Appendix a National Science Board DAVID M
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ANNUAL REPORT 2019 1 Contents Director’S Letter 1
Whitehead Institute ANNUAL REPORT 2019 1 Contents Director’s Letter 1 Chair’s Letter 3 Members & Fellows 4–5 Science 6 Community 44 Philanthropy 56 2 The Changing Face of Discovery For 37 years, Whitehead Institute has demonstrated an ability to drive scientific discovery and to chart paths into new frontiers of knowledge. Its continuing achievements are due, in substan- tial part, to the unique capacities and dedication of Members who joined the Institute in the 1980s and ‘90s — from Founding Members Gerald Fink, Harvey Lodish, Rudolf Jaenisch, and Robert Weinberg to those who followed, including David Bartel, David Sabatini, Hazel Sive, Terry Orr-Weaver, Richard Young, and me. Those long-serving Members continue to do pioneering science and to be committed teachers and mentors. Yet we have begun an inevitable genera- tional transition: In the last two years, Gerry and Terry have closed their labs, and Harvey will do so this coming year. The exigencies of time mean that, increasingly, Whitehead Institute’s ability to maintain its vigorous scientific leadership depends on our next generation of researchers. As I move toward the conclusion of my term as director, I am particularly proud of the seven current Members and the 14 Whitehead Institute Fellows we recruited during the last 16 years. The newest of those stellar researchers joined us in 2019: Whitehead Institute Member Pulin Li and Whitehead Fellow Kipp Weiskopf. Pulin studies how circuits of interacting genes in individu- al cells enable multicellular functions, such as self-organizing into complex tissues, and her research brilliantly combines approaches from synthetic biology, developmental and stem cell biology, biophysics, and bioengineering to study these multicellular behaviors. -
John Mccarthy
JOHN MCCARTHY: the uncommon logician of common sense Excerpt from Out of their Minds: the lives and discoveries of 15 great computer scientists by Dennis Shasha and Cathy Lazere, Copernicus Press August 23, 2004 If you want the computer to have general intelligence, the outer structure has to be common sense knowledge and reasoning. — John McCarthy When a five-year old receives a plastic toy car, she soon pushes it and beeps the horn. She realizes that she shouldn’t roll it on the dining room table or bounce it on the floor or land it on her little brother’s head. When she returns from school, she expects to find her car in more or less the same place she last put it, because she put it outside her baby brother’s reach. The reasoning is so simple that any five-year old child can understand it, yet most computers can’t. Part of the computer’s problem has to do with its lack of knowledge about day-to-day social conventions that the five-year old has learned from her parents, such as don’t scratch the furniture and don’t injure little brothers. Another part of the problem has to do with a computer’s inability to reason as we do daily, a type of reasoning that’s foreign to conventional logic and therefore to the thinking of the average computer programmer. Conventional logic uses a form of reasoning known as deduction. Deduction permits us to conclude from statements such as “All unemployed actors are waiters, ” and “ Sebastian is an unemployed actor,” the new statement that “Sebastian is a waiter.” The main virtue of deduction is that it is “sound” — if the premises hold, then so will the conclusions. -
Gilbert White: a Biography of the Author of the Natural History of Selborne
Review: Gilbert White: A Biography of the Author of The Natural History of Selborne. By Richard Mabey Reviewed by Elery Hamilton-Smith Charles Sturt University, Australia Mabey, Richard. Gilbert White: A Biography of the Author of The Natural History of Selborne. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007. 239pp. ISBN 978-0-8139-2649-0. US$16.50. Permit me to commence with a little personal reminiscence. I grew up in a rural area, and at 8 years of age (a year prior to attending school as it entailed a three-mile walk), I was given a copy of White’s Natural History. It confirmed my nascent interest in and feeling for the natural environment, and cemented it firmly into a permanent home within my mind. White was one of the first to write about natural history with a “sense of intimacy, or wonder or respect – in short, of human engagement with nature.”Many of those who read and re-read this wondrous book knew that White was curate in a small English village and that both Thomas Pennant and Daines Barrington had encouraged White to systematically record his observations and descriptive studies of the village. The outcome was the book that so many of us know and love – one of the most frequently published English language books of all time. It appears as a series of letters to each of White’s great mentors. Regrettably White wrote very little, even in his extensive journals and diaries, of his personal life or feelings. Mabey has made an exhaustive search of the available data, and has built a delightful re-construction of the author as a person. -
The Computer Scientist As Toolsmith—Studies in Interactive Computer Graphics
Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. Fred Brooks is the first recipient of the ACM Allen Newell Award—an honor to be presented annually to an individual whose career contributions have bridged computer science and other disciplines. Brooks was honored for a breadth of career contributions within computer science and engineering and his interdisciplinary contributions to visualization methods for biochemistry. Here, we present his acceptance lecture delivered at SIGGRAPH 94. The Computer Scientist Toolsmithas II t is a special honor to receive an award computer science. Another view of computer science named for Allen Newell. Allen was one of sees it as a discipline focused on problem-solving sys- the fathers of computer science. He was tems, and in this view computer graphics is very near especially important as a visionary and a the center of the discipline. leader in developing artificial intelligence (AI) as a subdiscipline, and in enunciating A Discipline Misnamed a vision for it. When our discipline was newborn, there was the What a man is is more important than what he usual perplexity as to its proper name. We at Chapel Idoes professionally, however, and it is Allen’s hum- Hill, following, I believe, Allen Newell and Herb ble, honorable, and self-giving character that makes it Simon, settled on “computer science” as our depart- a double honor to be a Newell awardee. I am pro- ment’s name. Now, with the benefit of three decades’ foundly grateful to the awards committee. hindsight, I believe that to have been a mistake. If we Rather than talking about one particular research understand why, we will better understand our craft. -
Migration of Swallows
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (I978) vol 6o HUNTERIANA John Hunter, Gilbert White, and the migration of swallows I F Lyle, ALA Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England Introduction fied than himself, although he frequently sug- gested points that would be worthy of investi- This year is not only the 25oth anniversary of gation by others. Hunter, by comparison, was John Hunter's birth, but it is also I90 years the complete professional and his work as a since the publication of Gilbert White's Nat- comparative anatomist was complemented by ural History and Antiquities of Selborne in White's fieldwork. The only occasion on which December I788. White and Hunter were con- they are known to have co-operated was in temporaries, White being the older man by I768, when White, through an intermediary, eight years, and both died in I 793. Despite asked Hunter to undertake the dissection of a their widely differing backgrounds and person- buck's head to discover the true function of the alities they had two very particular things in suborbital glands in deer3. Nevertheless, common. One was their interest in natural there were several subjects in natural history history, which both had entertained from child- that interested both of them, and one of these hood and in which they were both self-taught. was the age-old question: What happens to In later life both men referred to this. Hunter swallows in winter? wrote: 'When I was a boy, I wanted to know all about the Background and history clouds and the grasses, and why the leaves changed colour in the autumn; I watched the ants, bees, One of the most contentious issues of eight- birds, tadpoles, and caddisworms; I pestered people eenth-century natural history was with questions about what nobody knew or cared the disap- anything about". -
The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelligence Conference: the Next
AI Magazine Volume 27 Number 4 (2006) (© AAAI) Reports continued this earlier work because he became convinced that advances The Dartmouth College could be made with other approaches using computers. Minsky expressed the concern that too many in AI today Artificial Intelligence try to do what is popular and publish only successes. He argued that AI can never be a science until it publishes what fails as well as what succeeds. Conference: Oliver Selfridge highlighted the im- portance of many related areas of re- search before and after the 1956 sum- The Next mer project that helped to propel AI as a field. The development of improved languages and machines was essential. Fifty Years He offered tribute to many early pio- neering activities such as J. C. R. Lick- leiter developing time-sharing, Nat Rochester designing IBM computers, and Frank Rosenblatt working with James Moor perceptrons. Trenchard More was sent to the summer project for two separate weeks by the University of Rochester. Some of the best notes describing the AI project were taken by More, al- though ironically he admitted that he ■ The Dartmouth College Artificial Intelli- Marvin Minsky, Claude Shannon, and never liked the use of “artificial” or gence Conference: The Next 50 Years Nathaniel Rochester for the 1956 “intelligence” as terms for the field. (AI@50) took place July 13–15, 2006. The event, McCarthy wanted, as he ex- Ray Solomonoff said he went to the conference had three objectives: to cele- plained at AI@50, “to nail the flag to brate the Dartmouth Summer Research summer project hoping to convince the mast.” McCarthy is credited for Project, which occurred in 1956; to as- everyone of the importance of ma- coining the phrase “artificial intelli- sess how far AI has progressed; and to chine learning. -
Pioneers of Computing
Pioneers of Computing В 1980 IEEE Computer Society учредило Золотую медаль (бронзовую) «Вычислительный Пионер» Пионерами учредителями стали 32 члена IEEE Computer Society, связанных с работами по информатике и вычислительным наукам. 1 Pioneers of Computing 1.Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) 2.John V. Atanasoff 3.Charles Babbage (Analytical Engine) 4.John Backus 5.Gordon Bell (Digital) 6.Vannevar Bush 7.Edsger W. Dijkstra 8.John Presper Eckert 9.Douglas C. Engelbart 10.Andrei P. Ershov (theroretical programming) 11.Tommy Flowers (Colossus engineer) 12.Robert W. Floyd 13.Kurt Gödel 14.William R. Hewlett 15.Herman Hollerith 16.Grace M. Hopper 17.Tom Kilburn (Manchester) 2 Pioneers of Computing 1. Donald E. Knuth (TeX) 2. Sergei A. Lebedev 3. Augusta Ada Lovelace 4. Aleksey A.Lyapunov 5. Benoit Mandelbrot 6. John W. Mauchly 7. David Packard 8. Blaise Pascal 9. P. Georg and Edvard Scheutz (Difference Engine, Sweden) 10. C. E. Shannon (information theory) 11. George R. Stibitz 12. Alan M. Turing (Colossus and code-breaking) 13. John von Neumann 14. Maurice V. Wilkes (EDSAC) 15. J.H. Wilkinson (numerical analysis) 16. Freddie C. Williams 17. Niklaus Wirth 18. Stephen Wolfram (Mathematica) 19. Konrad Zuse 3 Pioneers of Computing - 2 Howard H. Aiken (Havard Mark I) – США Создатель первой ЭВМ – 1943 г. Gene M. Amdahl (IBM360 computer architecture, including pipelining, instruction look-ahead, and cache memory) – США (1964 г.) Идеология майнфреймов – система массовой обработки данных John W. Backus (Fortran) – первый язык высокого уровня – 1956 г. 4 Pioneers of Computing - 3 Robert S. Barton For his outstanding contributions in basing the design of computing systems on the hierarchical nature of programs and their data. -
W. Brodersen Prof. Michael Dertouzos Lab. Prof. Jerome A. Feldman Dr. Michael Frankel
* DARPA PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS MEETING DOUBLETREE INN MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA APRIL 10 - 13, 1983 ATTENDEES ( Dr. Robert Balzer USC-lnformation Sciences Inst. Prof. Robert W. Brodersen DR. BRUCE BUCHANAN Univ. of Calif.-Berkeley STANFORD UNIVERSITY Dr. John H. Cafarella MIT-Lincoln Lab. Prof. Thomas Cheatham Harvard University Aiken Computation Lab. Dr. Danny Cohen USC-lnformation Sciences Inst. Prof. Michael Dertouzos MIT-Computer Science Lab. Prof. Edward A. Feigenbaum Stanford University Prof. Jerome A. Feldman University of Rochester Dr. Michael Frankel SRI International Prof. Robert Gallager MIT-EE and Computer Science Dr. Corded Green Kestrel Institute Dr. Anthony Hearn Rand Corporation Prof. John L Hennessy Stanford University Dr. Estil V. Hoversten Linkabit Corporation "* 2 Prof. Leonard Kleinrock Univ. of Calif.-Los Angeles Prof. Victor R. Lesser University of Massachusetts Dr. Donald Nielson SRI International Prof. Jon McCarthy Stanford University Mr. Alan McLaughlin MIT-Lincoln Lab. Prof. James Meindl Stanford University Prof. Allen Newell Carnegie Mellon University Dr. Nils J. Nilsson SRI International Prof. Allan Oppenheim MIT-EE and Computer Science Prof. Paul Penfield, Jr. Massachusetts Inst, of Technology Dr. Gerald Popek Univ. of Calif. -Los Angeles Dr. Raj D. Reddy Carnegie Mellon University Dr. Daniel R. Ries Computer Corp. of America Prof. Edward R. Riseman Univ. of Massachusetts Prof. Roger C. Shank Yale University \ 3 Prof. Chuck Seitz Calif. Inst, of Technology Prof. Carlo H. Sequin Univ. of Calif.-Berkeley Prof. Joseph F. Traub Columbia University Mr. Keith W. Uncapher USC-lnformation Sciences Inst. Mr. Albert Vezza MIT-Laboratory for Computer Science Mr. David C. Walden Bolt, Beranek and Newman Prof. Patrick Winston MIT-Artificial Intelligence Lab. -
Introduction
INTRODUCTION In which we try to explain why we consider artificial intelligence to be a subject most worthy of study, and in which we try to decide what exactly it is, this being a good thing to decide before embarking. INTELLIGENCE We call ourselves _Homo sapiens—man the wise—because our intelligence is so important to us. For thousands of years, we have tried to understand how we think; that is, how a mere handful of matter can perceive, understand, predict, and manipulate a world far larger and ARTIFICIAL NTIIII GERHIE more complicated than itself. The field of artificial intelligence, or Al, goes further still: it attempts not just to understand but also to build intelligent entities. AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956. Along with molecular biology, AI is regularly cited as the "field I would most like to be in" by scientists in other disciplines. A student in physics might reasonably feel that all the good ideas have already been taken by Galileo, Newton, Einstein, and the rest. AI, on the other hand, still has openings for several full-time Einsteins and Edisons. Al currently encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from the general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on a crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. AI is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a universal field. 1.1 WHAT IS AI? We have claimed that AI is exciting, but we have not said what it is. -
Drawn to Nature: Gilbert White and the Artists 11 March – 28 June 2020
Press Release 2020 Drawn to Nature: Gilbert White and the Artists 11 March – 28 June 2020 Pallant House Gallery is delighted to announce an exhibition of artworks depicting Britain’s animals, birds and natural life to mark the 300th anniversary of the birth of ‘Britain’s first ecologist’ Gilbert White of Selborne. Featuring works by artists including Thomas Bewick, Eric Ravilious, Clare Leighton, Gertrude Hermes and John Piper, it highlights the natural life under threat as we face a climate emergency. The parson-naturalist the Rev. Gilbert White Eric Ravilious, The Tortoise in the Kitchen Garden (1720 – 1793) recorded his observations about from ‘The Writings of Gilbert White of Selborne’, ed., the natural life in the Hampshire village of H.J. Massingham (London, The Nonsuch Press, Selborne in a series of letters which formed his 1938), Private Collection famous book The Natural History and Antiquities editions, it is believed to be the fourth most- of Selborne. White has been described as ‘the published book in English, after the Bible, the first ecologist’ as he believed in studying works of Shakespeare and John Bunyan’s The creatures in the wild rather than dead Pilgrim’s Progress. Poets such as WH Auden, specimens: he made the first field observations John Clare, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge have to prove the existence of three kinds of leaf- admired his poetic use of language, whilst warblers: the chiff-chaff, the willow-warbler and Virginia Woolf declared how, ‘By some the wood-warbler – and he also discovered and apparently unconscious device of the author has named the harvest-mouse and the noctule bat. -
Biblioqraphy & Natural History
BIBLIOQRAPHY & NATURAL HISTORY Essays presented at a Conference convened in June 1964 by Thomas R. Buckman Lawrence, Kansas 1966 University of Kansas Libraries University of Kansas Publications Library Series, 27 Copyright 1966 by the University of Kansas Libraries Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66-64215 Printed in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., by the University of Kansas Printing Service. Introduction The purpose of this group of essays and formal papers is to focus attention on some aspects of bibliography in the service of natural history, and possibly to stimulate further studies which may be of mutual usefulness to biologists and historians of science, and also to librarians and museum curators. Bibli• ography is interpreted rather broadly to include botanical illustration. Further, the intent and style of the contributions reflects the occasion—a meeting of bookmen, scientists and scholars assembled not only to discuss specific examples of the uses of books and manuscripts in the natural sciences, but also to consider some other related matters in a spirit of wit and congeniality. Thus we hope in this volume, as in the conference itself, both to inform and to please. When Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian of the Library Company of Phila• delphia, and then Chairman of the Rare Books Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, asked me to plan the Section's program for its session in Lawrence, June 25-27, 1964, we agreed immediately on a theme. With few exceptions, we noted, the bibliography of natural history has received little attention in this country, and yet it is indispensable to many biologists and to historians of the natural sciences. -
The Illustrated Natural History of Selborne Free
FREE THE ILLUSTRATED NATURAL HISTORY OF SELBORNE PDF Gilbert White,June E. Chatfield | 256 pages | 13 Apr 2004 | Thames & Hudson Ltd | 9780500284780 | English | London, United Kingdom Read Download The Illustrated Natural History Of Selborne PDF – PDF Download More than two centuries have passed since Gilbert While was laid to rest in his unassuming grave in Selborne churchyard but published instill makes delightful reading today. His regular correspondence, beginning inwith two distinguished naturalists, Thomas Pennant and the Honourable Daines Barrington, forms the basis The Illustrated Natural History of Selborne The Natural History of Selborne. Originally published as part of: The natural history and antiquities of Selborne, in the county of Southampton. London: Printed by T. Bensley for B. White and Son, With new introduction, additional illustrations, and some corrections and notes by the editor. With notes, by T. With extensive additions, by Captain Thomas Brown Illustrated with engravings. The Illustrated Natural History Published by Good Press. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. Each Good Press edition has been meticulously edited and formatted to boost readability for all e-readers and devices. Our goal is to produce eBooks that are user-friendly and accessible to everyone in a high-quality digital format. According to Bruce Ashford and Craig Bartholomew, one of the best sources for regaining a robust, biblical doctrine of creation is the recovery of Dutch neo-Calvinism. Tracing historical treatments and exploring theological themes, Ashford and Bartholomew develop the Kuyperian tradition's rich resources on creation for systematic theology and the life of the church today.