P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J. ROGERS HOLLINGSWORTH Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH (WZB) Reichpietschufer 50, D-10785 Berlin J. Rogers Hollingsworth Humanities Building, 4126 Department of History University of Wisconsin Madison Wisconsin 53706 Email
[email protected] TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 5 Concepts, Data, and Methods 6 The Concept “Major Discovery” 6 Data and Methods 8 Institutionalizing and Maintaining a Culture of Excellence 14 The Directorship of Simon Flexner 17 The Directorship of Herbert Gasser 36 The Presidency of Detlev Bronk 46 The Presidencies of Fred Seitz, Joshua Lederberg, and David Baltimore 52 The Presidencies of Torsten Wiesel and Arnold Levine 59 Concluding Observations 62 Acknowledgements 65 Appendix One – Scientists whose major discoveries, all or part, were made at Rockefeller Institute/University and the Forms of recognition for them 66 Appendix Two – Sources Interviews 69 Archives 85 Oral History Interviews 90 Published Sources 93 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES INTRODUCTION This paper is a small part of a much larger historical and cross-national research agenda in which the author has been engaged for more than a decade. The agenda has confronted two major problems: (1) How does the institutional environment in which actors are embedded constrain their behavior (Hollingsworth, 1986; Hollingsworth, Hage, and Hanneman, 1990; Campbell, Hollingsworth, and Lindberg, 1991; Hollingsworth, Schmitter, and Streeck, 1994; Hollingsworth and Boyer, 1997; Hollingsworth, 2000), and (2) How do the structure and culture of organizations facilitate or hamper their innovativeness (Hollingsworth and Hollingsworth, 2000a, 2000b; Hage and Hollingsworth, 2000; Hollingsworth, Hollingsworth, and Hage, 2002 forthcoming; Hollingsworth, Müller, and Hollingsworth, 2002 forthcoming).