Gastrocolic Fistula As a Complication of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
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European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 57, 876–878 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954-3007/03 $25.00 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL COMMUNICATION Gastrocolic fistula as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy V Pitsinis1* and P Roberts2 1Department of General Surgery, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon Cambs, UK; and 2Department of General Medicine, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, Huntingdon Cambs, UK European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2003) 57, 876–878. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601687 Introduction A case of gastrocolic fistula is presented here as a rare, late Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a method complication of PEG. This complication is said to occur in commonly used for providing long-term nutrition for only a small minority (0.5%) of adults and in approximately patients unable to swallow but with a functioning gastro- 1.3% of children undergoing PEG insertion (Larson et al, intestinal tract (Stefan et al, 1989). The most common 1987). This complication usually occurs in the first few reasons for use of a PEG are neurological (such as cerebro- months after insertion and has so far not been documented vascular accident), and oropharygeal disorders. There are as a late complication as in our patient. however many other indications which include: anorexia/ cachexia, recurrent aspiration, oesophageal stricture, and many malignancies (Larson et al, 1987). Before 1980, creation of a gastrostomy required a surgical Case report approach. Development of PEG has eliminated all three of A 40-year-old male with severe learning and physical these requirements (Stiegmannn et al., 1988). First, Ponsky disabilities had undergone insertion of a PEG 3 years earlier. et al in 1980 and then Russel et al in 1984 developed practical A new PEG with a balloon tube was reinserted endoscopically and cost-effective endoscopic techniques. Ponsky et al passed 6 months prior to presentation. There had been no problems the feeding tube in a retrograde fashion through the mouth to date with the PEG tubes, with the patient maintaining his after having created a tract via a medicut under direct weight and general well being. At 2 weeks prior to hospital endoscopy (the pull method, Gauderer et al, 1980). Russell admission he developed profuse diarrhoea and his carers et al used from outside the abdomen a pacemaker lead and remarked that he appeared to be passing the feed and all his introduced a Foley catheter and a peel-away sheath under tablets per rectum. endoscopic control (push method, Russell et al, 1984). On admission the patient was dehydrated, emaciated with Complications of PEG insertion can be classified with a tachycardia and a postural blood pressure drop of 30 mm regards to both the severity and the time elapsed after Hg. There was no clinical evidence of obstruction or insertion. Minor complications include wound infection and peritonitis and rectal examination revealed the presence of stoma leak, as opposed to the more serious complications of undigested enteral feed. Stool samples failed to reveal any gastric perforation or haemorrhage. Early complications are pathogens and his routine blood tests were consistent with a said to arise in the first 2 weeks, whereas late up to 8 months degree of pre-renal failure. post-PEG tube insertion (Larson et al, 1987). He became progressively unwell. After administration of water in the ward through the PEG tube he vomited liquid stool through the mouth. Abdominal and erect chest X-ray *Correspondence: V Pitsinis, Apartment 8, 185–187 Hills Road, was unhelpful, with no evidence of obstruction or free Cambridge CAMBS, CB2 2RN, UK. peritoneal air. The PEG feed was discontinued and parenteral Competing interests: None declared. nutrition was started intially via peripheral veins. Barium Sponsorship: None. Received 25 April 2002; revised 24 September 2002;accepted 22 October sinogram suggested that the PEG tube was lying in the distal 2002 transverse colon (Figure 1). Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy V Pitsinis and P Roberts 877 Figure 1 Barium is seen to pass freely between the stomach and closely juxtaposed to the anterior abdominal wall transverse colon indicating the presence almost certainly of a leading to subsequent erosion and fistulous commu- gastrocolic fistula (Figure 1). nication. Owing to very poor venous access and the problems of (b) Tube migration following the procedure may ultimately parenterally feeding this patient a decision was made to lead to mucosal erosion and fistula formation. perform diagnostic laparoscopy and possible feeding jeju- (c) Colonic perforation can result from rotation of the nostomy placement. At laparoscopy the transverse colon was stomach during PEG placement. Following introduc- seen to be stuck to the anterior abdominal wall, and tion of the endoscope air is insufflated in the stomach gastroscopy was performed simultaneously, which demon- to facilitate transillumination. Although the stomach is strated a direct communication between the anterior gastric mobile the gastrocolic ligaments limit its rotation. In wall and transverse colon. In view of these findings, it was the paediatric population, these ligaments may be more decided that a feeding jejunostomy would be performed rudimentary allowing for rotation of the stomach laparoscopically. Postoperatively feeding started on the (Stefan et al, 1989). following day without any complications. The patient began Our case may be more suited to this last theory since the to improve over the next few days and was able to receive his developmental problems of the patient may explain the medications via the jejunostomy enabling us to get a better possible presence of a more rudimentary gastro colic control of his epilepsy, which had been a problem prior to ligament allowing for more stomach rotation during PEG this in view of his non-absorbance and difficult venous placement. Though his initial PEG tube was placed in his administration. He was discharged 3 days later. No plans as stomach, there may have been erosion and migration over yet have been made to close the gastrocolic fistula, as it was time leading to a more late presentation of this complica- anticipated that it would close spontaneously in time. tion. Of course, this is a theory and somebody will ask why it did not occur as an early complication. There is no definite explanation for this. We have also to take account of the Discussion total care dependency of the patient. The change of carers Formation of fistulous communication between the stomach and quality of care for long periods may have had an and colon results primarily from gastric malignancy with influence in the feeding process and subsequently in the local infiltration of tissues facilitated by the gastrocolic positioning of the attached feeding tube. ligament. However, surgical and more recently endoscopic Feculent vomiting and profuse diarrhoea are the two most manipulation of the gastrointestinal tract have created a common symptoms of gastrocolic fistulae, both being second category of ‘iatrogenic’ gastrocolic fistulae (Stefan present in our patient. What was unusual in this case was et al, 1989). the time of presentation of the gastro-colic fistula long time Although the exact mechanism is unknown various post-PEG insertion. theories have been postulated especially in children where The presence of a gastrocolic fistula encouraged us to place the complication is more frequently encountered. The more a feeding jejunostomy which was performed laporoscopi- popular (proposed) theories are the following. cally, allowing the visualisation of the abdominal contents, (a) Adhesions from a previous laparotomy that may tent confirming the absence of peritonitis and negating the need the colon, which prohibits close apposition of the for more invasive procedures such as laporotomy. Some stomach to the anterior abdominal wall. The colon is reports have suggested the conservative management of European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy V Pitsinis and P Roberts 878 these fistulae but parenteral feeding became difficult due to References our patient’s other problems (Murhy et al, 1991; Ponsky et al, Gauderer MWL, Ponsky JL & Inzant RJ (1980): Gastrostomy without J. Paediatr. 1985). laparotomy: a percutaneous endoscopic technique. Surg. 15. When reinserting the PEG nobody thought that such a Larson DE, Burton DD, Schroeder KW & DiMagno EP (1987): complication was possible so no laborious search on every Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Gastroenterology 93, 48–52. part of the stomach was undertaken. Anyhow, whichever Murhy S, Pulliam TJ & Lindsay J (1991): Delayed gastro-colic fistula following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). J. Am. PEG caused the fistula (first 3 years ago or second 6 months Geriatr. Soc. 39, 532–536. ago) it already places this complication between 6 months Ponsky JL, Gauderer MWL, Stellato TA & Aszodi A (1985): and 3 years, a late complication indeed. Percutaneous approaches to enteral alimentation. Am. J. Surg. The case described highlights the need to consider possible 149, 102–105. complications of PEG tube insertion even after a long time Russell TR, Brotman M & Norris F (1984): Percutaneous gastrostomy a new simplified and cost effective technique. Am. J. Surg. 148, period of uncomplicated feeding has elapsed since the 132–137. procedure was initially performed. Stefan MM, Holocomb III GW & Ross III AJ. (1989): Cologastric fistula as a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. 13, 554–556. Stellato TA, Gauderer MWL & Ponsky JL (1984): Percutaneous Acknowledgements endoscopic gastrostomy following previous abdominal surgery. The authors thank Miss Joanna Reed and Mr John Benson for Ann. Surg. 200, 46–50. his helpful comments on the manuscript. Stiegmann G, Golf J & Van Way C (1988): Operative versus endoscopic gastrostomy. Am. J. Surg. 155, 88–92. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.