PDF Download Gilbert White
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Engraving of a Rhinoceros, Originally Produced in 1515
Bestiaries St John’s holds two of the ca. 90 surviving manuscript bestiaries in Latin. Both are displayed here. These volumes were often, although not always, highly illustrated listings of beasts, birds, and sometimes rocks, combining folklore, classical learning and Christian allegory. The text was extracted from any one of several compendia of animal lore cited by classical authors, the oldest being the anonymous Physiologus of the 2nd century AD, but both examples from St John’s belong to a group which draw on the book 12 of a major early medieval encyclopaedic work, Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae, dating to the 630s. The production of bestiaries didn’t really get under way until the 10th century, but continued throughout the high Middle Ages. Although the lore bestiaries drew on was often popular, and sometimes widely believed, these were not primarily zoological statements, rather works of Christian spiritual allegory, in which narrative and symbolism played a major part. Thus the pelican is shown tearing at its breast in order to feed its young, in a parallel with the suffering and redemptive nature of Christ. The high status of the manuscripts, demonstrated by their lavish illuminations, also militates against the notion that lay people had easy access to them, and hence that they were manuals of scientific or practical knowledge. Instead they tended to be owned by religious houses, as both the manuscripts displayed here were, and furnished material and inspiration for sermons and religious life. The Lion 13th c. Bestiary from York Uniformly placed at the beginning of the listing, owing to its status as the “King of Beasts”, the Lion appears here in a lavish 13th century manuscript formerly owned by the Priory of Holy Trinity, York. -
Why Natural History Matters
Why Practice Natural History? Why Natural History Matters Thomas L. Fleischner Thomas L. Fleischner ([email protected]) is a professor in the Environmental Studies Program at Prescott College, 220 Grove Avenue, Prescott, Arizona 86301 U.S.A., and founding President of the Natural History Network. The world needs natural history now more children: we turn over stones, we crouch to than ever. Because natural history – which look at insects crawling past, we turn our I have defined as “a practice of intentional heads to listen to new sounds. Indeed, as focused attentiveness and receptivity to the we grow older we have to learn to not pay more-than-human world, guided by attention to our world. The advertising honesty and accuracy” (Fleischner 2001, industry and mass consumer culture 2005) – makes us better, more complete collude to encourage this shrinking of the human beings. This process of “careful, scope of our attention. But natural history patient … sympathetic observation” attentiveness is inherent in us, and it can be (Norment 2008) – paying attention to the reawakened readily. larger than human world – allows us to build better human societies, ones that are It is easy to forget what an anomalous time less destructive and dysfunctional. Natural we now live in. Natural history is the history helps us see the world, and thus oldest continuous human tradition. ourselves, more accurately. Moreover, it Throughout human history and encourages and inspires better stewardship “prehistory,” attentiveness to nature was so of the Earth. completely entwined with daily life and survival that it was never considered as a Natural history encourages our conscious, practice separate from life itself. -
The Voc and Swedish Natural History. the Transmission of Scientific Knowledge in the Eighteenth Century
THE VOC AND SWEDISH NATURAL HISTORY. THE TRANSMISSION OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Christina Skott In the later part of the eighteenth century Sweden held a place as one of the foremost nations in the European world of science. This was mainly due to the fame of Carl Linnaeus (1707–78, in 1762 enno- bled von Linné), whose ground breaking new system for classifying the natural world created a uniform system of scientific nomenclature that would be adopted by scientists all over Europe by the end of the century. Linnaeus had first proposed his new method of classifying plants in the slim volume Systema Naturae, published in 1735, while he was working and studying in Holland. There, he could for the first time himself examine the flora of the Indies: living plants brought in and cultivated in Dutch gardens and greenhouses as well as exotic her- baria collected by employees of the VOC. After returning to his native Sweden in 1737 Linnaeus would not leave his native country again. But, throughout his lifetime, Systema Naturae would appear in numerous augmented editions, each one describing new East Indian plants and animals. The Linnean project of mapping the natural world was driven by a strong patriotic ethos, and Linneaus would rely heavily on Swed- ish scientists and amateur collectors employed by the Swedish East India Company; but the links to the Dutch were never severed, and he maintained extensive contacts with leading Dutch scientists through- out his life. Linnaeus’ Dutch connections meant that his own students would become associated with the VOC. -
Gilbert White: a Biography of the Author of the Natural History of Selborne
Review: Gilbert White: A Biography of the Author of The Natural History of Selborne. By Richard Mabey Reviewed by Elery Hamilton-Smith Charles Sturt University, Australia Mabey, Richard. Gilbert White: A Biography of the Author of The Natural History of Selborne. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007. 239pp. ISBN 978-0-8139-2649-0. US$16.50. Permit me to commence with a little personal reminiscence. I grew up in a rural area, and at 8 years of age (a year prior to attending school as it entailed a three-mile walk), I was given a copy of White’s Natural History. It confirmed my nascent interest in and feeling for the natural environment, and cemented it firmly into a permanent home within my mind. White was one of the first to write about natural history with a “sense of intimacy, or wonder or respect – in short, of human engagement with nature.”Many of those who read and re-read this wondrous book knew that White was curate in a small English village and that both Thomas Pennant and Daines Barrington had encouraged White to systematically record his observations and descriptive studies of the village. The outcome was the book that so many of us know and love – one of the most frequently published English language books of all time. It appears as a series of letters to each of White’s great mentors. Regrettably White wrote very little, even in his extensive journals and diaries, of his personal life or feelings. Mabey has made an exhaustive search of the available data, and has built a delightful re-construction of the author as a person. -
Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation in the Eighteenth Century
-e: EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC INNOVATION IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY by ANDREAS-HOLGER MAEHLE A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London University College London 1996 ProQuest Number: 10017185 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017185 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT In the historiography of pharmacology and therapeutics, the 18th century is regarded as a period of transition from traditional, Galenistic materia medica to the beginnings of modern, experimental drug research. Ackerknecht (1973) characterized the pharmacotherapy of this period as a "chaotic mixture of chemiatric and Galenistic practices", yet acknowledged an "increasing tendency toward empiricism, partly even true experimentalism". This thesis explores this transitional phase for the first time in depth, examining the relations between pharmacological experimentation, theory-building, and therapeutic practice. Furthermore, ethical aspects are highlighted. The general introduction discusses the secondary literature and presents the results of a systematic study of pharmacological articles in relevant 18th-century periodicals. The identified main areas of contemporary interest, the spectrum of methods applied, and the composition of the authorship are described and interpreted. -
Select Bibliography
SELECT BIbLIOGRAPHY Aesop. Aesop’s Fables. With instructive morals and refections, abstracted from all party considerations, adapted to all capacities; and design’d to promote religion, morality, and universal benevolence (London: J. F. and C. Rivington, T. Longman, B. Law, W. Nicol, G. G. J. and J. Robinson, T. Cadell, R. Balwin, S. Hayes, W. Goldsmith, W. Lowndes, and Power and Co., ?1775). Aesop. Bewick’s Select Fables, In Three Parts (Newcastle: Thomas Saint, 1784). Aesop. Old Friends in a New Dress; or, Select Fables of Aesop, in verse (London: Darton & Harvey, 1809). Aikin, John, and Anna Laetitia Barbauld. Evenings at Home; or, the Juvenile Budget Opened. Consisting of a Variety of Miscellaneous Pieces, for the Instruction and Amusement of Young Persons (London: J. Johnson, 1792). Alberti, Samuel J. M. M. ‘The Museum Affect: Visiting Collections of Anatomy and Natural History’, in Aileen Fyfe and Bernard Lightman (eds), Science in the Marketplace: Nineteenth-Century Sites and Experiences (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp. 371–403. Allen, David Elliston. The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, [1976] 1994). Allman, George James. ‘Critical Notes on the New Zealand Hydroida’, Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 8 (1875): 298–302. Allman, George James. ‘Description of Australian, Cape and other Hydroida, mostly new, from the collection of Miss H. Gatty’, Journal of the Linnean Society, 19 (1885): 132–61. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 277 Switzerland AG 2021 L. Talairach, Animals, Museum Culture and Children’s Literature in Nineteenth-Century Britain, Palgrave Studies in Animals and Literature, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72527-3 278 SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Allman, George James. -
William Martin Smallwood and the Smallwood Collection in Natural History at the Syracuse University Library
Syracuse University SURFACE The Courier Libraries Fall 1987 William Martin Smallwood and the Smallwood Collection in Natural History at the Syracuse University Library Eileen Snyder Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/libassoc Part of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Recommended Citation Snyder, Eileen. "William Martin Smallwood and the Smallwood Collection in Natural History at the Syracuse University Library." The Courier 22.2 (1987): 67-94. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Libraries at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Courier by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATES COURIER VOLUME XXII, NUMBER 2, FALL 1987 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY ASSOCIATES COURIER VOLUME XXII NUMBER TWO FALL 1987 Benjamin Spock and the Spock Papers at Syracuse University By Robert S. Pickett, Professor of Child and 3 Family Studies, Syracuse University Alistair Cooke: A Response to Granville Hicks' I Like America By Kathleen Manwaring, Syracuse University Library 23 "A Citizen of No Mean City": Jermain W. Loguen and the Antislavery Reputation of Syracuse By Milton C. Sernett, Associate Professor 33 of Afro,American Studies, Syracuse University Jan Maria Novotny and His Collection of Books on Economics By Michael Markowski, Syracuse University 57 William Martin Smallwood and the Smallwood Collection in Natural History at the Syracuse University Library By Eileen Snyder, Physics and Geology Librarian, 67 Syracuse University News of the Syracuse University Library and the Library Associates 95 William Martin Smallwood and the Smallwood Collection in Natural History at the Syracuse University Library BY EILEEN SNYDER When, shortly after World War II, it was decided that Syracuse University should add to its science curriculum a course on the his~ tory of science, Professor William Park Hotchkiss became the pro~ gram's most effective advocate. -
Dioscorides De Materia Medica Pdf
Dioscorides de materia medica pdf Continue Herbal written in Greek Discorides in the first century This article is about the book Dioscorides. For body medical knowledge, see Materia Medica. De materia medica Cover of an early printed version of De materia medica. Lyon, 1554AuthorPediaus Dioscorides Strange plants RomeSubjectMedicinal, DrugsPublication date50-70 (50-70)Pages5 volumesTextDe materia medica in Wikisource De materia medica (Latin name for Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hul's iatrik's, both means about medical material) is a pharmacopeia of medicinal plants and medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until it supplanted the revised herbs during the Renaissance, making it one of the longest of all natural history books. The paper describes many drugs that are known to be effective, including aconite, aloe, coloxinth, colocum, genban, opium and squirt. In all, about 600 plants are covered, along with some animals and minerals, and about 1000 medicines of them. De materia medica was distributed as illustrated manuscripts, copied by hand, in Greek, Latin and Arabic throughout the media period. From the sixteenth century, the text of the Dioscopide was translated into Italian, German, Spanish and French, and in 1655 into English. It formed the basis of herbs in these languages by such people as Leonhart Fuchs, Valery Cordus, Lobelius, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Klusius, John Gerard and William Turner. Gradually these herbs included more and more direct observations, complementing and eventually displacing the classic text. -
The Naturalist Tradition in General Practice
The Naturalist Tradition in General Practice I, r, McWhinney, MD London, Ontario For me there have been two great satisfactions of medical practice. One has been the depth of human experience which, as physicians, we are privileged to have. The other has been the satisfaction of observing patients with illnesses of all kinds, in their own habitat, and over long periods of time. This is the kind of satisfaction experienced by all naturalists. I would claim that observation of prognosis and to rational therapeutics. The clinician, then, has much in the natural history of disease is the Suppose, for example, people with common with the naturalist. “Natu basic science of medicine. Nowadays schizophrenia were found to have a ralists,” wrote John Ryle,1 “hold cer we use the term “basic science” for biochemical abnormality. This dis tain attributes in common, notably the what Abraham Flexner called the la covery would have no significance desire to establish the truth of things boratory sciences. There is no harm in without the clinical description of a by observing and recording, by classifi this as long as we do not mean that the category called schizophrenia, and a cation and analysis.” Like the natural laboratory sciences are more funda knowledge of its natural course and ist, the clinician makes careful observa mental and more scientific than the outcome. tions of his/her patients, classifies their science of clinical observation. Chemis Medicine, like other branches of illnesses into categories, then follows try and physics can explain ill health biology, is predominantly an observa them to their conclusion. -
Migration of Swallows
Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (I978) vol 6o HUNTERIANA John Hunter, Gilbert White, and the migration of swallows I F Lyle, ALA Library of the Royal College of Surgeons of England Introduction fied than himself, although he frequently sug- gested points that would be worthy of investi- This year is not only the 25oth anniversary of gation by others. Hunter, by comparison, was John Hunter's birth, but it is also I90 years the complete professional and his work as a since the publication of Gilbert White's Nat- comparative anatomist was complemented by ural History and Antiquities of Selborne in White's fieldwork. The only occasion on which December I788. White and Hunter were con- they are known to have co-operated was in temporaries, White being the older man by I768, when White, through an intermediary, eight years, and both died in I 793. Despite asked Hunter to undertake the dissection of a their widely differing backgrounds and person- buck's head to discover the true function of the alities they had two very particular things in suborbital glands in deer3. Nevertheless, common. One was their interest in natural there were several subjects in natural history history, which both had entertained from child- that interested both of them, and one of these hood and in which they were both self-taught. was the age-old question: What happens to In later life both men referred to this. Hunter swallows in winter? wrote: 'When I was a boy, I wanted to know all about the Background and history clouds and the grasses, and why the leaves changed colour in the autumn; I watched the ants, bees, One of the most contentious issues of eight- birds, tadpoles, and caddisworms; I pestered people eenth-century natural history was with questions about what nobody knew or cared the disap- anything about". -
Natural History of Architecture
Press kit NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE HOW CLIMATE, EPIDEMICS AND ENERGY HAVE SHAPED OUR CITIES AND BUILDINGS Guest curator Philippe Rahm Exhibition created by Pavillon de l’Arsenal 24 October 2020 – 28 February 2021 With the support of Communications Department, Alts PRESS RELEASE Exhibition and publication created by Pavillon de l’Arsenal Opening weekend: Saturday 24 and Sunday 25 October The history of architecture and the city as we’ve known it since the second half of the twentieth century has more often than not been re-examined through the prisms of politics, society and culture, overlooking the physical, climatic and health grounds on which it is based, from city design to building forms. Architecture arose from the need to create a climate that can maintain our body temperature at 37 °C, raising walls and roofs to provide shelter from the cold or the heat of the sun. Originally, the city was invented as a granary to store and protect grain. The first architectures reflect available human energy. The fear of stagnant air brought about the great domes of the Renaissance to air out miasmas. The global cholera epidemic that began in 1816 initiated the major urban transfor- mations of the nineteenth century. The use of white lime, which runs throughout modernity, is above all hygienic. More recently, oil has made it possible to develop cities in the desert... and now, carbon dioxide is driving the architectural discipline to reconstruct its very foundations. The exhibition offers three chronological itineraries in one: the untold history of architecture and cities grounded in natural, energy, or health causes; the development of construction materials; and the development of energies and lighting systems through full-scale objects. -
Drawn to Nature: Gilbert White and the Artists 11 March – 28 June 2020
Press Release 2020 Drawn to Nature: Gilbert White and the Artists 11 March – 28 June 2020 Pallant House Gallery is delighted to announce an exhibition of artworks depicting Britain’s animals, birds and natural life to mark the 300th anniversary of the birth of ‘Britain’s first ecologist’ Gilbert White of Selborne. Featuring works by artists including Thomas Bewick, Eric Ravilious, Clare Leighton, Gertrude Hermes and John Piper, it highlights the natural life under threat as we face a climate emergency. The parson-naturalist the Rev. Gilbert White Eric Ravilious, The Tortoise in the Kitchen Garden (1720 – 1793) recorded his observations about from ‘The Writings of Gilbert White of Selborne’, ed., the natural life in the Hampshire village of H.J. Massingham (London, The Nonsuch Press, Selborne in a series of letters which formed his 1938), Private Collection famous book The Natural History and Antiquities editions, it is believed to be the fourth most- of Selborne. White has been described as ‘the published book in English, after the Bible, the first ecologist’ as he believed in studying works of Shakespeare and John Bunyan’s The creatures in the wild rather than dead Pilgrim’s Progress. Poets such as WH Auden, specimens: he made the first field observations John Clare, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge have to prove the existence of three kinds of leaf- admired his poetic use of language, whilst warblers: the chiff-chaff, the willow-warbler and Virginia Woolf declared how, ‘By some the wood-warbler – and he also discovered and apparently unconscious device of the author has named the harvest-mouse and the noctule bat.