2 Vermilion JNP 5.8 km (3.7%) Rego Gleysol fluvial silt loam 0 - M S Yes Yes S0 - unstable trench walls in excessively wet areas Lakes2 KL 380.5 to KL 396.3 MRPP KP/KL 406.5 to KL 432.6 BC KP/KL 466.3 to KP/KL 466.4 ptVLN2 peaty Vermilion JNP 3.7 km (2.3%) Peaty Rego Gleysol organic / fluvial organic / silt loam 0 - S S Yes Yes S0 - salvage peat material Lakes2 KP/KL 393.0 to KL 403.8 - unstable trench walls in excessively wet areas MRPP KP/KL 406.9 to KL 407.4 KP/KL 465.0 to KP/KL 465.2

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Terasen Pipeline (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

TABLE 5.13 Cont'd

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

Jasper National Park In JNP, the extent of the various soils types occurring in the Project Footprint is presented in Table 5.14. The Proposed Route follows along edges of valley walls, along Highway 16 or along abandoned or active railway grades to avoid areas of poorly drained fluvial deposits on the floodplains of the major rivers and creeks. The routing along edges of valley walls reflects the high percentage (45%) of Orthic and Eluviated Eutric Brunisols developed on steeply sloping till deposits, Rock Outcrops and Disturbed Land. There are no Dystric Brunisols or Organic soils in the Project Footprint in JNP.

In JNP, the Project Footprint traverses twelve soil units, including the Athabasca 1 and 2, Cottonwood, Devona, Fireside, Hillsdale 1 and 2, Hinton, Lucerne 1, Talbot and Vermilion Lakes 1 and 2 soil units (Table 5.13). Strongly to extremely calcareous soils are found where the Project Footprint encounters Devona, Fireside, Hillsdale 1, Hinton, Talbot, and Vermilion Lakes 1. In areas of Vermillion Lakes 1 and 2 soils, the water table may be encountered near the surface. These soils are susceptible to compaction and rutting, and are encountered intermittently throughout JNP in poorly or very poorly drained level to depressional areas and on poorly drained floodplains. The only soils within JNP that have developed topsoil horizons are the Hinton and Devona soils, with topsoil horizons of 20 cm to 50 cm and 13 cm to 22 cm, respectively. They occur intermittently from KL 329.7 to KL 331.8 and from KP/KL 341.0 to KP/KL 347.7. Devona soils (Plate 5A.5) have developed on active dunes and Talbot soils (Plate 5A.6) consist of a thin veneer of calcareous eolian material overlying gravely fluvial or till materials. Athabasca 1 and 2, Devona, Hillsdale 1 and 2, Hinton and Talbot soils are susceptible to wind erosion.

TABLE 5.14

EXTENT OF VARIOUS SOILS IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT IN JASPER NATIONAL PARK

Proposed Route Soil Classification km % Calcareous Melanic Brunisols 3.8 4.7 Calcareous Orthic and Cumulic Regosols 23.8 29.5 Orthic and Eluviated Eutric Brunisols 23.6 29.2 Orthic and Cumulic Regosols 4.6 5.7 Orthic and Eluviated Dystric Brunisols ------Calcareous Rego Gleysols 4.2 5.3 Rego Gleysols 6.6 8.2 Organic Soils ------Miscellaneous Land Units 14.1 17.4 Total 80.7 km 100.0%

Mount Robson Provincial Park In MRPP, the extent of the various soil types occurring in the Project Footprint is presented in Table 5.15. The Proposed Route generally avoids areas of poorly drained Gleysolic and Organic soils. There is a substantial length of Orthic and Eluviated Eutric Brunisols developed on till, glaciolacustrine silts and fluvial fans along the edges of the steeply sloping valley walls (77 km or 44%). Only a short length of poorly drained Gleysolic and Organic soils is traversed by the Proposed Route (8 km or 5%). There are no Calcareous Melanic Brunisols, Calcareous Rego Gleysols and very few Calcareous Orthic or Cumulic Regosols in the Project Footprint in MRPP.

Within MRPP, the Project Footprint traverses 14 soil units, including the Athabasca 1, Cottonwood (Plate 5A.7), Fireside, Fitzwilliam, Ghita 2, Hillsdale 1 and 2, Lucerne 1 and 2, Moose, Norquay, Vermilion Lakes 1 and 2, and Woodley soils (Table 5.13). Norquay soils, which have moderately to strongly calcareous lower subsoils, are located at the east end of Moose Lake between KP/KL 343.2 and KP/KL 438.9. Ghita 2 and Vermilion Lakes 1 and 2 soils occur in poorly or very poorly drained areas throughout the Project Footprint where the water table is near the surface. Soil compaction and rutting are

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 a concern on these soils. Lucerne 2, Moose and Woodley soils occur intermittently throughout the Project Footprint in MRPP. These soils are non-calcareous and strongly acidic. They lack a topsoil horizon but may still be highly susceptible to wind erosion.

British Columbia Within BC, the Project Footprint traverses Fox soils (Plate 5A.8) and Woodley soils (Table 5.13). These soils are noncalcareous and strongly acidic. They lack a topsoil horizon but may still be highly susceptible to wind erosion. These moderately to rapidly drained soils are not susceptible to soil compaction and rutting.

TABLE 5.15

EXTENT OF VARIOUS SOILS IN THE PROJECT FOOTPRINT IN MOUNT ROBSON PROVINCIAL PARK

Proposed Route Soil Classification km % Calcareous Melanic Brunisols ------Calcareous Orthic and Cumulic Regosols 0.6 1.0 Orthic and Eluviated Eutric Brunisols 26.8 44.4 Orthic and Cumulic Regosols 2.9 4.8 Orthic and Eluviated Dystric Brunisols 23.3 38.6 Calcareous Rego Gleysols ------Rego Gleysols 2.8 4.6 Organic Soils 0.1 0.1 Miscellaneous Land Units 3.9 6.5 Total 60.4 km 100.0%

5.2.2.2 Soil Capability Soil capability information for forestry and agriculture is only available for the Project Footprint in Alberta. The forest productivity rating of soils from KP/KL 310.1 to KL 325.7 indicates an expected mean annual productivity of approximately 2.5 m3/ha (Dumanski et al. 1972). Soil toxicity limits forest productivity in the LSA due to excessive concentrations of alkalinity and lime, which impedes tree growth. Along this segment of the Proposed Route are several low-lying wet areas where expected mean annual productivity is approximately 1.5 m3/ha. These areas are characterized by poor drainage, a high water table and flooding hazards. Stand development is limited in such areas and mechanical management is difficult.

In the Project Footprint between KP/KL 310.1 and KP/KL 323.0, the soils have been rated as having moderately severe (Class 4) limitations for forestry and between KP/KL 323.0 and KL 325.7 as having severe (Class 6) limitations to forestry due to soil moisture deficiencies (Canada Land Inventory (CLI) 1973)

Between KP/KL 310.1 and KL 325.0, soils are considered only capable of producing perennial forage crops and improvement practices are not feasible (Class 6). Adverse topography is the primary limiting factor between KP/KL 310.1 and KP/KL 323.0 and stoniness is the limiting factor between KP/KL 323.0 and KL 325.0. Between KL 325.0 and KL 325.7, soils have no capability for agriculture or permanent pasture due to adverse climate and stoniness (CLI 1973).

5.2.3 Water Quality and Quantity The maintenance and protection of water quality, water levels and flow regime is a strategic goal set out in the Jasper National Park of Canada Management Plan (Parks Canada 2000). The MRPP Master Plan

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

(BC MELP 1992) identifies the protection of the headwaters of the Fraser River, the maintenances of pure, unpolluted water quality in the park for aesthetic, ecological and health considerations, and the protection of Moose Marsh as management objectives.

This subsection presents a summary of the findings related to water quality and quantity found in the Socio-Economic Report (TERA/Westland 2005d), Fish and Fish Habitat Investigations (Applied Aquatic Research Ltd. (AAR) 2005) and the Geotechnical Report (Geo-Engineering 2005), and describes the hydrological resources and related contaminants of concern in the LSA. Where warranted, this information was supplemented with materials listed in Section 5.5. Project-related effects and mitigation are presented in Section 6.2.3 of this EA report.

5.2.3.1 Surface Water The Proposed Route is found in the Athabasca River and upper Fraser River watersheds. The divide between these two watersheds is located at the continental divide, approximately KP/KL 405.9, which is also the Alberta/BC provincial border.

A total of 220 potential waterbody crossings were investigated along the Proposed Route. Many of these were classified as No Visible Channels (NVCs) with no defined bed or banks. Excluding NVCs, the Proposed Route crosses 129 waterbodies. Additional information on waterbodies along the route is provided in Section 5.2.6.

Alberta and Jasper National Park In Alberta and JNP, surface waters in the RSA form part of the Athabasca River watershed (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2005). In the LSA in Alberta, surface waters drain to Maskuta Creek or its tributaries. Maskuta Creek flows northeast into the Athabasca River approximately 12 km downstream from KP/KL 311.0. The Athabasca River originates from Columbia Glacier in JNP and flows northeast for approximately 1,300 km to Athabasca Lake in northeastern Alberta and on to the Arctic Ocean via the Mackenzie River.

In Alberta, the Proposed Route crosses 14 waterbodies. In JNP there are a total of 50 waterbody crossings, including the Athabasca River at KL 337.3 (Plates 5A.9 and 5A.10).

Mount Robson Provincial Park and British Columbia In MRPP and BC, surface waters in the RSA form part of the upper Fraser River watershed (BC MSRM 2005a). Within the MRPP, these surface waters drain into Yellowhead Creek and Yellowhead Lake. The outlet from Yellowhead Lake flows into Yellowhead Creek, which flows west to its confluence with the Fraser River. The Proposed Route parallels the Fraser River from approximately KL 417.4 to KP/KL 466.0. The Fraser River originates near Cube Ridge in MRPP, flows north towards Prince George, and then turns south flowing towards the Strait of Georgia near Vancouver.

Within MRPP, the Proposed Route crosses 63 waterbodies, including the Fraser River at KL 458.1. In BC, two waterbodies are crossed.

5.2.3.2 Water Quality The Athabasca River corridor is a central feature of JNP. Its health is highly indicative of ecological integrity within the park. Sewage treatment for the community of Jasper is the primary water quality management concern for the Athabasca River. Construction of a new Jasper community sewage treatment plant, completed in December 2002, has reduced negative impacts on aquatic systems (Canadian Heritage River System (CHRS) 2005). The natural baseline standards of the Athabasca River are of a high quality.

Water quality status reports are available for the Fraser River at Red Pass (near Moose Lake and the Fraser River headwaters) station, which is the first of five water quality stations on the Fraser River (BC MELP 2001). The report at this site concluded that no increasing trends jeopardizing water uses were

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 found. Water quality concerns included an increase in specific conductivity and dissolved sulphate, water hardness that was acceptable but lower than the optimum range for drinking water, low sensitivity to acid inputs, increased turbidity and high total metal. Overall results obtained did not prompt the need for remediation. The natural baseline standards of the Fraser River are of a high quality.

Sampling for water chemistry analyses was conducted at 16 wetlands along the Proposed Route (TERA/Westland and R. U. Kistritz Consultants Ltd. 2005). A salinity analyses package (water) was completed by AGAT Laboratories in June 2005, which quantified the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulphate, total dissolved solids (TDS) and turbidity.

The pH indicates the balance between the acids and bases in water, and is a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in solution. The pH values reflect the solvent power of water, thereby, indicating its possible chemical reactions on rocks, minerals and soils. The pH results along the Proposed Route indicate that the sampled wetlands are highly alkaline (pH ranging between 8.1 and 8.6). The source of alkalinity is possibly due to chemical reactions with the parent material and soils in the LSA.

The TDS concentrations and the relative abundance of major-ions in surface-water samples provide some insight into potential sources of water and influences on water quality in the wetlands. Major-ion chemistries of water samples from all wetlands indicated elevated calcium concentrations. In particular, the following wetlands were calcium-dominated:

• upland basins between KP/KL 314.0 and KP/KL 316.0;

• active floodplain wetlands located near both sides of the Athabasca River crossing at KL 336.5 and KP/KL 338.1; and

• the western end of the Miette River floodplain wetland complex between KP/KL 395.9 and KL 399.4.

Concentrations of potassium, sodium and magnesium showed patterns similar to calcium. These concentrations are related to the alkalinity of the wetland environments and indicate a direct influence from the local rocks and minerals, while the higher percentage of calcium and bicarbonate in these wetlands suggests a greater influence from groundwater seepage. The remaining wetlands sampled had variable TDS concentrations and mixed major-ion chemistries.

Existing facilities and locations where there is contamination or that have the potential to contaminate surface water are all located in JNP. They are:

• the Jasper community sewage treatment plant, located near KP/KL 375.0, adjacent to the Athabasca River; and

• a Stormwater Outfall located approximately 20 m west of KL 377.8, with present contaminants including hydrocarbons and metals.

Table 5.12 summarizes contaminated sites with respect to soil in the LSA. Some of these sites may also be potential existing sources of surface water contamination.

5.2.3.3 Groundwater Groundwater is vital to wildlife, fisheries habitat and spawning areas. It often maintains base flows in watercourses during periods of drought increasing its value as a hydrological resource. Hydrogeologically, the Foothills and Rocky Mountains, which are traversed by the Proposed Route, are a regional recharge area for major groundwater flow systems that discharge to the east within the Interior Plains or within the Southern Rocky Trench to the west. At a more local scale, groundwater flows take place between upland recharge areas and discharge zones along the valley bottoms and in the wetlands.

Generally, the main source of groundwater contamination involves activities on or near the land surface. The risk for contamination increases when the surface materials are porous. While groundwater is

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 generally less susceptible to contamination than surface waters, potential sources of contamination exist (e.g., fuel spills, pesticide application and blasting).

Alberta In Alberta, three aquifer types are traversed by the Proposed Route: upper sand and gravel aquifer; lower sand and gravel aquifer; and upper bedrock aquifer (Yellowhead County and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2004). The upper sand and gravel aquifer is generally less than 5 m thick and has high permeability. The lower sand and gravel aquifer is generally less than 2 m thick, but can be up to 10 m thick. The upper bedrock aquifer, referred to as the Disturbed Belt, is generally greater than 10 m thick. In Alberta, wells in the LSA are drilled into both surficial aquifers and the bedrock aquifer.

None of the median values of five constituents measured for the sand and gravel aquifers (total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium, sulphate, chloride and nitrate/nitrite) exceeded the Summary of Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (SGCDWQ). Groundwater of the Disturbed Belt Aquifer is mainly a bicarbonate type with no dominant cation. More than 65% of groundwater samples in the Disturbed Belt Aquifer had TDS concentrations of less than 500 mg/L, nearly 90% of samples had sulphate concentrations less than 200 mg/L and nearly 75% of the chloride concentrations were less than 10 mg/L. (Yellowhead County and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2004).

There are 12 wells in the LSA in Alberta, used mainly for domestic purposes (Table 5.16). Alberta Environment has not issued any surface water licenses in the LSA.

Jasper National Park There is a surficial aquifer that occurs in sand and gravel deposits of the Athabasca River valley from the east JNP boundary to the northern edge of the Columbia Icefield (Bernard 1977). This aquifer may be connected to the upper sand and gravel aquifer described in Yellowhead County and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (2004), because it is composed of the same sand and gravel deposits. This connectivity, however, is not confirmed. The greatest thickness of this aquifer occurs in the Jasper Lake area. The aquifer is important in JNP because it provides water for domestic purposes, has a high yield and recharge rate, and is easily accessible. The Proposed Route crosses the aquifer from KL 325.7 to KL 377.6. At KP/KL 377.6, the surficial aquifer splits, following Highway 16 to the west and the Athabasca River to the south. The Proposed Route traverses the aquifer from KP/KL 377.6 to the west boundary of JNP at KP/KL 405.9. The aquifer generally has a lower yield and is less productive in this area because it is composed of coarser and more permeable materials. Water quality throughout the JNP LSA is excellent for domestic purposes, except for a few occurrences of sulphate groundwater. TDS are generally less than 350 mg/L (Bernard 1977).

There are 60 wells in the LSA in JNP. These wells are used for domestic, municipal, and industrial purposes (Table 5.16). Parks Canada is responsible for managing water licenses in JNP and there are no surface water licenses issued in the LSA.

Several hot and mineral springs, associated with groundwater migrating upwards along faults, occur in the RSA in JNP, including Miette Hot Springs and Cold Sulphur and Overlander mineral springs. None are located in the LSA.

Mount Robson Provincial Park There are no aquifers or wells identified in the LSA in MRPP and there are six water licenses issued by the BC MOE in the LSA (Table 5.17).

British Columbia There are no aquifers, wells or water licenses identified in the LSA in BC. Robson Ranch is supplied with water from a surface water license on Cochrane Creek, located within MRPP (Table 5.17) (Plates 5A.11 and 5A.12).

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2

TABLE 5.16

WELLS LOCATED IN THE LOCAL STUDY AREA

Proximity to Location Well ID Use Proposed Route Alberta KP/KL 310.4 493391 Domestic 495 m KP/KL 316.0 485176 Industrial 350 m KP/KL 319.1 464322 Unknown 920 m KP/KL 320.1 464330 Municipal 775 m KP/KL 320.5 355955 Domestic 875 m KP/KL 321.0 356851 Domestic 910 m KP/KL 321.0 361676 Domestic 910 m KP/KL 321.0 464326 Domestic 910 m KP/KL 321.0 464327 Domestic 910 m KP/KL 321.0 464328 Domestic 910 m KP/KL 324.0 464344 Domestic 580 m KL 324.5 464345 Domestic 15 m Jasper National Park KL 326.0 464341 Unknown 570 m KL 326.1 464342 Domestic 30 m KL 327.3 464340 Unknown 500 m KL 331.7 465372 Unknown 25 m KL 331.7 465373 Unknown 25 m KL 331.7 465374 Unknown 25 m KL 331.7 465375 Unknown 25 m KL 331.7 465376 Unknown 25 m KL 333.0 464334 Unknown 90 m KL 333.0 464337 Unknown 90 m KL 333.0 464338 Domestic 90 m KL 333.1 366198 Domestic 5 m KL 333.1 464336 Domestic 5 m KL 333.9 464339 Unknown 140 m KL 334.3 464335 Domestic 30 m KP/KL 342.8 442445 Unknown 600 m KP/KL 347.2 442442 Unknown 185 m KP/KL 348.9 442440 Unknown 20 m KP/KL 350 442436 Unknown 390 m KP/KL 352.5 442431 Unknown 200 m KP/KL 352.6 442432 Industrial 5 m KP/KL 354 442429 Domestic 310 m KP/KL 354.8 442428 Unknown 170 m KP/KL 357.9 442095 Unknown 190 m KP/KL 360.0 442080 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442081 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442083 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442085 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442086 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442087 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 360.0 442088 Domestic 940 m KP/KL 361.0 412737 Municipal 710 m KP/KL 361.0 412738 Municipal 710 m

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TABLE 5.16 Cont'd

Proximity to Location Well ID Use Proposed Route KP/KL 367.0 349182 Municipal 95 m KP/KL 367.0 349183 Municipal 95 m KP/KL 367.0 442077 Domestic 710 m KP/KL 367.7 442071 Domestic 310 m KP/KL 368.5 442072 Unknown 750 m KP/KL 368.5 442074 Unknown 750 m KP/KL 369.5 442070 Domestic 80 m KP/KL 370.1 442068 Domestic 830 m KP/KL 370.1 361285 Municipal 30 m KP/KL 371.0 442047 Domestic 835 m KP/KL 371.0 442050 Municipal & Industrial 835 m KP/KL 371.0 442052 Domestic 835 m KP/KL 371.0 442055 Domestic 835 m KP/KL 372.0 442045 Unknown 5 m KP/KL 372.2 442044 Unknown 290 m KP/KL 374.9 365705 Municipal 160 m KP/KL 375.1 360857 Observation 875 m KP/KL 375.1 360859 Industrial 875 m KP/KL 375.1 364736 Industrial 875 m KP/KL 377.0 442030 Industrial 800 m KP/KL 377.5 442029 Observation 350 m KP/KL 377.5 352904 Industrial 740 m KL 378.0 442012 Municipal 800 m KL 379.0 442006 Unknown 590 m KL 382.1 442000 Unknown 960 m KL 399.0 442063 Domestic 950 m KL 401.4 406487 Municipal 565 m Mount Robson Provincial Park None N/A N/A N/A British Columbia None N/A N/A N/A

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TABLE 5.17

WATER LICENSES LOCATED IN THE LOCAL STUDY AREA

License Proximity to Location Number Proposed Route Purpose (License Holders) Alberta None N/A N/A N/A Jasper National Park None N/A N/A N/A Mount Robson Provincial Park KP/KL 415.3 C116111 428 m Dust Control (Ministry of Highways) KP/KL 437.1 C116111 160 m Dust Control (Ministry of Highways) KL 449.4 C059157 350 m Work Camps (CN Railway) KL 450.3 F042083 475 m Cooling (Terasen Pipelines Inc.) KL 450.3 --- 475 m Domestic (Terasen Pipelines Inc.) KP/KL 466.0 C049647 900 m Enterprise (BC Parks Branch) KP/KL 466.0 C116881 100 m Domestic (Mount Robson Ranch Ltd.) British Columbia None N/A N/A N/A

5.2.3.4 Historical Streamflow Historical streamflow information is only available for five watercourses crossed by the Proposed Route (Environment Canada 2005a). These are the Athabasca, Fiddle and Miette rivers located in JNP and the Moose and Fraser rivers located in MRPP. Mean monthly streamflows, recorded maximum and minimum daily discharges, and drainage area information are also available for these five watercourses. This information is presented in Appendix 5B (Tables 5B.1, 5B.2, 5B.3, 5B.4 and 5B.5).

In addition, mean daily flows were collected by Integrated Pipeline Projects Inc. (IPPI) during 2004 and 2005 for most of the named crossings in the LSA during the months of April, August, September, October and January. This information is presented in Appendix 5B (Table 5B.6).

Jasper National Park Mean monthly streamflows for the Athabasca River near Jasper townsite recorded between 1913 and 2004 have ranged from a low discharge of 6.47 m3/s in February to a high discharge of 390 m3/s occurring in July (Table 5B.1, Figure 5B.1, Plate 5B.1 in Appendix 5B). At the time of construction between September and May, the historical mean monthly streamflows range from 10.4 m3/s in March to 109 m3/s in September.

Mean monthly streamflows for the Fiddle River at Highway 16 recorded between 1962 and 1965 have ranged from a low discharge of 0.605 m3/s in March to a high discharge of 16.0 m3/s occurring in June (Table 5B.2, Figure 5B.2, Plate 5B.2 in Appendix 5B). At the time of construction between September and May, the historical mean monthly streamflows range from 0.808 m3/s in March to 6.04 m3/s in September. The Fiddle River is likely frozen to the bottom from November till February or exhibits very low streamflows.

Mean monthly streamflows for the Miette River near Jasper recorded between 1914 and 2004 have ranged from a low discharge of 0.491 m3/s in February to a high discharge of 61.8 m3/s occurring in July (Table 5B.3, Figure 5B.3, Plate 5B.3 in Appendix 5B). During the proposed construction period between September and May, the historical mean monthly streamflow ranges from 0.856 m3/s in March to 9.12 m3/s in September.

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Mount Robson Provincial Park Mean monthly streamflows for the Moose River near Red Pass recorded between 1955 and 1995 have ranged from a low discharge of 0.329 m3/s in December to a high discharge of 62.7 m3/s in July (Table 5B.4, Figure 5B.4, Plate 5B.4 in Appendix 5B). Between June and December, the historical mean monthly streamflows range from 2.16 m3/s in December to 47.9 m3/s in June.

Streamflow information for the Fraser River is not available for locations in the RSA. Therefore, streamflow information from the McBride area, located approximately 85 km downstream of the MRPP segment of the Proposed Route, is presented. Mean monthly streamflows at McBride recorded between 1953 and 2004 have ranged from a low discharge of 20.6 m3/s in March to a high discharge of 918 m3/s occurring in June. (Table 5B.5, Figure 5B.5, Plate 5B.5 in Appendix 5B). At the time of scheduled construction between June and December, the historical mean monthly streamflows range from 47.4 m3/s in December to 569 m3/s in June.

5.2.4 Greenhouse Gases and Air Quality This subsection addresses air quality concerns in the RSA. The JNP of Canada Management Plan (Parks Canada 2000) strives to ensure that human sources of pollution do not impair human health, visibility or the ecosystem. Concerns are limited to high concentrations of campfire smoke in the Whistler (KL 378.2, 2.65 km south of the Proposed Route) and Wapiti campgrounds (approximately 5 km south of Jasper townsite on Highway 93), and occasional concentrations of fossil fuel emissions around the community. For discussion on potential impacts and mitigation pertaining to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air quality refer to Section 6.2.4 of this EA report.

5.2.4.1 Air Quality The Kyoto Protocol is a result of the recognized need to address climate change by reducing world-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The goal is to reduce GHG emissions to 6% below 1990 levels by the period between 2008 to 2012. The Parks Canada Agency continues to study climate change and identify ways to address the challenges. Primarily, this includes energy consumption measures and encouraging others to reduce environmentally harmful activities.

Under the Canadian Council Ministers of the Environment (CCME), governments have engaged in a range of activities concentrated on specific air issues, such as acid rain, ozone-depleting substances and standards for toxic substances. Canada-wide environmental standards have been created to aid in the attainment of the common goal of overall environmental protection (Environment Canada 2005b).

The major air quality issues facing BC include global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, smog and fine particulates (BC MOE 2005b). The Water, Air and Climate Change Branch of the BC MOE is responsible for developing legislation and policies as well as applying scientific knowledge to protect air quality and reduce climate change (BC MOE 2005c).

In Alberta, the Industrial Release Limits Policy outlines the approach for developing industrial release limits for approvals under the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act. Alberta Environment regulates emissions either directly or in conjunction with other agencies. Alberta’s Ambient Air Quality Guidelines goal is to provide protection of the environment and human health to the extent which is both feasible and acceptable (Alberta Environment 2005).

The Proposed Route is located in an area that is relatively protected from industrial and commercial development. This contributes to the high baseline air quality found in the RSA. Air quality in the LSA is primarily a function of anthropogenic sources of emissions. Substance release sources in the LSA include emissions from vehicle traffic (particularly associated with Highway 16, and the Jasper townsite), rail traffic from the CN Railway mainline, forestry, agriculture, industrial activities, tourism, recreation and smoke from campfires and forest fires.

Potential receptors to nuisance air emissions are presented in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15. These include residences and recreational facilities in the LSA. Areas where visitor use overlaps with the Proposed Route, such as trails located in the LSA, are described in Section 5.2.13.5.

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Six potential construction sites have been identified: one in JNP (old Jasper Dump near KP/KL 365.0) and five in MRPP. Potential locations include the former Terasen Pipelines pump station site (KP/KL 406.45 to KP/KL 406.58), the Fitzwilliam gravel pit (KP/KL 410.72 to KP/KL 411.18), the Moose River pit (KL 433.5) and at the Red Pass and Dennison gravel pits (KP/KL 448.8 and KL 465.0). Power will be required to run the camps and for vehicle block heaters.

In JNP, ATCO Electric has confirmed there is sufficient generating capacity to serve the construction camp within JNP. A decision has not been made as to whether this camp will make use of the town's electrical supply or of diesel generators. In MRPP, diesel generators will be used at the camps. Generators will be used for about five months.

The operation of diesel generators for a time period of five months is within the commonly accepted time period of six months for start-up of new major emission sources. For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has a criterion of up to 180 days after initial start-up in title 40, part 60, section 8 (40 CFR 60.8) of its regulations. Environment Canada does not have a similar criterion. Under US EPA criteria, the diesel generators would constitute a minor source because of the low emission rates of all common air contaminants.

Alberta In Alberta, potential receptors in the LSA of nuisance air emissions associated with the Project include a residential dwelling (150 m south of KP/KL 313.6) and the Overlander Mountain Lodge. Locations of these receptors are identified in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15.

Jasper National Park In JNP, potential receptors for air emissions associated with the Project in the LSA include several residences associated with the east gate of JNP, the Pocahontas Warden Station, the Snaring Warden Station, the Snaring River Campground, the Jasper townsite and the Decoigne Warden Station. There are four Outlying Commercial Accommodation (OCA) facilities in the LSA that are also potential receptors, including the Pocahontas Bungalows, the Pine Bungalows, Tekarra Lodge and the Alpine Village. Locations of these receptors are identified in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15. Trails located in the LSA in JNP are presented in Section 5.2.13.5.

Mount Robson Provincial Park In MRPP, potential receptors for air emissions associated with the Project in the LSA include the Lucerne Campground (Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15) and several trails described in Section 5.2.13.5. There are no communities located in the Project Footprint in MRPP that could act as air emission receptors.

British Columbia In BC, the only potential receptor for nuisance air emissions associated with the Project in the LSA is Robson Ranch, located between KP/KL 466.4 and KP/KL 467.2 (Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15).

5.2.5 Acoustic Environment This subsection examines the acoustic environment in the LSA. Noise generated by the operation of the pipeline is undetectable and is not anticipated to contribute to the background noise levels in the LSA. As a result, this subsection focuses on noise generated by construction activities. Potential receptors to nuisance noise emissions are presented in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15. Potential project-related impacts and mitigation pertaining to the acoustic environment are discussed in Section 6.2.5 of this EA report.

Alberta In Alberta, background noise in the LSA is primarily caused by Highway 16, the CN Railway and the Jasper/Hinton airstrip (2.8 km west of KP/KL 313.0). Residences and recreational facilities in the LSA in

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Alberta that could act as receptors for nuisance noise emissions associated with the Project include a residential dwelling (KP/KL 313.6) and the Overlander Mountain Lodge (KP/KL 323.9). Locations of these receptors are identified in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15.

Jasper National Park In JNP, the Jasper townsite is located in the LSA. The Proposed Route passes south of the townsite and lies within a travel corridor containing Highway 16 and the CN Railway mainline. Background noise levels along this corridor are relatively high and noise is mainly attributable to vehicle traffic along Highway 16 and frequent train traffic on the CN Railway mainline. The Jasper Noise Bylaw (Municipality of Jasper 2005), permits construction noise with the townsite between 7:30 am and 9:00 pm, excluding Sundays and holidays.

Most residential development in Jasper townsite is concentrated along its northern margins north of the downtown area, approximately 300 to 500 m from the Proposed Route. Within the downtown area of Jasper (KP/KL 376.5 to KL 378.0), the Proposed Route is further separated from the residential area by Jasper's industrial area and the CN Railway mainline. Throughout the remainder of the townsite, the CN Railway mainline lies between the Proposed Route and residential areas. The nearest permanent residence is located approximately 100 m from the Proposed Route at the western end of the townsite (KL 379.0 to KP/KL 379.5).

In the LSA, residences and recreational facilities that could act as receptors for nuisance noise in JNP include several residences associated with the east gate of JNP (KL 325.9), the Pocahontas Warden Station (KP/KL 333), the Snaring Warden Station (KP/KL 354), the Snaring River Campground (KP/KL 360.2), Jasper townsite (KP/KL 375.5) and the Decoigne Warden Station (KP/KL 400.8). There are four OCA facilities in the LSA which could also act as potential receptors, including the Pocahontas Bungalows (KP/KL 332.6), the Pine Bungalows (KP/KL 375.5), Tekarra Lodge (KL 377.9) and the Alpine Village (KL 378.2). Locations of these receptors are identified in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15.

Areas where visitor use overlaps with the Proposed Route include trails such as the Jasper trail networks, located north and south of Highway 16, and other trails within JNP. Front and back-country trails located in the LSA in JNP are described in Section 5.2.13.5.

Mount Robson Provincial Park In MRPP, background noise levels in the LSA are primarily caused by Highway 16 vehicle traffic and train traffic on the CN Railway mainline. There are no settlements located along the Proposed Route within MRPP that could act as receptors for nuisance noise. Recreational facilities in the LSA that could act as receptors include the Lucerne Campground (KP/KL 415.0). Front and back-country trails located in the LSA in MRPP are described in Section 5.2.13.5.

British Columbia In BC, background noise levels in the LSA are primarily caused by train traffic on the CN Railway mainline. The Robson Ranch is the only residence in the LSA (location provided in Table 5.66 found in Section 5.2.15) and there are no trails located in the LSA in BC.

5.2.6 Fish and Fish Habitat This subsection presents a summary of the findings of the Technical Report Fish and Fish Habitat Investigations (AAR 2005). These investigations took place in 2004 and 2005. Stream assessments, fish habitat assessments and fish inventories were conducted on watercourses in the Project Footprint. Where warranted this information was supplemented with materials listed in Section 5.5. Potential project- related impacts and mitigation pertaining to fish and fish habitat are discussed in Section 6.2.6 of this EA report.

The RSA is found in the Athabasca River watershed in Alberta and the upper Fraser River watershed in BC. A total of 220 potential waterbody crossings were investigated along the Proposed Route. Many of

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 these were classified as NVCs with no defined bed or banks. These do not represent fish habitat and therefore were not considered waterbodies and were not rated for fish sensitivity. Excluding watercourses classified as NVCs, 129 waterbodies are crossed by the Proposed Route (Table 5.19). Of these, 39 were determined to be fish-bearing. Watercourses were classified primarily based on size of the waterbody and fish presence or absence. Table 5.18 presents a summary of these classifications.

The TOR (CEA Agency et al. 2005) identified three fish species of ecological, economic or human importance. These are the bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and northern pike (Esox lucius), both identified as VECs, and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), identified as a species of special interest. Pygmy whitefish (Prosopium coulteri) and Pacific salmon are also species of interest. Detailed information on these species is provided in Section 5.2.6.1.

TABLE 5.18

PROJECT WATERBODY CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Classification Description 1 Very Large (>20 m) watercourses with fisheries potential. 2 Large (>5-20 m) watercourses with fisheries potential. 3 Medium (1.5-5 m) watercourse with direct/indirect fisheries potential 4 Medium (1.5-5 m) watercourse with no fisheries potential 5 Small (<1.5 m) permanent watercourse with direct/indirect fisheries potential. 6 Small (<1.5 m) permanent watercourse with no direct/indirect fisheries potential 7 Seasonal/intermittent watercourse with direct/indirect fisheries potential 8 Seasonal/intermittent watercourse with no fisheries potential; includes non-classified drainages (NCD) 9 No Visible Channel (NVC) 10 Wetland, lake or pond

5.2.6.1 Background Species Information Species accounts relevant to the upper Athabasca and upper Fraser River watersheds are provided in Mayhood (1992), Nelson and Paetz (1992), Berry (1994), Ford et al. (1995), RL&L Environmental Services Ltd. (1996), Hass (1998), Mackay (2000), Post and Johnston (2002), and Joynt and Sullivan (2003). Background information on distribution, population and habitat use for fish VECs is provided below.

Bull Trout Bull trout was identified as a VEC because of its special status. Information on bull trout and its occurrence in watercourses crossed by the Proposed Route is presented in Section 5.2.10.2.

Northern Pike Northern pike are restricted to waters east of the Continental Divide and are found only in the Alberta and JNP portion of the RSA. This species is common throughout the Athabasca River watershed including the upper reaches within JNP (Nelson and Paetz 1992). In JNP, northern pike are found in several small lakes and slow-flowing weedy streams in the lower reaches of the Miette and Athabasca rivers. Most habitat within JNP is marginal for this species (Mayhood 1992). Talbot Lake, located adjacent to Highway 16, provides the most important northern pike recreational fishery, however, this lake population is now considered to be “vulnerable to collapsed” (Parks Canada 2005).

In Alberta, northern pike mature at about 3 to 6 years of age with males maturing a year earlier than females. Pike typically spawn in April, often before complete ice-out, when water temperature is between 4 and 11°C. Preferred spawning habitat is shallow marshes and backwaters connected to rivers and lakes or flooded vegetation in shallow bays. Fertilized eggs are scattered and stick to underwater plants, dead vegetation and other organic debris where they hatch about 2 weeks after fertilization (Scott and

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Crossman 1973, Nelson and Paetz 1992, Joynt and Sullivan 2003). Optimum incubation temperature is 6.4°C (Ford et al. 1995). Dissolved oxygen concentration should be greater than 3 mg/L (Ford et al. 1995) and the recommended 7-day mean is 6.0 mg/L to maintain long-term population production (Barton and Taylor 1996). Fry remain attached to vegetation for about one more week after hatching until yolk sacs are absorbed and they can swim freely. Shallow bays and backwaters are used as nursery areas by juveniles.

Northern pike prefer shallow, slow to moderate current, weedy, clear waters where they can see and ambush their prey. Juvenile northern pike feed on aquatic insects and zooplankton until they are about 50 mm, at which time, they become piscivorous and feed on small fishes such as small minnows and suckers. Principle food organisms of adults are other fishes, although they also prey on other aquatic animals such as muskrats or ducklings if available (Scott and Crossman 1973, Nelson and Paetz 1992, Joynt and Sullivan 2003).

Northern pike were not collected in any waterbodies crossed by the Proposed Route, however, suitable habitat was present in several small ponds in the Pocahontas wetland complex. Waterbodies supporting northern pike are most sensitive from early May to mid-June during spawning, incubation and emergence. Passage into flooded, weedy and marshy inshore areas of large rivers and lakes should not be blocked to allow northern pike access to preferred spawning habitat.

Lake Whitefish Lake whitefish are primarily found in lakes, however, they do occasionally occur in rivers. They are found in the Fraser River but apparently not as far upstream as MRPP (Carl et al. 1977). Lake whitefish were native to several lakes associated with the Athabasca River downstream of the community of Jasper (including Talbot, Mile 9, Edna and Beauvert). The Edna and Beauvert lake populations were extirpated in the 1950s and 1960s (Mayhood 1992), however, this species has recently been reintroduced to Lac Beauvert (Parks Canada 2005). Mile 9 Lake is a unique shallow waterbody that has been designated for research purposes.

The age range of first maturity is highly variable and related to growth (Ford et al. 1995). In Alberta, lake whitefish mature at age 6 or 7 (Nelson and Paetz 1992). Lake whitefish spawn in fall (late September to January in Alberta) when water temperature is less than 8° (Nelson and Paetz 1992, Joynt and Sullivan 2003). Lake whitefish are broadcast spawners and do not build nests. Spawning takes place over firm lake substrates such as rocky or stony bottom or occasionally sand, in water about 2 to 4 m deep (Scott and Crossman 1973, Nelson and Paetz 1992). Lake whitefish also spawn in the shallow areas of rivers at depths of 0.1 to 1 m (McPhail and Lindsey 1970, Ford et al. 1995). Eggs incubate on the substrate over the winter with normal development taking place at temperatures between 0.5°C and 6°C (Scott and Crossman 1973) and 7-day mean dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than or equal to 6.5 mg/L (Barton and Taylor 1996). Eggs generally hatch in April or May (Scott and Crossman 1973, Joynt and Sullivan 2003).

After hatching, juvenile lake whitefish remain in shallow, current-free areas where they feed on small zooplankton (Ford et al. 1995). Optimum temperature for juveniles is about 14°C (Ford et al. 1995). Availability of appropriate food items shortly after hatching is critical to their survival and growth. As the juveniles grow during their first year, they move away from inshore areas to deeper waters and switch from primarily zooplankton to benthic organisms.

Lake whitefish were not collected in any waterbodies crossed by the Proposed Route. The sensitive period for this species extends from November through mid-May, which includes spawning, incubation and emergence.

Pygmy Whitefish Pygmy whitefish are small, slim whitefish that have been reported from Yellowhead and Moose lakes in the upper Fraser River watershed (Carl et al. 1977) and the lower Snake Indian River in the upper Athabasca River watershed (Nelson and Paetz 1992). The species is considered rare and possibly at risk in Alberta (Mackay 2000, Joynt and Sullivan 2003). Pygmy whitefish are typically found in deep cold lakes and fast, cold montane streams. They appear to coexist with, but are much less abundant than, mountain

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 whitefish, their closest relative. Concerted searches by experts have only collected a few individuals in the upper Athabasca watershed (Mayhood 1992, Mackay 2000).

Pygmy whitefish feed primarily on benthic organisms, such as insect larvae, crustaceans and small molluscs, and are generally found at depths greater than 6 m in lakes. The life history of pygmy whitefish in these montane areas is not well known, but spawning generally occurs in fall between October and December over coarse gravel in shallow water of lakes or streams. Eggs hatch and fry emerge in early spring after winter incubation. Adults reach maturity in 1 to 3 years (Scott and Crossman 1973, Mackay 2000, Joynt and Sullivan 2003).

Pygmy whitefish were not collected in any waterbodies crossed by the Proposed Route. The Athabasca River is the only watercourse crossed by the Proposed Route likely to support this species. The sensitive period for pygmy whitefish extends from early September through mid-May, which includes spawning, incubation and emergence.

Pacific Salmon Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) have been previously documented to occur in the upper Fraser River watershed. Neither was captured during 2004- 2005 fisheries investigations.

The Fraser River watershed is the largest Canadian producer of chinook salmon, and most spawn in the middle to upper reaches of the system. Fraser River chinook are divided into a large number of populations; including the Upper Fraser stock that spawn north of Prince George. Chinook salmon spawn in August and September in smaller watercourses such as Swift Creek, a McLennan River tributary located near Valemount. Rearguard Falls, located 5 km east of Tete Jaune Cache on the main stem Fraser River, is a barrier to movement and well known salmon viewing area. There are no known spawning or rearing areas in watercourses crossed by the Proposed Route.

Sockeye salmon have been reported from two tributaries on the south side of Moose Lake (RL&L Environmental Services Ltd. 1996). Sockeye salmon have both landlocked (kokanee) and migratory (anadromous) forms, and it has been noted that kokanee are found in Moose lake. Kokanee have been introduced widely into waterbodies like Moose Lake that are relatively deep and have suitable inlets for spawning. Adults move into inlets or onto nearshore gravel spawning areas in September and October. Eggs hatch and fry emerge in early spring after winter incubation. Juveniles spend two to four years in the lake until they reach maturity. The Proposed Route does not cross any watercourses known to support sockeye salmon. The sensitive period for chinook and sockeye salmon extends from early August through mid-May, which includes spawning, incubation and emergence.

5.2.6.2 Field Results During 2004-2005 field surveys, a total of 12 fish species were captured in waterbodies crossed by the Proposed Route. These species include bull trout, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), burbot (Lota lota), longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus), white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans), lake chub (Coesius plumbeus), longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), pearl dace (Margariscus margarita) and spoonhead sculpin (Cottus ricei) (Table 5.19).

Of the identified VECs, only bull trout was found in eight waterbodies crossed by the Proposed Route.

Alberta The Proposed Route crosses a total of 14 watercourses along the Alberta segment (Table 5.19), one of which is fish-bearing with moderate fish sensitivity.

Jasper National Park A total of 63 watercourse crossings are located along the JNP segment of the Proposed Route (Plates 5A.13 to 5A.16). Approximately 48% of the crossings in this LSA were determined to be non-fish-

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Terasen Pipelines (Trans Mountain) Inc. Environmental Assessment TMX - Anchor Loop Project Section 5.2 bearing. Fish-bearing crossings include approximately 22% very large, approximately 14% as large, approximately 10% as medium, approximately 2% as seasonal/intermittent and approximately 4% are classified as wetlands/lakes or ponds. The fish species captured or observed at waterbodies in JNP include mountain whitefish, lake chub, burbot, brook trout, bull trout, rainbow trout, longnose dace and longnose sucker (Table 5.19). Mountain whitefish and brook trout were the most abundant and widely distributed species in JNP. Within JNP, there are 8 fish-bearing waterbodies with Moderate fish sensitivity, (2 very large, 4 Large, 1 medium and 1 wetland/lake/pond), 11 fish-bearing watercourse crossings with Moderate-High fish sensitivity, (6 very large, 3 large and 2 medium), and 5 fish-bearing waterbodies with High fish sensitivity, (3 very large and 2 medium).

Mount Robson Provincial Park A total of 140 watercourses are crossed by the MRPP segment of the Proposed Route (Table 5.19) (Plates 5A.17 and 5A.18). Approximately 81% were determined to be non-fish-bearing. Of the approximately 19% that were fish-bearing, approximately 8% were classified as very large, approximately 3% were large, 3% were medium, 3% were small, and 2% were wetland/lakes or pond. The fish species captured or observed at the waterbodies in this segment of the Proposed Route include longnose dace, lake chub, brook trout, rainbow trout, burbot, bull trout and spoonhead sculpin. Rainbow trout was the most abundant and widely distributed species. Within MRPP there are 7 fish-bearing waterbodies with Moderate fish sensitivity, (2 very large, 1 large, 1 medium, 2 small and 1 wetland/lake/pond), and 3 fish- bearing waterbodies with Moderate-High fish sensitivity (3 very large).

British Columbia Three watercourses are crossed by the BC segment of the Proposed Route (Table 5.19). None were classified as fish-bearing.

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