d rmu

Steven G. Mlodinow co,and there are isolated breeding populations buntingstypically first appear m earlyApril in eastern and southern New (Lowther (Lowery1974, Turcotte and Watts 1009). In 4819Gardner Avenue et al. 1999).The wintering range of thiswest- the TexasPanhandle, , Missouri, ernpopulation extends northward to southern and Kansas,first arrivals usually appear in Everett,Washington 98203 Sinaloain thewest and central Tamaulipas in earlyMay (Thompsonand Ely 1991,Baum- (email:[email protected]) the east (Howell and Webb 1995). gartnerand Baumgarmer 1992, Robbins and Theeastern population of PaintedBunting Easterla1992, Seyfert 2001), although peak migratesnorthward from March through mid- arrivaltime can be later in May(Robbins and May.March is peakmigration time in theBa- Easterla1992). Fall migrationis evidentin Robert A. Hamilton hamasand (Raffaeleet al. 1998). In thewestern population from mid- or lateJuly 34 RivoAlto Canal southernFlorida, the datesof 31 building- throughOctober (Thompson 1991, Russell killedindividuals ranged from ll Aprilto 10 andMonson 1998). In theTexas panhandle, LongBeach, California 90803 May(Taylor and Kershner 1986), though ap- adultmales have almost entirely departed be- parentmigrants have been noted from late foremid-August, with females and young re- ([email protected])Marchthrough June (Stevenson and Ander- maininguntil mid-September (Seyffert 2001). son 1994).In ,spring migrants have All agesdepart Kansas prior to thebeginning beenreported as early as I5 March,but most of September(Thompson and Ely 1991).To arrive from mid- the south, in ABSTRACT April to earlyMay and Mis- This paperreviews extralimital reports of (Beatonet al. 2003), sissippi,southbound PaintedBunting ( ciris)--in the con- and arrivals in North migrantsare evident textof its usualmigratory patterns, popula- Carolinaare mainly from late August tion changes,and historyin the cagebird from late April to through October trade--anddocuments a recent surge in ex- mid-May (Fussell (Lowery1974, Tur- tralimitalreports in areasnorth and westo[ 1994). Southbound cotte and Watts breedingareas. migrationof eastern 1999). Notably,at after the breed- least 60% of western OVERVIEW ing seasonis not as PaintedBuntmgs, m- Breedingdistribution, migration, and .x cludingallage class- populationtrends springapparent migration,astheat ,, ,,•, •,' es,migrate south- least in continental westward to areas in PaintedBuntings have two populationsthat areas. Numbers start northwestern Mexi- arcwidely separated geographically. The east- to decline in North co (and formerly ern populationbreeds on the coastalplain Carolinaas earlyas ) to begin from central North Carolina to central early August, and Thismale atHidden Valley Campground, Nor- prc-basicmolt prior mandale,Ontario, was photographed 9 August 2004, the twenti- andwinters, at leastin part,in southernFlori- most are gone by to continuingon to da, the northernBahamas, and Cuba(Steven- October (Fussell ethrecord for this province. Inthe not-too-distant past,male PaintedBuntings outof range were considered likely escapees winteringlocations sonand Anderson 1994, gaffaele et al. 1998, 1994). Similarly, fromcaptivity, especially when found at feeders, asthe (Thompson1991a, Lowther et al. 1999). Given that Painted most Painted oftenis. As records ofextralimilal Painted Buntings have in- 1992). In Sonora, Buntingsarc distinctly more common during Buntingshave de- creasedinrecent decades, however, patterns ofoccurrence have one regionin which migrationin the Bahamasand Cuba(gaffaele parted Georgia by emergedthat strongly support wild provenante inmost cases. In this stagingoccurs, et al. 1998),it seemslikely that some of these the end of Septem- theeastern population, males acquire their colorful in the first individuals eastern birds continue on to winter elsewhere ber (Beaton et al. theirsecond autumn before migrating; thesingle green rectrix in this•ndividual suggests asecond-year ,but plumage isnotori- arrive in midduly, (e.g.,Mexico or CentralAmerica), but there is 2003). Apparentmi- ouslyvariable inthe species. Photograph byBrandon Bolden. and numberspeak asyet no directevidence to supportthis no- gration dates in frommid-August to tion.The western population breeds from cen- Floridarange from mid- or lateJuly through mid-October.Only one winter report and one tralMississippi north through the southwest- at least mid-November (Stevensonand An- springreport are published from Sonora (Rus- ern cornerof Tennesseeto southernMissouri; derson),and in the ,southbound sell and Monson 1998). Eastern Painted fromthere, the breeding range extends west- migrantsstart to appearin mid-Octoberand Buntingslargely. undergo prc-basic molt on ward throughsouthern Kansas and then peakin November(Raffaele et al. 1998). their breedinggrounds (Thompson 1991a, southward to include most of Oklahoma and Springmigration of thewestern population 1992)--a verydifferent strategy that has led ;the southern edge of thebreeding range is notedin theUnited States from early April someto suggestthat thesetwo populations extends from eastern Chihuahua east to Nue- intoat leastmid-May. In southernareas, such representdistinct species (Thompson 1991b, vo Leonand northwestern Tamaulipas, Mexi- as Mississippiand Louisiana,northbound Sibleyand Monroe 1993).

172 NORTH AMERICAN BIRD The western population of Painted Buntingshas undergone a declinesince the mid-1960s,wilh BreedingBird Surveydata showinga significant trend of -3.2%per year for 1966-1995, most of which occurredfrom 1966-1979;from 1980-1995,no significant trends were noted (Sauer et al. 1997). Ob- serversin lhe EdwardsPlateau of Texasreport noapparent decline in thespecies there in re- cent decades(G. Lasfey,M. Lockwood,in litt.). The easternpopulation also showed a decline (-4.0% per year) in the period 1966-1995 (Sauerel al. 1997), but Lowtheret al. (1999)suggested that the data on the east- ernpopulation be interpreted with caution. In the UnitedStates, it becameillegal to possesslive Painted Buntings after 1913, but continuedillegal traffic in thespecies caused Massachusetts'reports to be treatedw•th sus- Figure1. ReportsofPainted Bunting from Bermuda, Virginia, Maryland, andDelaware (1961-March 2005). In all Figures, months are picion and suppressedinto the 1950s dividedinto thirds, and only the initial date of detection ofan individual birdis registered (asin subsequent figures). Not included in (Griscomand Snyder1955): New Yorkre- thishistogram are10-11 Virginia reports and one Delaware report, owing toinsufficient data. One report from Maryland involving an portswere published but similarly flagged as apparentlyreturning individual included dates only for the initial year of discovery; subsequent yearsare not registered inthis Figure. questionableinto the early 1960s (Bull 1964, Levine1998). In Mexico,trapping, selling, be properlyreported (e.g., the seizureof other than a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service andpossessing native birds are still common PaintedBuntings at theLos Angeles pet store band(San Miguel and McGrath, in press). practices.Between 1984 and 2000, more than in 1990,reported by Garrett,does not appear 100,000Painted Buntings were trapped for in thereport obtained through the Freedom of Variationsin plumage domestictrade in Mexicoalone (Ifiigo-Elias et InformationAct). In Washington.a long-time The redcolor of adultmale Painted Buntings' al. 2002).Visits to pel shopsand street mar- U.S.Fish & WildlifeService agent stated that uppertailcoverts and ventralplumage is de- kets within Mexico bear this out. For in- noillegal captive Painted Buntings have been pendenton carotenoids(Thompson 1991b) stance,a totalof 555 PaintedBuntings were encounteredin that state(K. Aanerud,in litt.). that mustbe obtainedthrough diet, so that recordedduring 13 visitsto northernBaja Several North American and Mexican re- birdseating a diet deficientin thisnutrient Californiapet shopsfrom February 1999 to portsalmost certainly represent escapees from tendtowards orange or a fadedred (Goodwin September2001, and although some individ- captivity.A buntingwearing a brightlycol- 1950, Brush 1978). Batesand Busenbark ualswere undoubtedly counted on more than oredleg band was found at Laval,Quebec on (1963) commenton the importanceof in- onetrip, PaintedBunting was the mostnu- 24June1975 (N. David,pers. comm.; not in- cludinga "colorholding agent" in thediet of merousspecies recorded in suchcontexts cluded in Table 1), and an adult male with captivemales so that they retain their colors. (Hamilton 2001). Severalcaptive Pmnted dull yellow-orangeunderparts and a scaron The absenceof color on individual feathers, Buntingshave been observed at privateresi- the forecrown was collected at an elevation of however,does not imply a deficientdiet. Male dences in various northern Mexican towns, 1950m at the remoteSagehen Creek Field PaintedBuntings that adventitiouslylose a nearlyall of themadult males, often in de- Station,Nevada County, in northeasternCali- redor bluefeather will replaceit witha green plorablecondition (R. A. Hamilton,unpubl. fornia 17-18 April 1972 (Hawthorne1972, one(Pyfe 1997). Mlodinow reviewed 84 spec- data).This species isconfiscated with regular- Roberson1993; UCDWFB #252). Another imens of adult male Painted Buntingsat ity alongthe U.S.-Mexicanborder between malewith unusually faded color at theTijua- ChicagogField Museum of NaturalHistory. SanDiego and Tijuana,mostly during the na Rivervalley, California on 13 September Noneof theseshowed faded red underparts, summer tourist season(Scotl Serena,U.S. 1987was treated as a likelyescapee (Pyfe and but12 had small patches of green underneath, Fish & WildlifeService Special Agent, peps. McCaskie1992). In GuerreroNegro, Baja oftenmultiple patches. Furthermore, in eight comm.).Away from the border, the U.S. Fish California Sur, Mexico, Hamilton and others specimens,the greenback color extended & WildlifeService reported a seizureof lO observed a somewhat faded adult male with well downonto the rump, though all hadred livePainted Buntings in Chicagoduring Janu- pin-feathersevident on thecrown on 20 Oc- uppertailcoverts_ The evendistribution of ary 1998(report obtained in April 1998from tober 1995;two yearslater, Hamilton ob- greenon therump implies that this is a nor- the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Office of Law servedtwo PaintedBuntings in a cageone malvariation rather than a replacementof lost Enforcementin Arlington,Virginia, in re- blockfrom this 1ocauon. Near Ensenada,Baja feathers.S. E Bailey(in litt.) reviewed30 wild- sponseto a Freedomof InformationAct re- California, Hamilton found an unbanded collectedand two aviary specimens of Painted quest),and one was found for saleat a Los maleon 19 September1998 that showed bril- Buntingat the CaliforniaAcademy of Sci- Angelesarea pet shop during November 1998 liantcolor on theupperparts and wings, deep ences.All 30 specimensshowed vivid colors, (K. Garrett,in litt.).Special Agent Serena was red on thechin and upper breast, but exten- and manyhad smallspots of greenbelow, involved in confiscation of six Painted siveyellow coloration on the remainingun- thoughusually only one per bird. One of the Buntings(three adult males and threegreen derparts.Mlodinow and Bill Tweitfound a twospecimens from captivity was normal in birds)at an undisclosedlocation in earlyDe- green-plumagedbird with pin featherson the appearance,and the other was a fadedyellow- cember1998. Around thai time,he andSpe- headat SanJose del Cabo, Baja California Sur orangeventrally, with a yellow-greenrump. cialAgent John Brooks, both of whomwork on27 October2002. A reportof an adult male Hamiltonreviewed eight specimens at theSan in SanDiego, expressed surprise at thepauci- wearingan ill-fitting band in Arcadia,Los An- DiegoNatural History Museum: seven from ty of documentedseizures. They noted that gelesCounty, 1-2 August2002 wasnot ac- the easternUnited States, plus one likely es- manyseizures are made by U.S. Customsof- ceptedby the CaliforniaBird Records Com- capedindividual from southernSan Diego ficialsand that such incidents may not always mittee(C.B.R.C.), as the band appeared to be Count),-13 January 1993 (SDNHM #48279).

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 1 All of the birds collected tions,a fairlycommon situa- from the wild showed tion. In somestates (e.g., limitedydlow featbering Virginia), the specieshas ventrallybut were other- been not been on the Review wise of normal, vivid List, and solicitingdocu- coloration. The San mentedreports has required Diego specimenwas at extensivecorrespondence. leastas bright as its wild rhe same was true in New counterpartsand had no Jersey,where data in pub- obvious adventitious lished and unpublished featherreplacement but sources were often erro- had sevenbroken pri- neous.In otherstates (e.g., mary tips. Finally, an lowa), committeeshave nar- adult male Painted rowly rejecteddocumented Buntingvisiting a Santa reportsof the speciesowing Barbara,California feed- to concernsabout prove- er 14 February-9April nance; we have counte- 1989began with normal nancedseveral such reports redunderparts but faded in Table1. We includepre- to orangeduring its stay ....,J 1960data under separate (Pyle and McCaskie headings (Historical re- 1992). PaulW. Sykes, Jr. port[s])in Table1. Mostof (pets.comm.), who has these reports lack extant Figure2. ReportsofPainted Bunting from and (1961-February 2005). One New Jersey banded and handled documentation or have not reportthat lacks full data is not included inthis histogram. Most autumn reports are from New Jersey, while over 3000 Painted mostspring reports are from New York. been reviewedor accepted Buntings,has observed by stateand provincial com- females with rose-tinted mittees; we have not used underparts,females with thesereports in analysisbut bluish hoods,and males presentthem here for the withvariable underparts, sake of completeness.We includingpatches of yel- did not gatherdata on Paint- low. ed Bunting vagrancyfor These various obser- most states that contain es- vationssuggest several tablishedbreeding popula- tentative conclusions re- nons of PmntedBuntings gardingplumage and its (e.g.,),but we relevance for the evalua- do include reports of ex- tionof provenancein po- tralimital birds from Illinois tential vagrantPainted and Tennessee,which have Buntings.First, the un- verysmall populations in ex- derparts of any adult treme southern areas. Be- male (escapeeor other- causeof uncertaintyas to the wise)may be expected to sexof mostbuntings report- lose their color if the bird ed as "females," we have is nutritionallydeficient. electedto definereports in Second,caged buntings Table1 onlyas referringto maybe fed dietarysup- "male"birds or to "green" plements that allow birds--that is, the colorful, them to maintain col- Figure3. ReportsofPainted B•nting from New England (, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, definitive plumage of male oration typicalof wild RhodeIsland) and Atlantk Provinces ofCanada {New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia) {1960-November PaintingBunting and all oth- birds.Third, an escaped 2004).This hist•ram excludes data-deficient reports from Massachusetts {one)and Nova Scotia {one). er ,respectively. cagebird, finding a We includedall reportsof carotenoid-sufficientdiet, may,following Literatureused in compilingIable 1) supple- singinggreen birds, presumably second-year molt,attain the vivid plumage tones typical of mentedby bird recordscommittee data and males,in the "green"category. healthywild birds.Fourth, limited yellow- reportspublished in North AmericanBirds Bccause,on a continentallevel, there exist greenpatches beneath (or on the rump)are andpredecessor journals up throughNovem- relativelyfew cxtralimitalreports of Painted notindicative of captiveprovenance. ber 2004. To supplement,corroborate, Buntingthat might be considered satisfactori- and/orvet these data, many of whichwere er- ly documentedby rigorousmodern standards VAGRANTREPORTS roneousor incomplete,we found it necessary (specimenor photographof indubitable Methods to contact numerous individuals (see Ac- provenance),and fewer reports still that con- Mu[t•p[cresources wcre ncccssap/to generate knowledgments)with accessto documenta- firmthe sex and age involved, and because the a bodyof reportsof PaintedBuntings out of tionthat m•ght not yet have been reviewed by problemof escapedb•rds from capuvity con- range (Table 1). For most states and recordscommittees or that was suppressed tinuesto be of concernto manybird records provinces,we used state-level monographs on becauseproperty owners did notwish to have committees. we have been cautious not to awan distribution (see L•terature cited and visitorsto viewbuntings at theirfeeding sta- overinterpretthe data in Table1.

174 NORTH AMERICAN BIRD Results: Patterns of va- grancy to areas near and grancyand their proba- alongthe Atlantic Seaboard. ble mechanisms Springreports are consis- tent with what has been Atlantic Seaboard ß The termed "springovershoot- Atlantic Seaboard area in- ing." Vinicombeand Cot- cludesfor thepurpose of tridge (1996) examined thispaper Virginia, Mary- springvagrancy of - land, Delaware,New Jer- ines in Great Britain and sey,New York, Connecti- and described two cut, Rhode Island, patterns.The first•s "short- Massachusetts, New range," wherein a north- Hampshire, Vermont, bound migrant narrowly Maine, Nova Scotia, New flies beyond its breeding Brunswick, and Prince grounds, typically during Edward Island (there are periodsof southerlywinds. no reportsof the species The timingof theseshort- from the District of Co- rangevagrants usually coin- lumbia, Newfoundland cideswith peak migration and Labrador, or St. dates within that species' Pierreel Miquelon). In normalrange. The second thisarea, vagrant Painted pattern is "long-range," Buntingshave been de- whereinmigrants continue Figure4. ReportsofPainted Bunting from the Mid-continent, including Alberta, Colorado, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, tected predominantly Kentucky,Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Ohio, , Saskatchewan, SouthDakota, Tennessee, well beyondtheir breeding duringlate spring/early Utah,West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming (1961 -March 2005}. range,heading in the same summer and late fall/win- directionas their spring mi- ter,but seasonality varies by subregions.For mostlyfrom early May to mid-June.However, gratoryroute but simplynot stopping.Vini- convenience,we break the area into three Neu Jerseyspattern (7 spring[23%1, 19 late- combeand Cottridge (1996) suggest that er- partsto demonstratethis seasonality. For the fall/winter[61%1) strongly resembles those of rors involvinghundreds of kilometersare purposesof thispaper, we designateseasonal statesto itssouth, while New York's (11 spring morethan "simpleerrors of judgementin- reportsas falling into "spring" (April-June) or [65%1,4 late-fall/winter[24%1) is almostthe ducedby strongtail winds"and are perhaps "late-fall/winter"(late October-March)peri- inverseof NewJersey's and dose to seasonal causedby a failureof the "switch-off'signal odsof occurrence,using the first date of dis- proportionsin theNortheast. of migratoryurges. Interestingly, more males covery;as is trueof mostbird reports, we are In the Northeast(Figure 3), in whichwe than femalesappear to be subjectto such awarethat individualbirds in many cases include the four Maritime Provinces of Cana- long-rangespring , and these longer- probablyarrived in an areabefore being de- da andsix statesof NewEngland, spring re- distancevagrants tend to occurlater in the tected. ports(67 of 108;62%) predominate, with a season,perhaps owing to the distancesin- In Virginia, Maryland, Delaware,and peakfrom early May to earlyJune. Ihe North- volved. The above theories accommodate Bermuda(Figure 1), whichlie just north/east easthas had PmntedBuntings dunng late patternsin springPainted Bunting reports on of thebreeding range, most (62 of 93; 67%) fall/earlywinter as well (29 of 108; 27%), the AtlanticSeaboard well. Springreports reportsare of late-fall/winter birds, most being largelyafter mid-November. Massachusetts, fromVirginia coincide with PaintedBunting [ound a[ter mid-December(it is conceivable however,is unique in thissubregion in having migrationto the south,whereas spring re- thatthey arrive earlier, e.g., in Octoberor morelate-fall/winter reports (20) thanspring portsfrom New Jersey northward tend to be vetobet,but are discoveredwhen they are reports(14), thusrecalling New Jerseys pro- distinctlylater (Table 1). Also,from New Jer- drivenby colderweather into feedingsta- portionsfar more than thoseof Maine-- seynorthward, 62 of 83 (76%)spring reports tions, whencemost reportscome). These whichhas 22 springreports but only one late- involveadult males. (Thepercentage of all southernareas have proportionately fewer re- fall/winterreport. maleswould clearlybe higher,as somere- portsof springbirds (22 of 93;24%), most of Taken as a whole, areas of the Atlantic ports of "green"birds in spring were of whichare from mid-April into late May. (The Seaboardshow a nadirin reportsof buntings singingsecond-year males.) Nevertheless, same holds true for North Carolina's northern frommid-June through late October (Figures thegreater remoteness of morenortherly lo- OuterBanks, where most reports come from 1, 2, 3), althoughNova Scotia has a noticeable cationsfrom winteringand breedingareas winter.)Some "spring" reports almost certain- clusterof reportsin September•)ctober,re- couldalso easily account for the later dates of ly referto birdsthat winteredlocally, or ex- callinginfluxes of otherPasserina (Blue Gros- vagrantreports from the Northeast: it simply tralimitallyat somelocation, but wereonly [P. caerulea], Bunting [P. cyanea}) takesthe birdslonger to reachthese areas, discoveredin the springseason; for thisrea- to NovaScotia, apparently reverse-migration especiallyin springseasons with adverse son,to referto birdsdiscovered in earlyApril, eventsof migrantpassetines caught in low- weatherconditions for onwardmigration. for instance,as "overshoots"would be incau- pressuresystems off the coast (McLaren et al. Fall vagrancynorth of breedingrange, on tious.Many wintering birds linger at feeders 2000). North of Delaware/Maryland,a less theother hand, might be attributable to 180ø wellinto the spring in theEast. dramaticdrop in reportsalso occurs from misorientationor "reversedmigration." Many, Farthernorth, in NewJersey and New York mid-Marchthrough late April (Figures2, 3). perhapsmost, migratory are born (Figure2), reportsare more evenly split sea- Thetotal number of AtlanticSeaboard spring witha setof innatedirections that guide them sonallythan in the mid-Atlanticstates. Late- reportsis 107,about equal the late-fall/winter duringtheir first migration from breeding to fallmigrants/winterers (23 of 48 totalreports: total of 114. winteringsites (Berthold 1996, 1999). Some 48%)are largely detected after early Novem- This bimodaldistribution suggests that individualsof thesespecies appear to migrate ber,while spring reports (18 of 48; 38%)are there are at least two mechanisms of va- in preciselythe opposite direction of thenorm

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 1 175 duringtheir fitst fall migra- 25 itiveadult male plumage tion (Rabol 1969, Vini- wereneither first-year nor combeand Cottridge1996, female birds, and their Thorup1998). Perhaps be- proportionin the data causemost birds possessing 20 set,even assuming a few this misorientationperish errorsresulting from in- on or followingtheir first correct transcriptionor migration, fall vagrants attribution,is probably northof theirbreeding range 15 an accurate reflection of tendto be hatch-yearbirds what birders have ob- (e.g., Tropical Kingbird, served. Tyrannus melancholicus; Mlodinow 1998). The tim- 10 Mid-continent ß For the ingand geographic distribu- purposesof this paper, tion of late-fall/winter Paint- "Mid-continent"(Figure ed Buntingvagrants in the 4) is defined as those East fit the notion of re- 5 statesand provinces east versedmigration well. Dur- of Arizona,Nevada, Ore- ing late summer/fall,most gon, Washington,and westernPainted Buntings o British Columbia but firstmigrate in a southwest- west of the Atlantic erly direction(Ihompson Seaboard and north of 1991a, Ihompson 1992), the species'breeding and an error of 180ø in ori- Figure5. ReportsofPainted Bunting from Arizona (ca. 1960-2000) published inthe present journal and other sources.Inaddition tothese data, published but data-defident reports were available inthe literature but could not range (including New entation would take such beincorporated inthis histogram (e.g., 5 between25 August and 6 October1988; 9 inthe latter half of August 1991; Mexico, Kansas, Mis- birds northeastward and to- 14between 24 July and 19 September 1995; and 8 inautumn 1999). souri). Mid-continent ward to the Northeast or thus includes the states mid-Atlantic. Eastern Paint- of Iennessee(away from edBuntings making such an breeding areas), Ken- presumed wild vagrants errormight wind up farther tucky, Ohio, West Vir- north on the Atlantic coast presumedescapees ginia, Michigan, Min- or in the continents eastern nesota. Wisconsin, interior. lndiana,111inois (away Becausefall vagrantsof fromthe single breeding mostpassetines tend to be station in that state), youngbirds, the proportion Iowa, Nebraska, South of adult male Painted Dakota, Colorado, Buntingsin reportsthat in- Wyoming,Montana, and clude information on Utah and the provinces plumage(reports marked as of Alberta,Saskatchewan, "unknown" were excluded) Ontario, and Quebec was unexpected;61 of 98 (thereare no reportsof (62%) late-fall/winter re- the speciesfrom North ports from the Atlantic Dakota, Idaho, Manitoba, Seaboard were of adult Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec or from farther north). males(excluding Virginia's The pattern of Painted many reports,the propor- FigureO. Records ofPainted Bunting from Califomia (1962-2003), with records referring topresumed wild Buntingvagrancy across tion is still similar, 61%). vagrants(bars with light-blue shading) distinguished fromthose referring topresumed escapees (open the Mid-continent is Perhaps the widespread blue-borderedbars), as per decisions ofthe California Bird Records Committee. 6raphicby•ichaelA. œa•en. strikinglyuniform. Most availabilityof bird feeding reports(136 of 174,78%) stationsexplains much of thehigh proportion plumage--potentiallya situation of "detec- fromthis region come from the spring period. of adultmales. Because of feeding-stationpa- tion bias• mademore difficult still by the Eastof the MississippiRiver, there is alsoa tronage,reverse-migrant Painted Buntings species'retiring behavior. Green-plumaged smallfall/winter peak, with mostbirds first wouldbe •norelikely than insectivorous va- birdsmay simply be grossly underdetected: fe- foundbetween early Octoberand mid-De- grantsto survivethrough the winterand re- malesdo not tendto perchin openareas or cember,but thispeak is muchsmaller than in turn in subsequentyears--speculation that singon telephonewires for extendedperiods areassuch as Massachusetts,New Jersey, or wouldseem to be supportedby severalin- as •nales,including extralimital males, often the mid-Atlantic. Of the 17 late-fall/winter re- stancesof birdsreturning to feedersduring do in spring. portsfrom the Mid-continent (just under 10% consecutivewinters (though in mosl cases, Becausereports of "green" Painted oftotal reports). most (14) arefrom states and the actualidentity of "returning"birds was Buntingsmay referto adultfemales, rather provincesthat borderthe GreatLakes, and not confirmedthrough banding or otherdi- thanto birds of eithersex in theirfirst year of halfof these(7) arefrom Pennsylvania, whose rect evidence).Furthermore, novice birders life,no firm conclusions based on sight obser- easternreaches of coursehave much greater andfeeder-watchets would probably be more vations can be reached about the ratio of avifaunalaffinity with the mid-Atlantic states, likelyto noticeand to identifycorrectly an adultsto nonadultsin thecase of thisspecies. includingNew Jersey This patternprobably adultmale Painted Bunting than one in green Nevertheless,we do know that birds in defin- reflects the milder climate around the Great

NORTH AMERICAN BIRD Lakes(as compared to the GreatPlains and 300 km away from the species'normal provenancein reports of thespecies (e.g., Er- RockyMountains), especially as one nears breedingrange. Joyce Hoffman (pers. ickson and Hamilton 2001), but because the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Of the Mid-conti- comm.) reportsthat a singingmale at firm evidenceregarding provenance is elu- nent'stotal of 114 PaintedBunting reports, OhiopyleState Park in Pennsylvania4 May sive, some Committee decisionshave been 97 (56%) are from areaseast of the M•ssis- 1999was repeatedly driven off its singing guided,at leastpartially, by assumptions sippiRiver. Notably, 35 of the 77 vagrant perch by recentlyarrived male Indigo aboulseasonal patterns of occurrence.In a PaintedBuntings (45%) detected west of the Buntings:this is theonly report of suchin- histogramthat shows both the 103fully ac- MississippiRiver come from Colorado terspecificaggression toward a vagrant ceptedreports and the 36 reportsaccepted as wherenesting is anticipated •n severalsouth- PaintedBunting of whichwe areaware. Ihe regardsidentification (Figure 6), thereis a ern counties. sharpincrease in summerreports of "va- clear peak of reports from late August Themechanisms of vagrancy to theMid- grants"in southernColorado in recentyears throughearly October, with a few reports continentare likely similar to thosepostulat- may produceobservations of breedingat- scatteredthrough the remainderof fall and ed for the Adanuc Seaboard. The reasons for temptsin thenear future. into/throughthe winter.(This peakis evi- theskew towards spring reports in theMid- dent when one views the data with or with- continentare not clear, though some of this Arizona ß Arizona lies just north of the out the36 qualifiedreports.) Ihere is a dis- discrepancymay be due to decreasedsur- species'main fall stagingarea in northern tinctdrop m Californiareports of thespecies vivalduring the harsher late fall/winter con- Mexico,and the patternof occurrencehere duringthe last20 daysof October,a time ditionsin theseareas than along the Atlantic closelyresembles that seen in nearbySonora, whenbirds in Mexicoundergo their prebasic Seaboard(and perhaps due to thesmaller hu- Mexico,where Painted Buntings are a rela- molt,and thereis a smallpeak in reportsin tnanpopulation and thus comparative dearth tivelycommon in fall (Russelland Monson November,when these birds would again be of feedingstations). It is arguablethat re- 1998). Since 1960, there have been over 218 migrating,this time towardwintering areas versed-migrationwould tend to bringrela- reportsfrom Arizona reported to thepresent farther south in . The bi- tivelyfewer Painted Buntings to the Mid- journal(Figure 5). Thevast majority o[ these modalpattern, though not pronounced, may continent than to the East: eastern birds are from the southeasternportion of the suggestthat buntings found in Californiaare probablymigrate in a southerlydirection state,and about 90% have occurred from late from the western rather than the eastern (180ø misorientation would take most of Julythrough late September. Fewer than 10 populationof thespecies (M. A. Patten,un- these birds toward the mid-Atlantic or haveoccurred from November through June. publ.). The majorityo[ late winter/early Northeast),while birdsfrom the allopatric Notably,Arizona was formerly part of thefall springreports come from south-coastal Cali- westernpopulation are thought to movegen- stagingarea, and throughat least 1884, fornia,and this patternclosely resembles erallysouthwestward toward molting areas PaintedBuntings were fairly common during that seen in Arizona and Sonora, where win- in Mexico (180ø misorientationwould take fall in thesoutheastern part the state(Mon- ter reportsare also proportionatelyfew. most of these birds toward the Midwest and son and Phillips1981). Over the past 25 When data from central and northern Cali- East),then apparently southward after the years,Painted Bunting records in Arizona fornia(Figure 7) are separatedfrom data molt. If thismechanism of reversed-migra- havebeen accumulating at an accelerating from southernCalifornia (from the counties tion is applicablein both cases,then one rate.Though this may be in partdue to anin- of Sankuts Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardi- mightexpect the "vagrancyshadow" (Vini- creasein observers'numbers and effort,there no southward;Figure 8), thepeak in reports combeand Curtridge 1996) of thespecies to is likelya real increasein the numbersof fromlate Augustto earlyOctober is quite be weakest in areas east of the Rockies and buntings,which are perhapsstarting to re- clearin the northern/centralportion of the west of the Great Lakes; the data in Table 1 occupywhat was formerly part of theirmolt- statebut lessso in the southernportion. As doappear to supportthis prediction, as there stagingarea. Unlit (2004) suggests,escaped cagebirds arerelatively few (11) reportsof thespecies muddy this species'status in San Diego in the heart of the northern (Ne- Californiaß Through2003, there were 103 ac- County(see below). braska and the Dakotas). ceptedCalifornia reports of PaintedBuntings Overall,the species' vagrancy to California The distinctionbetween "vagrancy" and deemedto beof wildprovenance, with anoth- in theautumn is not as easily explained as the "rangeexpansion" issometimes nebulous in er 36 reportsof thespecies (involving 39 in- patternso[ vagrancyobserved in the eastern the literature on extralimital birds; it often dividuals) in which the identification to half of the continent. Neither 180 ø misorien- appearsto hingeon whethersuch birds are specieswas accepted but the wild provenance tationnor mirror-imagemisorientation seems observedmaintaining territories, attempting of the bird wasjudged unlikely (C.B.R.C. to accountfor fall Californiareports. Perhaps to nest,or actuallynesting. Recent reports archives).Reports involving another l 1 indi- themechanism that brings many "southeast- of multiple PaintedBuntings in southern vidualswere not accepted because the identi- ern"passerines, such as Prairie Warbler (Den- 11hnois,where extralimital, eventually led to fication was not established (C.B.R.C. dwica discolor)and HoodedWarbler (Wilso- thediscovery of a smallbreeding population archives).We havealso located an additional nia citrina),to Californiaeach autumn also aroundEast St. Louis,St. Clair County(D. 20 reportsof thisspecies that were never sub- playsa rule in the vagrancyof Painted Kassebaum,in litt.). A pairattending a nest mittedto the C.B.R.C.through 2003 (from Buntingshere. In the Southwest(including with fledglingswas discovered there during the presentjournal and other sources). Ihe California),the increasein PaintedBunting thesummer of 2000.During both 2001 and C.B.R.C.voted to removethe Painted Bunting vagrancyappears to parallel an increase in va- 2002, two males,a female,and a nest were fromits Review List in January 2005, owing to grancyvireosand by warblers,several species an increaseof "southeastern"that appears detected.In 2003, a malebanded the previ- a sharpincrease in reports.Since that time, ousyear returned with another adult male, a thespecms has not beenas well reportedor not to be a [unction of increased observer ef- first-yearmale, and a female,and again, trackedas previously. fort or acumen (Patten and Marantz 1996). nestingtook place. The situation was similar Interpretingthe seasonalityof Painted Patten and Marantz (1996) reasonedthat in- in 2004, with two malesand a femaleoccu- Buntingvagrancy in Californiais comphcat- creasing"vagrancy" by southeasternvireos pyingat leastone nest. In mostyears, the ed by thepresence of at leastsome escaped andwarblers represents in effecta westward birdswere seen from mid-May into early Au- cagebirds(see below). Ihe C.B.R.C.has put rangeexpansion by thesespecies and/or is a gust.This smallbreeding colony is about forth a considerableeffort in ascertaining consequenceof an increasingsource pool

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 1 (that is, a positivetrend in Awayfrom San Diego populations). With the County,however, there BreedingBird Surveydata are several reasons to be- showinga downwardpopu- lieve that most Painted lation trend (Sauer et al. Buntings are of wild 1997), the latter explana- • provenance.First,this tion may be unlikely in 4 speciesshows relatively PaintedBunting. However, discretepatterns of occur- a westward or northwester- rence that fit patterns ly rangeexpansion, possi- generallyassociated with bly both during breeding passerinevagrancy. Sec- and molt-staging,seems ond,this species appears possible,inasmuch as the to be rare in captivity speciesisbeing found more throughmost of North widelyduring the breeding -I America. It has been ar- season(and on migration) guedthat the highpro- in neighboringNew Mexico portion of adult males (J. Oldenettel,in litt.) and documented in extralimi- too that the molt-staging tal settingssuggests cap- area formerly included • tiveprovenance forsome, southeastern Arizona but thisargument can be (Monson and Phillips countered in several as- 1981). pects(see above, under Figure7. Allrecords ofPainted Bunting (identification accepted) from central and northern California (north of the Atlantic Seaboard); in ESCAPEDCAGEBIRDS countiesofSan Luis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino) (1966-2003). N.B.: Some 43% (24 of 56) of the records rep- resentedherein come from Inyo County, which inthis journars regional reports isgrouped wilh the 5outhem Pacific general,skepticism about Alongthe Mexicanborder Coastcounties (otherwise represented inFigure 8). wild provenancein ex- w•th the United States,the tralimital Painted statusof PaintedBunting Buntingsobserved east of hasbeen clouded by illegal the MississippiRiver is a trafficin thespecies and in- thing of the past.More- evitableescapees that result over, it is important to from this trade. In Califor- bear in mind that m•sori- nia andArizona, the poten- entation may occur in tial for escapeesseems adultbirds. For instance, muchgreater than in most three ot the four Vermil- other parts of country,as ion Flycatchers(Pyro- membersof the largelocal cephalusrubinus) recored immigrantpopulation may in Washington (all be moreinclined, for cultur- fall/winter) have been al reasons,to possesscap- aged,and two were adults tive PaintedBuntings than (Washington Bird residents from other cultur- RecordsCommittee files). al backgrounds.In the re- In Missouri, at least three centlypublished 5an Diego of the five fall records Bird Atlas, Unitt (2004) (there are no winter notesthat the species"oc- records) have involved curs in San Diego County adult males (Robbinsand mainlyas an escapeefrom Eastefta 1992). In both captivity"andthat "identi- • Washington and Mis- lyingany particular •ndivid- Figure8. Allrecords ofPainted Bunting (identification accepted) from southern California (from the counties of souri, successfuloverwin- ual asa vagrantrather than 5anLuis Obispo, Kern, and San Bernardino southward) (1962-2003). N.B.: Some 39% (32 of 82) ofthe records rep- tering by this species escapeeis nowimpossible." resentedherein were not accepted bythe California BirdRecords Committee aspertaining towild vagrants. seemsunlikely, making it Furthermore,he notes,that plausiblethat thcseadult "[e]scapeesare seen at all seasons;at least13 one from summer.Of these 19 records,10 vagrantswere not returningbirds that had werereported in SanDiego County during the weresubmitted [or C.B.R.C.review, and only overwinteredin theselocations m prevtous atlasperiod 1997-2002. They can oftenbe twowere accepted as naturally occurring va- years. identifiedby injuries around the bill, damage grants. As shownin Figure6, the Painted Despitethe obstaclesthat escapees po,, to the flight-feathers,and, in adultmales, by Buntingoccurs in Californiaprimarily a fall PaintedBunting occurrence in bothArizona thefaded red of theunderparts. Even some of vagrant,but therecent preponderance of win- and Californiaalso shows a relauvelydis- theaccepted records from San Diego County terreports relative to fallreports in SanDiego tinctseasonal pattern, and asseen in much mayrepresent escapees." Such a statementis Countymay support Unitt's (2004) view.Un- of otherwise--there has been hardto prove or disprove, but the species' pat- lessthe traffic in thespecies ishalted, it isdif- a surgeof reportsbeginning in the 1980s ternof occurrencein San Diego County from ficultto foreseea shift away from the skepti- thathas strengthened in the 1990sthrough 1997 to 2003 is of interest:11 reportscame cism about wild provenanceof Painted the present(C.B.R.C. archives). Most re- w•nter,five fromspring, two fromfall, and Buntingsin thisarea. portsof the speciesnot acceptedby the

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS C.B.R.C. have been of "unseasonal" adult tremendouslyin the late twentiethcentury. (IA), RonMarchtin (ND), DougBacklund, males,a fewof whichshowed signs of prior Concomitantl);[or instance,a massivein- Davidk. Swanson(SD), GregLasley, Mark captivityAs the patternsof vagrancybe- creasein autumn/winterreports of western Lockwood(IX), RossSilcock (NE), JamesJ. come dcarer, however, it becomesmore dif- hummingbirdshas been documented in ar- Dinsmore(1A), Brian Ritchie (AB), Terry McE- ficultto discountwild provcnancein a par- eas to the north/easto[ typicalrange, and neaney(MI), Chuck Irost (ID), Andrea ticular individualsimply because it is an lnanyindividuals have returned to backyard Cerovski,Doug Faulkner (WY), Ton), Leuker- adult male. The two adult male Painted feedingstations alter winteringfar away lng (CO),Jack Cochran (NV), JerryOldenet- Buntingspecimens referenced above, from from areas that would have been considered tel (NM), DonCecile (BC), Harry Nehls (OR), Nevadaand San Diego Counties,are be- "normal"just a decadeor soearlier: certain- MichaelA. Patten,Guy McCaskie (CA). lievedto havebeen captivebirds prior to ly, feedingstations that offerseed are far Weare also grateful to Chicago•Field Mu- theirdiscovery. Iransportation by humansto more common in winter than those that of- seumo[ NaturalHistory, where David Willard a remote part of Nevada County seems fernectar Andso it maywell be thatthe in- kindlygave us access to thespecimen collec- ratherunlikely; a plausibleexplanation is creasingtempo o[ buntingreports. especial- tion.Paul E. Lehman.Paul W. Sykes,Jr, and thatthis bird was captured in Mexico,trans- ly in the nonbreedingseason, indicates a KevinAanerud reviewed and improvedver- portednorth to the borderor beyond,es- shift in distribution whose causes include sionsof thismanuscript and have our thanks. capedor was released,and then migrated bothclimate change and the relativelycon- northwardwhen spring came. Displacement stantavailability o[ food. Literaturecited experimentswith youngEuropean Starlings Acrossmost o[ the United States,in south- (andLiterature used in compilingTable 1) (Sturnusvulgaris) and Hooded Crows ern ,and on Bermuda,reports o[ va- Alcorn,J. R. 1988. The Birdsof Nevada. (Corvuscorone) (Ruppel [944, Ruppeland grantPainted Buntings son relativelyneatly FairviewWest Publishing, Fallon, Nevada. Schuz 1948, Perdeck 1958) have demon- by season,either spring or late-fall/winter: Amos,E. J. 1991. TheBirds of Bermuda.Pri- stratedthat at leastsome species' migratory this is also true o[ "historical"reports vatelL, published. impulsesare quite malleable: lnigratory Eu- (1871-1959). In Arizona and California, Andrews,R., and R. Righter.1992. Colorado ropeanStarlings displaced 600 km south- however,Painted Buntings are found primari- Birds.Denver Museum of NaturalHistory, wards,for instance,tended to migrateto ly duringlate summer and early fall. This dif- Denver,Colorado. winterquarters 600 km southof theirusual ferencemay well reflectdivergence in molt Bates, H., and R. Busenbark. 1963. range. strategiesand migrationpatterns of eastern andSoft-billed Birds. TFH Publications,Jer- and westernPainted Bunting subspecies•a seyCity, New Jersey CONCLUSIONS subjec!worthy of furtherscientific stud): Baumgartner,E M., and A.M. Baumgartner. Acrossthe United States and Canada, vagrant 1992.Oklahoma Bi•d Life. Universit), of Ok- PaintedBuntings have been found at an in- Acknowledgments lahomaPress, Norman, Oklahoma. creasingrate over the past three decades, bur- INs paperwould have been impossible with- Beaton,G., P W. Sykes,Jr., and J. W. Parrish, geoningalter the 1970s.Along the Atlantic outthe help o[ numerouslocal sources, whom Jr. 2003. AnnotatedChecklist of Georgia Seaboard,there were (not including apparent- we thank[or makingour databaseas com- Birds,fifth edition. Georgia Ornithological ly returningbirds) 21 reportsduring the plete and accurateas feasible:Bruce Mac- Society. 1960s,27 duringthe 1970s,46 duringthe tavish (N/), Blake Maybank(NS), Dan Berthold,P 1996.Control of BirdMigration. 1980s,93 duringthe 1990s,and 69 between McAskill(PE1), RogerEtcheberry (SPM), Chapmanand Hall, London, England. 2000and earl), 2005. A similar,perhaps even David Christie (NB), Louis R Bevier (ME, ---. 1999.A comprehensivetheory for the moredramatic increase took place in theMid- MA, CI), JodyDespres (ME), AnneAversa ,control, and adaptabilityof continent,though it occurreda bit later, in the (VI), DennisAbbott, Pam Hunt (NH), Wayne avianmigration. Ostrich 70: 1-12. 1990s (see lane 1). California and Arizona Petersen(MA), Mark Szantyr,Greg Hanisek ---. 2001.' a generalsurvey, reports,whose timing is different, nonetheless (CI), E A. Buckley(RI), AngusWilson, secondedition. Oxford University Press, showa similartrend toward increasing [re- JeanneSkell)• Robert O. Paxton(NY), PaulE. Oxford,England. quencyof reportsin recentyears. For in- Lehman,Pat Valdata,Vince Elia, Jennifer Brush,A. H. 1978. Arian pigmentation.In: stance,there were nine Arizona and 13 Cali- Hanson,Scott Barnes, Wendy Malmid, Laurie Brush,A. (ed.).Chemical Zoology, Vol. 10, fornia reportsduring the 1970scompared Larson(NJ), AI Guarente,Matthew Sharp, Aves.Academic Press, New York. with 69 and 52, respectivel);during the Nick Pulcinella,Joyce Hoffman (PA), David Bull,J. 1964.Birds of the New York Area. Harp- 1990s.Perhaps surprisingly, this increasein Shoch,Frank Rohrbacher, Mary Gustarson, er and Row,New York. vagrancyoccurred while PaintedBunting DavidBridge (DE), Phil Davis, Glen Lovelace, ß1974. Birds of New York State. Comstock populationswere thought to bein decline. Mark Hoffmann,Fran and Norm Saunders, PublishingAssociates, Ithaca, New York. Ihese increasescould be arti[actual,the David Christi,Bob Reill)•Norm Saunders, Conwa)•R. A. 1992.Field Checklist of Rhode productof theincreasing popularity o[ both DaveWebS, Joseph L. Cook(MD), Charlotte IslandBirds. Society of RhodeIs- birding and bird-feeding,the increasing Friend, C. Michael Stinson, David Clark, C. land, Smithfield,Rhode Island. communication between avid birders and LeslieWillis, Georgeand RosemarieHarris, DeSante,D. E 1973.An analysisof falloccur- the wider bird-feedingpublic, and the in- Johnand Thelma Dalmas, Mike Purd);Allen rences and nocturnal orientations of va- creasingfacilitation o[ communicationby Larner,Connie Sale,Bill Williams, KarenTer- grantwood warblers (Parufidae) in Califor- observersthrough the lnternec Butthe in- williger,Sue Heath(VA), AndrewDobson nia. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. creasein vagrantsmight also be actual. (Bermuda), Normand David, Pierre Bannon, StanfordUniversit)• Palo Alto, California. Milderwinters in recentdecades may have SamuelDenault (PQ), KayoRoy (ON), Gary Dobson,A. 2002. A BirdwatchingGuide to improvedsunqval of vagrantsin easternand Felton(WV), LeeMcNeel): Brainard Palmer- Bermuda.Arlequin Press, Chelmsford, Eng- centralNorth timertea,for instance,thus in- Ball (KY), Chris Sloan(TN), RudolfKoes (SK, land creasingthe chancessuch birds will be MB), Bob Luterhach(SK), Kim Eckert, Peder Erickson,R. A., and R. A. Hamilton. 2001. Re- foundand perhaps survive to return. In ad- Svingen(MN), Jim Frank(W1), Doug Storz, port of the CaliforniaBird Records Com- ditionto the milderclimate, backyard feed- Dan Kassehaum(IL), Ken Brock (IN), Adam mittee: 1998 records. Western Birds 32: ing stationsare known to haveincreased Byrne(MI), AnnJohnson, James J. Dinsmore 13-49.

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER 1 179 Fussell,J. O., III. 1994. A Birder•Guide to 4-10. dle.Texas A&M UniversityPress, College CoastalNorth Carolina. University of North McPeek,G. A., and R_J. Adams,eds. 1994. Station, Texas. CarolinaPress, Chapel Hill, NorthCaroli- TheBirds of Michigan.Indiana University Sharpe,R. S., W. R. Silcock,and J. G. Jor- Press,Bloomington, Indiana. gensen.2001. Birds of Nebraska. University Garrett,K. L., andD. S. Singer.1998. Report McWilliams,G. M., and D. W. Braumng. of NebraskaPress, Lincoln, Nebraska. of the California Bird Records Committee: 2000.The Birds of Pennsylvania.Comstock Sibley,C. G., and B. L Monroe,Jr. 1993.A 1995 Records. Western Birds 29: 133-156. PublishingAssociates, Ithaca SupplementtoDistribution and of Goodwin,T. W. 1950.Carotenoids and repro- Mlodinow,S.G. 1998.The TropicalKingbird Birdsof the World.Yale University Press, duction.Biological Reviews of the Cam- north of Mexico. Field Notes 52: 6-ll. 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D., andT. R. Baptist.1990. Con- tunrnarrival of reverse-migrantsin south- mittee 2003 records. Western Birds. necticutBirds. University Press of New Eng- ern Nova Scotia. North American Birds 54: Seyffert,K. D. 2001.Birds of the Texas Panhah- land,Dartmouth, New Hampshire. •

NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Table1. ReportsofPainted Bunting from Bermuda, Canadian provinces, andU.S. states outside thespecies'regular breeding range (through February 2005), arranged alphabetically byarea and chronologically.Thecontents ofthis Table are not intended tobe the definitive listfor any region, asreview isongoing formany reports, including historical ones, but every effort has been made tocountenance credible reports. Location names initalics refer to counties.

Alberta~ 1 report male Watertown 6 May1993 male ChebeaugueI. 14Jun 1986 male Bowden 19-22 Jul2000 male SpruceHead 8Jun 1991 Delaware~ 12reports male Bangor 18-21May 1993 Bermuda~ 5 reports green Leipsic 22 Dec1968 male Warren lateMay 1993 male St.David's 22Apr 1961 male Oceanview "latewinter"- male Cutler 30May-2 Jun 1994 green HogBay Park 26Apr 1971 14 Mar 1988 green Shapleigh 13-14May 2000 green FerryPoint Park 24Apr 1987 male BombayHook 19-24Aug 1989 green AppledoreL 28May 2002 green St.George's 9Sop 2000 male;greennear Millville 3 Dec1989- male Biddeford 30May-2 Jun 2002 green St.George's 19Nov-late Dec 2002 5 Jan1990 Fool,York green nearLewes 19May 1990 male 8runswick 15May 2003 Historicalreport green BombayHook 4-9 Aug1991 unknown Bruinwick lateMay- male St.George's Mar1903 male RehobothBeach 2-11 Feb1992 earlyJun 2003 green nearBethany 12 Jan-2 Mar 1996 male Belfast,Waldo 15May 2004 BritishColumbia ~ 1 report Beach male CapeNeddick, 16May 2004 male Richmond 1-4Aug 1995 green LittleCreek 28 Dec1997- York W.M.A. 1 Jan1998 male Corinth May-Jun2004 Colorado~ 35 reports green nearDewey 2 Jan1999 unknown Lubec 23 Nov2004 male Denver 17-21May 1962 Beach male Pueblo 2-10May 1972 green nearPrime 2-3 Jan2000 Historicalreports unknown Baca lo May1974 HookN.W.R. male Portland 10 June1904 male Bent 22May 1979 green Sussex 24 Feb2003 unknown Pemaquid 25-26May 1951 male larimer 15May 1983 andlater male Georgetown thirdweek of male Boulder 9 May1986 Center May1955 male Mesa 1 Jun1989 Illinois~ 11reports • male 6arfield 12May 1990 male Chicago 1Oct 1967 Maryland~ 22 reports male Yuma 12May 1991 male Macon 25May 1963 male PrinceGeorge• 1May 1961 male Yuma 10May 1992 green Champaign 3 May1983 green Worcester 31Aug 1963 male Jackson 2 Jun1993 male Christian 7 May1983 male Montgomery 18-23Apr 1972 male lusAnimus/Data 28May 1994 male J•rkson 20-22Apr 1993 male AnneArundel 26 Dec1981- male;green latimer 8-10Jun 1995 green Chicago 10Oct 1996 21 Jan1982 male lus•imus/Baca 24Jun1995 male Mclean 19-23May 1999 green Worcester 29Dec 1991- green Bent 12May 1996 green lake 21-23Apr 2000 19Apr1992 green Bent 17May 1997 green Champaign 28May 2001 green Kent 21May 1992 male Delta 23-26 Mar 1998 male;greenMcDonough 4 May2002 male PrinceGeorge• 28Nov-2 Dec 1992 male lusAnimus/Baca 23 May 1998 male Jasper 4-15Jan 2003 male St.Mary• 8 Feb-4Apr 1993 male Adams 21-22Apr 1999 male Worcester 15Feb-8 Apr 1993 male lasAnimus/•aca 1 Jun1999 Historicalreport green St.Mary• 18Feb-2 Mar 1993 male Summit 28Apr-5 May 2000 green Wabash 10 Jun1871 male Cecil 13-19 Dec1993 male Bent 7 May2000 male Worcester 27 Dec1993- green Otero 16May 2002 Indiana~ 3 reports 5Apr 1994 green Prowers 22May 2002 male Indianapolis 5 May1983 male Worcester 19Jan-14 Feb 1995 male LusAnimas/Baca 23Jun2002 male Allen 22Apr 1999 male Havrede Grace 7 Mar2000 male SanMiguel 26Jul2002 male(dead)St. Joseph 25Apr 2002 male Frederick 21May 2001 green Huerfono 8 Sep2002 green PointLookout S.P. 24May 2001 green Pueblo 10Sep 2002 Iowa~ 2 reports male Harford 1Mar-8 Apr 2002 2 male; las•nimus/•aca May-22Jun 2003 male Jcatt 6 Jan1987 (returnedin2003, 2004) green green Marshall 12May 2001 male St.Mary• 6-7 Aug2002 green Baca ca.23 Apr 2003 green St.Michael's, 2-16Dec 2002 male EIPaso 10-14May 2004 Historicalreport Talbot green Bent 24May 2004 male Emmet 30May1956 green RoyalOak, Talbot 21Dec 2002- male lusAnimas/Baca 8-9 Jun2004 8 Feb2003 green Huefram 7Sep 2004 Kentucky~ 2 reports male RoyalOak, Talbot 19-24Apr 2003 green ColoradoCity 26Sep 2004 green Pulaski 27Apr 1997 male Worcester 5 Sop2003 male Mton 30Apr-23 Jul 2003 green Howard 15-24Dec 2003 Historicalreports male St.Mary• 8 May2004 green Montezuma 29Aug 1938 Historicalreport green Worcester 22May 2004 male Custer mid-Jun1958 male Fulton 10daysinAug1892 Massachusetts~ 35 reports Connecticut~ 8 reports Maine~ 24reports male Nantucket 17-25Apr 1961 green Fairfield 4 Oct1972 green Scarborough 18May1965 male Odeam 8-14May 1966 green NewHaven 7 May1982 male Sorrento 27May 1974 male VineyardHaven 14-17May 1967 green ChimonI., 26May 1982 male EllsworthFalls 14May 1978 green Monomoy 30Aug 1967 Norwalk male Yarmouth 30May-3 Jun 1980 unknown Sdtuate 24-31 Dec1967 male Greenwich 8 May1983 male;greenStonington 13-17May 1983 green Chatham 30May 1968 male OldLyme lateOct 1989- male CascoBay 29Apr-5 May 1983 male Barre 31 Dec1971- 5Apr1990 male MorthoganI. 27Apr-6 May 1983 11Feb 1972 (returned1991) male Manset 26May 1983 male Hyannis 20Jan-5 Mar 1978 green OldGreenwich 2 Oct1991 green MorthoganI. 20-23May 1985 male Nantucket 7May 1980 male EastLyme 11Apr 1993 green MonheganI. 6-8 Sep1985 male Martha'sVineyard 16-19May 1982

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER I male Salem Feb-11 Mar1986 Montana~ 1 report green CapeMay •-17 Dec2002 green Nantucket 12May 1987 male Billings 11-17 Dec1999 green Palmyra 30Sep-9 Oct 2004 male Nabant 13-14May 1988 male Erma 14 Nov2004- male E.Orleans 19May 1989 Nebraska~ 9 reports 5 Mar 2005 male Brewster 5 Nov1990 male Buffalo 26Apr 1960 green Oakland 28 Nov2004 male NorthFalmouth 10-14 Dec1990 male ScottsBluff 14May 1966 green Avenel 2 Jan2005 male Sandwich 22-28 Nov1992 male FontanelleForest 16May 1967 green Eatontown 23-30 Jan2005 male Barnstable 29 Nov1992 male Lincoln 4 Jun1973 (andlater) male Brewster 25 Nov1992- male GrandIsland 12-14 Nov1983 9 Apr1993 male; Morrill 12May 1996 Historicalreport 3 male Hyannis 21Dec 1992- 2 greens unknown CapeMay 4-5 May1958 15 Feb1993 green Hall 30-31May 1996 male Brewster 1 Nov1993- male Dixon 6 May2002 NewYork ~ 17reports 31 Jan1994 green Dixon 2Jun 2002 male Columbia lateDec 1966- green Eastham 19Dec 1993 mid-Mar1967 green Barnstable 28Dec 1993 Nevada~ 3 reports male;greenDelaware 26-28May 1967 green Martha%Vineyard 3 Dec1994 unknown Clark 8-9 Oct1974 male Erie 18-21May 1970 male Brewster 1 Dec1994- unknown LasVegas 27-31 Oct1981 green Oswego 7Jun 1978 10 Mar 1995 male CornCreek 13May 2002 unknown Cattarougus 28Apr-15 May 1981 green Westport 4-9 Apr1995 male Richmond 2 May1983 male NorthTruro 31May 1995 NewBrunswick ~ 12 reports male Chemung 6-7 May1983 male Salem 14-15May 1996 male Charlotte 10May 1976 male Cortland 5-6 May1984 unknown Mahomet 4Jun1997 male Charlotte 7May 1983 green Richmond 18-20May 1985 male Seeknnk 25 Dec1998- male Westmorland 11-14 Nov1987 unknown Chenango 15-16Aug 1985 10 Jan1999 male Westmorland 5-9 May1995 male Dutchess 10Aug 1992 unknown Dedham 4 Jun1999 male Albert 12 Jun1995 green Suffolk 19-28 Dec1992 green Wellfleet 1-12Feb 2001 male Albert 2-4 Jun1996 male;green Manhattan 15May 1993 male Malden 7-25 Mar2001 male St.John 10-16 Jun1996 green Onondaga 22May 1996 unknown Lexington 28Mar 2002 male Gloucester 30 Jun-6 Jul1996 green Kings 25Mar-9 Apr 1999 unknown Shrewsbury 11Jan-5 Feb 2004 male St.John ca. 17-19 Jun1997 green Monroe 13May 2002 male Albert 28-30May 2000 green Suffolk 11 Dec2002- Historicalreports 2 green Westmorloud 13-23Apr 2002 late Feb2003 unknown Falmouth 15Jan-15 Mar 1957 male Northumberland 5-10 Jul2004 male Brookline 6-9 May1953 Historicalreports NewHampshire ~ 4 reports male Bronx 13Jul 1875 Michigan~ 16 reports male NewHampton 21Aug 1960 male LongIsland 10Jun 1899 male Berrien 30Apr 1966 unknown Coontoocook 8 May1973 male Manha•an 9-23Sep 1927 male Marquette 5-7 May1968 unknown Tilton 8Aug 1976 green VanCortlandt Park 29Sep 1937 male Benzie 17May 1994 male NewCasUe 11-13 Jun2001 green Suffolk 13May 1947 male Saginaw 24-27Apr 1995 green Manhattan 19Oct 1949 green Delta 15-18May 1995 NewJersey ~ 31 reports male(dead) Nassou 28May 1952 male St.Clair 13May 1996 green IslandBeach 29Sep 1961 male Chippewa 28Apr 1997 green Haddonfield 11-15Jan 1963 NovaScotia ~ 15reports male Morquette 13-14May 2000 green IslandBeach 8Sep 1968 male SableI. 31Jul 1965 green PresgueIsle 21 Feb-21 Mar2002 unknown Ogdensburg 18-26Nov 1972 green SableI. earlySap 1969 male Houghton 12-16May 2002 male Lebanon 1 Dec1976- male Halifax 24May 1987 green Manistee 16May 2003 1 Feb1978 male Dartmouth 18-22 Nov1987 male Baraga 19-20May 2003 green IslandBeach 12May 1•0 male Yarmouth 22May 1993 unknown Dickinson 12May 2004 male CapeMay 11May 1•3 male;greenInverness 2-4Jun1993 unknown Keweenaw 16May 2004 male CapeMay 10Jun 1987 male Shelburne 17 Jun1993 unknown Keweenaw 21May 2004 male CapeMay 12Jun 1989 male GlaceBay 21-24Jun 1994 unknown AIpena 21-24May 2004 male BrickTwp. 12Dec 1993- green Louisbourg earlyJan 1997 mid-Jan1994 green Richmond Dec2001 Minnesota~ 17 reports male CapeMay 31Jul-1 Aug 1994 male CapeSable I 22Nov-21 Dec 2002 male Cook 12-16May 1965 green Colt'sNeck 29Jan-28 Feb 1994 green Lu•enburg 13Aug 2003 male Cottonwood 27-28May 1969 green CapeMay 20-30Nov 1994 male Sydney 20-22Aug 2003 male IV•les 18May 1986 green CapeMay 13-15May 1995 male Halifax 11Sep 2003 male Cook 23-25May 1994 green Medford mid-Jan-25Feb1996 green HartlenPoint 15Sep 2004 male Anoka 24May 1995 green CapeMay 15-17May 1997 male Scott 2 Jun1998 green SandyHook 19Nov 1998 Ohio~ 3 reports male Hennepin 10-20Aug 1999 (possiblylater) male Tiffin 16-19Apr 1997 male Hennepin 5 May-8Aug 2000 male Middletown 24 Dec1998- green MageeMarsh 13May 2000 male ARkin 24-29Apr 2002 15 Jan1999 male Medina 9 May2004 male St.Louis 31May-5 Jun 2002 male Monmouth 27 Dec1998- male Pine 29May 2003 9 Jan1999 Ontario~ 20report_s 4 male St.Louis 13May 2004 male Monmouth 19 Jan-5 Feb1999 male LongPoint, Norfolk 21-24May 1978õ male Becker 13-17May 2004 (possiblylater) green Toronto 4 Dec1978- male Clay 19-20May 2004 male NeshanJc, 25Dec 1999- 1 Jan1979 male Lyon 9-11 Jun2004 Somerset mid-Mar2000 male Arva,Middlesex 29Apr-1 May 1986 green Rochester 17 or 18-22 Jun2004 green WildwoodCrest 5Sep 2000 green LongPoint, Norfolk 4Jun 1991 green CapeMay 24Nov-1 Dec 2000 male Warsaw, 6 May1993 Historicalreport_ male SandyHook 21May 2002 Peterborough green LacQuJ Parle 2 May1893 male Middlesex Dec2002 male Keewatin,Kenora 12-14May 1995

NORTH AMERICAN BIRD male Niagara 13May 1996 Historicalreport male JamesC/ry 1-22Jan 1997 green Chatham-Kent 20-23May 1996 male HopeValley 25Sep 1953 green Chesapeake 7-15Feb 1997 male ThunderCape 15May 1998 male Charlottesville 1 Jan-22Mar 1998 male Kenora,Kenara 6-11May 1999 Saskatchewan~ 4 reports green VirginiaBeach 11-19Jan 1998 male Dryden,Kenara 10May 2000 male Burstall 26May 1997 male;2 greenVirginia Beach 1 Feb-11Mar 1998 green ErieBeach 4 May2001 male Kennedy 1-13May 1999 unknown Chesapeake 14-16Feb 1998 2 males Algoma 10-21May 2002õ male Kelvington 10-13May 1999 green VirginiaBeach 9 May1998 male PointPelee N.R 7-15May 2002 male Regina 26-29May 2004 male JamesCity 13Feb-2 Mar 1999 male Ashton,Lanark 12-13May 2003 male Northampton 12May 1999 green LongPoint, Norfolk 19 May 2003õ SouthDakota ~ 2 reports green VirginiaBeach 27Dec 1999-1 Jan 2000 male Cochrane 22-circa26 May 2003 male Lawrence 6-12May 1996 male VirginiaBeach Jan-13Mar 2000 male ThunderBay 1Jun 2003 male Lawrence 18-19 Oct2003 green VirginiaBeach 6 May2000 male PrinceEdward 12May 2004 green Portsmouth 28Nov 2000 male Normandale, 5-9 Aug2004 Tennessee~ 7 reports s male Lancaster 27 Dec2000-4 Jan2001 •rfolk unknown Lauderdale 24-25May 1975 male; VirginiaBeach Dec2000 and later male Dyer 3Aug 1985 2+green Pennsylvania~ 18 reports male Lawrence 7 May1988 green Northampton 30Dec 2000 male Reading 13May 1961 green Lake 30Apr 1993 male Chesapeake 3 Feb-7Apr 2002 male B•cks 15Jun 1966 male Lake 7 Jun1998 green VirginiaBeach 29Apr 2002 male •rthampton 12Dec 1966- unknown Hardeman 2 Jun2002 green Chesterfield 21Sep 2002 10Apr 1967 male Hamilton 4-17Apr 2003 male;green VirginiaBeach 15-31Dec 2002 male Berks Oct1971- andlater mid-Apr1972 Historicalreport 2 unknownVirginia Beach Dec2002-Jan 2003 male Montgomery 5 Jan-25Feb 1983 unknown Obion 14Jul 1934 male Northampton 23Feb-12 Apr 2003 male Delaware 11Feb-31 Mar 1993 male JamesCity 24Apr 2004 male Erie 20-27Apr 1993 Utah~ 2 reports green VirgJmaBeach 6 May2004 male Chester 10-12May 1993 male Providence,Cache 20-25Jun 2001 male Chesapeake 5 Feb-10Mar 2005 green Alleghany 7 Oct1995 green CamCreek, C/ark 4 Sep2004 andlater male Northampton 27-28 Apr 1996 green Westmoreland 5May 1996 Vermont~ 3 reports Historicalreports green nearBdstol 14-28Oct 1998 male;greenDanby,œutland 11-13 May 1993 male Brunswick 25 Jun1925 male OhiopyleS.P. 4 May1999 male Shelbume, 5-9 May1997 green Blacksburg 25May 19• male Lancaster 24 Oct1999 Chittendon green Blacksburg 75ep 1943 green Becks 19Dec 1999 green Hartland,Windsor 30Nov-5 Dec 1998 unknown NowportNews 22Jun 1951 male L•. Makefield 11Dec 2002- male York 6 Jun1952 Twp. 22Apr 2003 Virginia~ 54reports male Saginaw 7 Feb-22Apr 2004 green Norfolk Nov1965- Washington~ 1 report male Churchville,B•cks 13Feb-15 Mar 2005 earlyApr 1966 male Seattle,I•ngs 10Feb-3 Mar 2002 (andlater) green Norfolk mid-Dec1966- earlyApr 1967 Oregon~ 4 reports Historicalreports male Portsmouth 24 Mar 1970 male MalheurN.W.R. 2Jun 1963 male Westmoreland 1883or 1884 unknown VirginiaBeach 20Mar 1972 green Deschutes 4OCt1981 unknown Montgomery 13-14May 1916 male;greenFairfax 6 May1972 green Curry 20-29Nov 1992 male Frank/in 16May 1921 unknown Norfolk 8Jan1973 male Douglas Dec1999 unknown York 27May 1946 male;green Portsmouth 24-25Feb 1973 male VirginiaBeach 12Mar 1973 WestVirginia ~ 1 report PrinceEdward Island ~ 1 report unknown NowportNews 4-20Jan 1974 male BlueJay. Raleigh 27Apr 1979 male Marshfield 24-30May 2000 male Salem 12-20 Mar 1974 unknown Radford 19 Oct1977 Wisconsin~ 10 reports Qu6bec~ 6 reports male Portsmouth 7-21 Mar1978 male Vilas 24Aug 1966 male Normandin 21May 1993 male(dead) Norfolk 13Jul 1981 unknown nearTwo Rivers lateApr 1972 male 28-31May 1994 green York 28Mar-6 Apr 1983 male Kenosha 16May 1972 male QuebecCity 4-26Nov 1994 green Accomack 26Nov 1988 male Door 10May 1982 male Dorian 6-24 Nov1995 male JamesO• 10-11Jun 1989 male Douglas 12-16May 1983 green St-H&l•ne- 11-26Dec 1999 male VirginiaBeach Dec1988-27 Mar 1989 green Door 27Nov 1983 de-Bagut unknown VirginiaBeach Dec1989-3 Mar 1990 2 unknownsRacine 12May 1984 male Price 14-16May 2004 male JamesOff 5 May1990 male Iron 19-20May 2002 male York Dec-18Jan 1991 unknown Sheboygan 13May 2003 RhodeIsland ~ 9 reports male York 5-13 Jan1992 unknown Door 12May 2004 male Jamestown 14May 1972 male VirginiaBeach 25Jan 1992 male Jamestown 3 May1974 male Chesapeake 24Feb 1992 Wyoming~ 4 reports green BlockI. 12Oct 1974 male Augusta 15-23Apr 1993 unknown •eyenne,Laramie 4 Jun1975 male Middletown 24May 1980 male Norfolk 10 Jan-6 Feb1994 male Sundance,Crook 14-18May 1991 male Westerly 19May 1982 male Goochland 18May 1994 green Casper,Natrona 8 May2002 male Providence 22May 1983 male VirginiaBeach 26Feb 1995 green Duboh,Fremont 9-30Oct 2003 male Tiverton 21 Nov1993 male Mathews 31 Dec1995- male Adamsville 9 Apr1995 20 Jan1996 Historicalreport male Kent 26May 2000 male VirginiaBeach 2-14Jan 1996 unknown Cheyenne,Laramie 23-26May 1956

Thesereports donot include nesting and presumed nesting birds inSt. Clair County ora reportofa window-killed 3Additional reports exist for 1897 and 1900 (speamen) fromNew Jersey (fide L Larson),butwe have no further data malein Carbondale m1957 for which no further data are available (fide D. Kassebaum). onthese. Moreover, thenumber ofreports inwinter 1998-1999 and at other times has been difficult todetermine, GriscomandSnyder (1955) note that"aft early reports were suppressed onthe suspicion oftheir being escaped aspublished sources andstate committee archwes arenot always Inagreement. cagebirds." We have not been able to locate earlier Massachusetts reports. 4Marked(õ)dates are correct; previously published dateshave been incafred forthese records. sThese reports donot include Shelby, Fayette, andTipton Counties, where breeding isknown orsuspeded

VOLUME 59 (2005) NUMBER • 183