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Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Circulatory System II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Heart 1. Layers a. Epicardium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 2. Valves B. Vasculature 1. Grouped Structures 2. Blood Vessels a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries ii. Muscular arteries iii. Arterioles b. Capillaries c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins 3. Lymphatic Vessels V. Summary SEM of a torn venule showing leukocytes and stacks of RBCs called “rouleaux”. Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. The circulatory system is composed of two major systems: the cardiovascular system and the IV. Slides lymphatic system. A. Heart 1. Layers a. The cardiovascular system consists of arteries (carry blood away from heart), arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins (return blood to the heart). a. Epicardium b. Myocardium b. The lymphatic system consists of lymph capillaries and lymph vessels that drain excess c. Endocardium interstitial fluid (lymph) from the tissues; after passing through at least one lymph node, 2. Valves the fluid is returned to the venous circulation via large lymph vessels (ducts) in the thorax. B. Vasculature 1. Grouped Structures 2. Blood vessels larger than capillaries all share the same basic architecture consisting of three 2. Blood Vessels layers of their walls; categories of vessels (e.g., elastic artery, muscular artery, vein) differ from a. Arterial each other based upon the size and composition of these layers: i. Elastic arteries ii. Muscular arteries a. The innermost tunica intima consists of endothelium and loose CT. iii. Arterioles b. The middle tunica media consists primarily of smooth muscle fibers, or elastic fibers in b. Capillaries the large elastic arteries. c. Venous i. Venules c. The outermost tunica adventitia consists of CT, and smooth muscle in larger veins. ii. Veins 3. Lymphatic Vessels V. Summary Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction Learning Objectives II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords 1. Explain how the circulatory system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and IV. Slides lymphatic vessels. A. Heart 1. Layers 2. Identify the histological characteristics of the heart, including the epicardium, a. Epicardium myocardium, and endocardium, and the conduction system. b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 3. Describe the histological features of arteries and veins as found within three layers: 2. Valves tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. B. Vasculature 1. Grouped Structures 4. Identify and distinguish between arteries, veins, capillaries, and lymph vessels 2. Blood Vessels (microvasculature vs. macrovasculature). a. Arterial 5. Describe the histological organization of lymphatic capillaries and vessels, their i. Elastic arteries relationship to lymph nodes, and how they differ from blood vessels. ii. Muscular arteries iii. Arterioles b. Capillaries c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins 3. Lymphatic Vessels V. Summary Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives Keywords III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Heart Arterioles Muscular artery Capillaries Myocardium 1. Layers Elastic sheets Pericytes a. Epicardium Endocardium Purkinje fibers b. Myocardium Endothelium Sinusoids c. Endocardium Epicardium Small muscular artery 2. Valves Heart Small vein B. Vasculature Heart valve Tunica adventitia 1. Grouped Structures Large muscular artery Tunica intima 2. Blood Vessels Large vein Tunica media a. Arterial Lymphatic vessels Vasa vasorum i. Elastic arteries Medium vein Veins ii. Muscular arteries Mesothelium Venule iii. Arterioles b. Capillaries c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins 3. Lymphatic Vessels V. Summary Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 81 (NW): Cardiac Muscle, Trichrome I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives Slide Overview III. Keywords IV. Slides annulus fibrosus A. Heart (dense CT) of valve 1. Layers leaflet of valve a. Epicardium look here to see b. Myocardium the epicardium c. Endocardium cardiac skeleton 2. Valves (dense CT) B. Vasculature between atrium and ventricle look here to see 1. Grouped Structures the myocardium 2. Blood Vessels a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries Purkinje fibers perhaps additional look here to see ii. Muscular arteries conduction system the endocardium iii. Arterioles elements also (peculiarly thick) b. Capillaries c. Venous i. Venules the specific area of the heart this slide is from is unclear, so there is some uncertainty to its proper orientation ii. Veins and the identification of several of the structures; however, the major layers of the heart can be seen and 3. Lymphatic Vessels identified; notice that the valve appears to be on the epicardial side of the heart – this is misleading, as valves V. Summary are formed by endocardium and found within the heart chambers; a possible explanation is that the valve leaflet is from an “adjacent” valve with that section of ventricle wall not seen (look at an image of a gross heart with all four valves in cross-section to visualize the possible sectioning for the slide) Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 139: Heart, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides look here to see the A. Heart epicardium 1. Layers a. Epicardium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 2. Valves look here to see the B. Vasculature myocardium 1. Grouped Structures 2. Blood Vessels a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries ii. Muscular arteries iii. Arterioles look here to see the b. Capillaries endocardium c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins the heart wall consists of three layers: the epicardium is the outermost layer, composed of mesothelium 3. Lymphatic Vessels (simple squamous epithelium) and subepicardial CT with adipocytes, nerves, and branches of coronary V. Summary vessels; the myocardium is the middle and thickest layer, composed of cardiac muscle, CT, and small vessels; the endocardium is the innermost layer, composed of endothelium (simple squamous epithelium), subendothelial CT, and subendocardial CT (with Purkinje fibers in the ventricles) Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 48 (464): Cardiac Muscle, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Heart neurovascular 1. Layers bundle a. Epicardium mesothelium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium adipose 2. Valves B. Vasculature nerve 1. Grouped Structures epicardium 2. Blood Vessels a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries ii. Muscular arteries branch of myocardium coronary iii. Arterioles artery b. Capillaries c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins 3. Lymphatic Vessels V. Summary the epicardium (visceral pericardium) is the serous membrane that covers the external surface of the heart; it is the outermost layer of the heart, with the subepicardial layer containing collagenous CT with adipocytes, nerves, and branches of the coronary vessels; it is covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 139: Heart, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Heart 1. Layers mesothelium of a. Epicardium visceral pericardium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium mix of loose and dense 2. Valves connective tissue in B. Vasculature the subepicardium 1. Grouped Structures 2. Blood Vessels adipocytes a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries ii. Muscular arteries iii. Arterioles underlying b. Capillaries myocardium c. Venous i. Venules mesothelia are simple squamous epithelial linings of serosa (serous membranes); serosa consist of two layers ii. Veins of epithelial cells (the parietal layer lining the cavity and the visceral layer covering the organs) which are 3. Lymphatic Vessels separated by a space or cavity filled with serous fluid, produced by the mesothelial cells; serosa are found lining V. Summary several cavities in the body including the pericardium around the heart, the pleura of the thoracic cavity, and the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity (in contrast, mucosa are found lining the interior of several organs and cavities continuous with body openings) Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 139: Heart, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides centralized, round nucleus A. Heart with adjacent lipofuscin 1. Layers pigment a. Epicardium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 2. Valves B. Vasculature “branched” fibers 1. Grouped Structures 2. Blood Vessels a. Arterial intercalated disc i. Elastic arteries (with gap junctions) ii. Muscular arteries iii. Arterioles b. Capillaries cross-striations c. Venous (A-bands and I-bands) i. Venules ii. Veins the myocardium is the thickest layer of the heart wall, but its thickness varies by location (thinnest in the atria 3. Lymphatic Vessels and thickest in the left ventricle); it consists primarily of interwoven bundles of interconnected cardiac muscle V. Summary fibers with small amounts of intervening connective tissue (continuous with the epicardium and endocardium) and an extensive network of capillaries; the cardiac skeleton (dense CT) separates the muscle of the atrial myocardium from the ventricular myocardium Lab 12 – Circulatory System IUSM – 2016 Slide 139: Heart, H&E I. Introduction II. Learning Objectives III. Keywords IV. Slides A. Heart 1. Layers a. Epicardium b. Myocardium c. Endocardium 2. Valves B. Vasculature 1. Grouped Structures Purkinje fibers in 2. Blood Vessels the subendocardium a. Arterial i. Elastic arteries connective tissue of ii. Muscular arteries the subendothelium iii. Arterioles b. Capillaries endothelium c. Venous i. Venules ii. Veins the endocardium is the innermost
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