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Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: the Case of Burma

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Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: the Case of Burma Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-16-2014 Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma Phyusin Myo Kyaw Myint Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Leadership Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Myint, Phyusin Myo Kyaw, "Spirituality and Religion in Women's Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma" (2014). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1814. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1813 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Spirituality and Religion in Women’s Leadership for Sustainable Development in Crisis Conditions: The Case of Burma by Phyusin Myo Kyaw Myint A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Affairs and Policy Dissertation Committee: Phillip Cooper, Chair Ronald Tammen Claudia M. Vargas Pauline Jivanjee Portland State University 2014 © 2014 Phyusin Myo Kyaw Myint i Abstract This research focuses on women’s leadership roles for sustainable development in crisis conditions with particular attention to the foundations of the leadership roles of women based in spirituality and religion. The research question for this study ask: How do religious and spiritual traditions contribute to the leadership roles of women that can be effective in building sustainable development in crisis conditions? The study uses a content analysis of a key body of women’s writings from Burma. The findings from the data explain some of the ways in which spirituality and religion have played significant roles in promoting the leadership of women at the community level for sustainable development under crisis conditions. The study contributes to theory development by generating a set of propositions on the leadership roles of women drawing from religious and spiritual traditions that can be tested in other regions and countries. The study also offers a set of lessons for sustainable development practice. ii Dedication I respectfully dedicate this dissertation to my mother, Daw Ohnmar Winn and my father, U Myo Kyaw Myint who have provided me with the courage to dream and the skills to succeed. Thank you so much for your unconditional love, your persistent confidence and your many lessons on mindfulness and loving kindness. I also dedicate this work to my sisters Dr. Ohmar Myo Kyaw Myint and Thirii Myo Kyaw Myint for their humor, encouragement and friendship. It has been such a blessing to have you both as my little sisters. Last but not least, I dedicate this work to my husband, Dylan Botham-Myint, my partner in life and intellect. iii Acknowledgements My sincere gratitude to my advisor Professor Phillip Cooper for his unwavering support, encouragement and many hours spend with this work. Professor Cooper’s guidance and attention to his students goes above and beyond anything I have experienced in my academic life. He is a distinguished scholar and mentor. It has truly been an honor to work and learn from Professor Cooper. My warm and deep respects to my dissertation committee members, Dr. Claudia Maria Vargas, Dr. Ronald Tammen and Dr. Pauline Jivanjee, for their feedback and attention to my work. Many thanks to Professor Vargas for helping me locate the data and identify how to approach this valuable work. Many thanks to Professor Jivanjee for helping me with the methods and data analysis process. Many thanks to Professor Tammen for his providing the international perspective on this subject. Each member generously provided time to ensure that I am supported both academically and professionally in all my endeavors. My many thanks to the faculty and staff of the Hatfield School of Government who’s professional support allowed me to focus on my step forward despite the many challenges along the way. Professor Gelmon, Chair of the Division of Public Administration has been exceptionally generous and supportive in my professional and personal development. My research and writing has benefited from the assistance of the many individuals at the Office of Graduate Studies and the University Studies Program. I would like to thank my dear friend Karen Popp from the Office of Graduate Studies who has supported my academic work even before my arrival in Portland. Karen’s kindness and guidance has iv been a beacon of light during some of my darkest hours. Special thanks to Dana Lundell, who is certainly an individual I will never forget. Her commitment to student development and leadership is truly touching. I offer my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Melody Rose, who I deeply admire. She has nurtured my leadership development and continued to be a source of inspiration to my work. This dissertation could not have been completed without the generous support from the Oregon University System’s Sasakawa Young Leaders Fellowship Fund, established by the Nippon Foundation and administered through the Tokyo Foundation. I am very grateful for this support. My special thanks to the women of Burma, particularly the women who shared the stories through the ALTSEAN –BURMA’s Women’s Voices series. Thank you for imparting your valuable knowledge and analysis of women’s situation in general, but also sharing your very personal experiences that made this work a success. My appreciation and wholehearted gratitude to my family who deserve special mention for all they do. My mothers, Daw Ohnmar for teaching me how to read and write and believing that a child without a formal education can one day achieve this dream. Thank you for your patience mother, you are my world. My father, Myo for all the sacrifices he has made for our family so that this dream and many other dreams can be fulfilled. Thank you for always loving me and supporting every step of this work. My supportive siblings: Ohmar and Thirii, who are always my pride and joy. To my extended family, each and every one of you inspired me every day. v My husband Dylan Botham-Myint, thank you for reminding me to laugh and have fun in the midst of this journey. My gratitude to my friends and colleagues, thank you for believing in me all along. Finally my appreciations and regards for my grandmother, Daw Khin Soe who is my inspiration for this important work. Every step I have taken since we parted has been in your honor. vi Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………. i Dedication ………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………….. iii Chapter 1 Introductions ……………………………………………………………………. 1 Chapter 2 The literature on Sustainable Development, Crisis Conditions, Gender and Leadership …………………………………………………………. 40 Chapter 3 Women Voices From Burma: The Authors, the Journeys and the Crisis Conditions Context………………….. 94 Chapter 4 The Role of Spirituality and Religion in Leadership for Sustainable Development: Findings from the Content Analysis…………………………………………… 131 Chapter 5 Lessons on the Contributions of Spirituality and Religion to the Leadership Roles of Women for Sustainable Development ………………………………… 209 References……………………………………………………………………….. 245 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This research focused on the implementation of sustainable development in crisis conditions with particular attention to the foundations of the leadership roles of women based in spiritual and religious traditions. In the years since the discussion on sustainable development initiated by the Brundtland Commission Report in Our Common Future, there was supposed to be careful consideration of human development with serious attention to the significant role of women and equality along with the economic and environmental aspects (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987). Sustainable development as a field is defined as development that meets “the basic needs of all and extending to all the opportunity to fulfill their aspiration for a better life” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1987, 8). Unfortunately, while the international dialogue on sustainable development promised to bring social, economic and environmental issues together, the challenge for integrating all three elements remains, with the social development aspect most often neglected in the discussion. Attention to the integration of the environmental, social and economic dimensions is crucial to understanding why communities are or were in crises, to addressing the grievances and conditions that fuel the crisis conditions, and to moving beyond them to a sustainable future (Cooper and Vargas, 2008, 43). That integration cannot be achieved without attention to the discussion of gender (Cooper and Vargas 2008, 140). The following study focused on Burma as a case study in which to examine this important dynamic. This research project utilized a content analysis of the ALTSEAN- BURMA (Alternative Asean Network on Burma) Reports on Women’s Voices, a 2 collection of stories and poems written by the women of Burma over the span of seven years. This rich body of literature provides a critical case of Burma as basis to test relevant hypotheses in the literature on gender and development but more important it derives a set of
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