x, illi mson'sS ,psucker, Cordiller n FI ctch r, and other Ion distanc ß aor nts at a Lon Island, N w Yor sto ov r site

P.A. Buckley ABSTRACT onceeasy vehicular access was attainedin Six taxa new to--variously--NewYork, the 1964(Buckley 1974). Fast Coast, and easternNorth America are Fire Island is a narrow, 53-kin barrier USGS-PatuxentWildlife Research Center describedand illustrated from Fire Island, islandseparating Great South Bay and the Long Island,. WilliamsongSap- mainlandof LongIsland from the Atlantic Box8 @Graduate School ofOceanography sucker, Cordilleran Flycatcher, Cassin's , Ocean(Figure 1). At theextreme west end o[ Western Warbling-Vireo, Sonora Yel- Fire Island National Seashore(8 krn east o[ UniversityofRhode island lowthroat,and Pink-sidedJunco were cap- Fire Island Inlet and 90 km east-northeast of tured and documentedduring a 1995-2001 New York City), is the areaknown as the mist-nettingstudy examining the ecological LighthouseTract, a 65-hasection of natural Narragansett,Rhode Island 02882 relationshipsamong migratory , Deer vegetationwhere the 175-year-oldFire Island Ticks,and Lyme Disease. Two earlier Cassin's Lighthousestands. There, Fire Island nar- (email:[email protected] and Vireo specimensoverlooked by nearly all rowsto 300 m frombay to ocean,with low authors--thefirst for NewJersey and New dune vegetationoceanward, and scattered [email protected])York,respectively--are also illustrated, as is nativePitch (Pinus rigida) groves alter- an earlierWestern Warbling-Vireo from Fire natingwith mixednative deciduous shrub- Island. Identification criteria are discussed at thicketsbayward. Major plant in the lengthfor all taxa,and the currentstatus of deciduousthickets include Bayberry (Myrica all six as vagrantswithin North Americais pensylvanica),Low Beach Plum (Prunus S.S. Mitra summarized. Finally, the importanceof itima). Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium favorablesites along the immediate coastline corymbosum), Chokeberry (Awnia DepartmentofNatural Resources Science Lnthe Northeast(and by extension,in the arbutiJolia),American Holly (Ilex opaca), Poi- remainderof the United Statesand ) son Ivy (Tox•codendwnradicans), and Cat- UniversityofRhode Island for springvagrants is considered.along with brier (SmilaxrotundiJolia). On Fire lsland, the implicationsof avianvagrancy patterns mostlandbirds migrate east to west(i.e., in a for tick dissemination. southwesterlydirection) Ln both spring and Kingston,Rhode Island 02881 falland are concentrated in woody vegetation Keywords: vagrancy, Fire Island, alongthe island's north side. bordering Great PRESENTADDRESS: WilliamsoffsSapsucker, Cordilleran Fly- SouthBay. catcher,Cassin's Vireo, WesternWarbling- Withinthe Lighthouse Tract, two mistnet- DepartmentofBiology Vireo,Sonora Yellowthroat, Pink-sided Junco, tingsites one krn apartwere established and LymeDisease, Deer Ticks. operatedfrom 1995until 2001, replicating similaroperations from 1969 to 1973.Some- CUNY-CollegeofStaten Island INTRODUCTION timebetween these periods, large numbers o[ White-tailedDeer (Odocoileusvirginianus) 2800Victory Boulevard Shoreline locations, especially islands and moved into the LighthouseTract. Their promontories,are well-known for attracting unfetteredmovements would have precluded StatenIsland, New York 10314 and concentratingtranscontinental vagrants useof mistnets,so two deer-proof exclosures on both Atlanticand Pacificcoasts (e.g.. (Figure 2) were establishedat the old DeSanteand Ainley 1980, Mckaren1981, 1969-1973banding sites: one of 0.9 ha sur- (email:[email protected]) Sykes1986, Veit and Petersen1993). On roundinga PitchPine grove west of thelight- LongIsland, New York,the 140-kmbarlief house,and one of 1.2ha surroundinga sec- islandseries extending from Southampton. tion of maritime shrub-thicket east of the SuffolkCounty, west to ConeyIsland in New lighthouse.In the pinegrove, three parallel YorkCity has long been known as a focusfor netlanes 30 m apartwere oriented perpendi- vagrantlandbirds from interior and far west- cularto the longaxis of Fire Island,hence ern NorthAmerica (e.g.. Cruickshank 1942; alsoperpendicular to the muteof travelof Buckley1959), and the longest in thechain, mostmigrating birds. Up to 14 nylonmist- Fire gland,has proven especially productive nets,12 m long,3 m high,with 4 shelvesand

292 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS ?3•W 72øW 71 •W 70•W

Massachusetts

New York Connecticut

AtlanticOcean

ß ,*'leY•*/• LighthouseTract,FireIsland National Seashore

New Jersey

74=W 73øW 72•W 71 =W

Figure1. Positionofthe Lighthouse Tracton Fire Island, Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, rdative to other coastal locations inthe northeastern United States.

36 mm mesh,were placed on semi-perma- WILLIAMSON'SSAPSUCKER [AMNH]shortly afterward), but •tspossible nentpoles in threeparallel lanes in thepine Sphyrapicusthyroideus subspecificorigin Is of interest.Two races grove;in the shrub-thicket.a single16-net, havebeen proposed (Swarth1917): nomi- bay-to-oceannetlane was similarly eraplaced. ßField data nate thyroideusfrom south-centralBritish In the courseof banding operanons AHY (after hatchingyear; not juvenile) Columbiasouth through the Cascadesinto betweenSeptember 1995 and November female,22 June 1996, in thepine grove (Fig- BajaCalifornia, and nataliae from and 2001,in a largestudy examining the role of ures3-4). Biometrics:wing 135.2 min. tail westernMontana (formerlysoutheastern birds in the transmission of Deer Ticks 935 ram;tarsus 22.4 ram;nostril to bill tip BritishColumbia) south through the Rockies (Ixodesscapularis/dammini) and the Lyme 16.9 mm;width at nostril6.9 ram;depth at into and New . Differences Diseasespirocrete Borrelia burgdorferi (Mitra nostril6.6 ram; weight465 g. Belly skin betweensubspecies are slight, involving only et al. in review a, in review b), about 30,000 completel}bare, as in nonvascularized a smaller,shorter bill in nataliae(Raiu 1960; birds were handled. As in earlier work at this brood-patch,this condition extending anteri- R.W.Dickerman, pers. comm.); consequently, samesite (Buckley 1974), several unexpected orlyto furcula;orbital nng grayishblack; no many recentauthorities (e.g., Browningin long-distancevagrants were captured, some evidentmob or especiallyworn feathers; Pyle1997a) regard nataliae as only the end of of them extremely rare or previously plumageand blunt (not tapered)rectrices a cline. Nonetheless,Raitt (1960) notesthat unknown in New York, on the Atlantic Coast, agedit asAHY. nataliaeis moremigratory than thyroideus, or even in eastern . Unless and indeed,the type specimenof nataliae otherwisestated, birds reported herein were ßDiscussion camefrom Mexico.Davis (1962) analyzed nettedby SSM;wing measurementswere Identification,sex, and age (as non-juvenile) the southernmost eight records of unflattened(=wing chord), and weights were of thisindividual were straightforward (con- Williamson'sSapsucker he was aware of, find- taken with an Ohans electronic balance sen- finnedby comparisonof photosto skinsin ing thatsix were females, paralleling a range- sitiveto 0.1 gin. the AmericanMuseum of Natural History edgesexual asymmetry in the otherthree

VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 3 293 North Americansapsuckers, In any case, 10.7 g. Primariesand secondariesdistinctly "Yourbird is clearlyin theE. occiden- RockyMountain breeders are known to wan- brownish,not blackish;thin, white eyering, talis-difficilisgroup as you surmised. der and are closestto New York, so should teardrop-shapedposteriorly; wing and tail Furthermore,it is ...a male occiden- one recognizenataliae, that is the nearest worn, generallynot in fresh-looking talisbased on winglength, the only breedingsubspecies. Moreover, on the basis plumage;skull fully ossified. When released datumyou sent that is diagnostic.I! of bill length (16.9 ram), the Fire Island aftercapture, it frequentlygave thin, high seet is lan SY] bird...on the basisof two female resembles nataliae: bills of nine non- in flightand after landing; no othervocaliza- generationsof tertials...bothold and juvenilefemale nataliae measured by SSMat ticnsheard. Netted six times14-16 Septem- new...In conlrast to the tertials of the AMNH rangedfrom 17.0 to 20.4 mm ber,first by R. E Moore(who correctlysus- mixedage, all otherremiges and rec- (mean=iS.3mm), whereas four non-juvenile pectedit was in the "WesternFlycatcher" tricesare old, juvenal feathers show- femalethyroideus ranged from 20.5 to 21.2 complex) and subsequentlyby PAB. it ing moderatewear, and in therectri- mm (mean=20.9 ram). remainednear one net-lanethe entire time, ces,the rounded tips characteristic of Thisis thefirst Williamsoffs Sapsucker for usuallyforaging and perching in pitchpines thefirst generation of tailfeathers...l the East Coast and thus also for New York. within2 m of theground. am absolutelycertain that your bird Closestprevious occurrences (one each) have is [approximately15 monthsold] been in central , central Minnesota, ßDiscussion basedon plumage, and am confiden! and southwesternLouisiana (A.O.U. 1998). The bestmethods for in-handseparation of that it is a male based on size. It •s Its occurrence in New York in the third week silentindividuals of therecently-spht (John- way too largeto be a Pacific-slope in Junewas astonishing, but recently,Kansas son and Marten 1988) Pacific-slopeand Flycatcher." recordedits first (Grzybowski2001) and CordilleranFlycatchers fail >30% of cases Oklahomaits second(Grzybowski 2000), even when sex is known (Johnson1980, Theseresults were surprising for several bothalso on seeminglyearly dates (23 Sep- Pyle 1997b).Moreover, at the time of cap- reasons.First, it is aimos!a giventhat long- temberand 18 September,respectively). ture we were unaware of measurements used distancevagrants along oceaniccoasts in in Pyle(1997b) that might have helped, so it autumnare HYs (hatching-yearbirds), so CORDILLERANFLYCATCHER seemed most unlikely this individuals findingan adult was unexpected.Second, Empidonaxoccidentalis would ever be agedmore preciselyor its mid-Septemberis somewhatin advanceof speciesdetermined. thepeak of mostpasserine vagrants on Long ßField data Nonetheless,photographs and measure- Island,which are more commonlyfound SY (secondyear; = firs!alternate) male (see mentswere forwarded to the late NedJohn- Octoberand November(with someexcep- below),14-16 September1995, in the pine son.who wasnot onlyable to ageit but to tions),suggesting another nonbreeder. Third, grove(Figures 5-6). Biometrics:wing 70.0 determineits species.His reply(Johnson, in whileCordilleran Flycatcher breeds through- ram: tail 52.5 ram:culmen 8.2 ram:weigh! litL) is excerptedas follows: out the Rockies and thus much closer than

Great South Bay

East(Deciduous) West(Coniferous) Exclosure ------• • •------•'--'/ '• FireIsland

VehicleCut

Atlantic Ocean

Boardwalks ParkingLot 500 Buildings Ponds Meters Dock . Roads 500 1,oo0 2,000 Feet Net Lanes Worksheds 125250

Figure2. Mapof the Fire Island Lighthouse Tractshowing thetwo deer-proofexdosures andthe mistnet lanes they enclosed.

294 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS the well-namedPacific-slope Flycatcher (whichdoes breed farther north but only alongthe immediate Pacific coast), to date the handful of non-specimenvagrant "WesternFlycatchers" in the East that havebeen identified to speciesby voice havebeen claimed as only Pacific-slope. Accordingto theAmerican Ornitholo- gists'Union's Check-list (1998), Pacific- slopeFlycatcher breeds from southeastern and central British Columbia south to southwesternCalifornia (generally west o[ the Sierras) to the mountains o[ BajaCalifornia and winters from southern California(rarely), southernBaja, and northwestern Mexico south to the Isth- musof Tehuantepecin , essentially in a narrowstrip along the Pacific Coast. In contrast,Cordillemn is givenas breed- ing from west-centralAlberta, northern Idaho,central , , and western South Dakota south to northeast- ern California,central , and south- easternArizona, and winteringin Mexi- can mountains south to Oaxaca. Note thatthe breeding range for Cordillemnin Sibley(2000) endsat centralIdaho and the extremesouthern edge of Montana; Johnson(1980) correctlyhas it breeding east to the Chisos Mountains in west Figures3,4. AHY female Williamsoffs Sapsucker, FireIsland Lighthouse, Suffolk County, New York, 22 June 1996. Photo9raphs by$.S. I•itru. Iexas; and the Iexas Checklist ( OrnithologicalSociety 1995) indicates breed- femalePacific-slopes give a diagnostic,high very slightlygrayer than back, but all dark ing in the Chisos,Davis, and Guadeloupe thinseer (c[. Sibley 2000), yet the Long Island portionsof headwith obvious greenish tones Mountains. individual,a maleCordilleran, gave the same (whollyunlike cold slaty-blue tones of Blue- Pacific-slopehas been claimed by vocafiza- kind of vocalization,which accordingto headeds);almost no color difference/contrast Lionsas a vagrantto (twice: Johnson(in litt.) "isgiven by bothsexes of betweenhead and back; narrow white edging McWilliamsand Brauning 2000), and North bothspecies in alarm." to outer vanesof outermostrectrices, but no Carolina (Davis 2000), and has been col- As far as we are aware, the five internal white in either vanes. lected in fall in Louisiana at least three times specimens(three Pacific-Slopeand two (S. Cardiff, D. Dirtmann, and D. Muth, in Cordflleran) and the New York Cordilleran ßDiscussion lilt.). In contrast,Cordilleran Flycatcher represen!the only records of "Western"Fly- Separationof Cassin'sfrom Blue-headed can prior to this recordwas known in the East catchersin easternNorth America whose spe- at timesbe difficult. Extremely bright Cassin's only by two specimensfrom Louisiana.In cificidentities are supported by directexami- canoverlap extremely dull Blue-headeds, and addition, indeterminate or silent "Western nationand morphological evidence. thereare individualsthat cannotbe safely Flycatchers"have been identified in fall/win- assignedto eitherspecies in the field (and ter in Iowa (Johnson1994), CASSIN'SVIREO perhapseven as specimens;Heindel 1996). (Walshet al. 1999),Pennsylvania (Burgiel et Vireo cassinii Fortunately,in the hand, the immediately al. 2002), Virginia (Scottand Cutler 1974 obviousoff-white breast, smudged auriculars, [not reviewed], Blom et al. 1994), and ßField data and uniformlygrayish-olive head and back Alabama(Duncan and Duncan 2003). HY (hatching year; = first-basic), sex fell well intothe Cassin's range. Its off-white Vocafizations of the North Carolina and unknown,19 October 2001, in thepine grove breastdoes not showespecially well in the two of the three Pennsylvania"Westerns" (Figures7-13). Biometrics:wing 71.0 mm; photographs,but thisis an artifactof expo- were recordedand assayedas "typical"of tail 51.5 mm; primaryprojection 17.0 mm; sure,as the off-whitebreast was explicitly Pacific-slopeand not Cordilleran.Yet this weight14.9 gm; skull unossified; fat classO. notedin the originalwritten description. In identificationmight not be asunequivocal as A gray-greenvireo dorsally, with throatand examiningskins at theAMNH, we notedthat believed,given the debate on theInternet for upperbreast washed off-white (in starkcon- circa 75% of cassinii show off-white under- almost10 years about overlapping and non- trastto six HY Blue-headedscaptured the parts--acondition shared by onlytwo of 50 exclusivecalls of both species and claims that same day whosebreasts were glistening specimenslabeled solitarius from New York, individualshave been heard giving calls of white);smudged auriculars blending into off- NewJersey, and Maryland. Furthermore, one both speciesin variousbreeding locations. white throat (againin strikingcontrast to of these two off-white "solitarius" is a skin However,although we are unawareof any sharplydelineated cheeks contrasting with from the Lawrence Collection unlabeled as to publishedstudies confirming these beliefs, the brightwhite throatsof the day'sBlue- dateor location,and the other is NewJerseys wealso suspect that the complete vocal reper- headeds);dark loral stripe gray and indistinct; first cassinii(see below). Additional investi- tories of both sexes of both taxa remain to be flankswashed yellow-olive: undertail coverts gationrevealed that while on balancerectrix elucidated.For example,it is believedthat washedyellow; nape, auriculars, and crown edgingon Blue-headedsis broader(thus

VOLUME 57 (2003) - NUMBER 3 295 excellent condition and is a classic HY, with off-white breast and belly, dull gray head,dull greenish-grayback and rump, and no internal white on r6. The label says female,but Phillipshas added "imm. male?".The Barnegat specimenis NewJersey's first Cassin'sVireo, and the Great Neckand Fire Island birds rep- resent New York's first and sec- ond, respectively.It is likely thatas attention is paidto late or odd-lookingsupposed Blue- headed , Cassin'swill takeits placeamong expected vagrantsat appropriateEast Coast sites.

WESTERNWARBLING-VIREO Vireo swainsonii Figures5,6. 5Ymale Cordilleran Flycatcher, FireIsland Ughthouse, S•ffolk County, New York, 1G September 1995. Photographs byP. A. Buckley. ßField data appearing"whiter") than on Cassin's,a more United States (California, Arizona) south HY (= first-basic),sex unknown, 29 Septem- revealingfeature was the presence of upside- throughthe mountainsto Guatemala.It is ber 1998,in the pinegrove (Figures 14-15). downV-shaped notches at thetip of theinner knownin migrationfrom Wyoming,Col- Biometrics:wing 69.2 ram; tail 50.3 mm; vanesof theoutermost rectrix in many/most orado, and but is rare in western exposedculmen 8.3 mm,nostril to bill tip 7.1 Blue-headeds--formedby expansion of the Texas_Fall vagrants are known from mm,width at nostril3.5 mm,depth at nostril whiteedging on theinner webs (Figure I 1). Louisiana;one was photographedat Cape 3.4 mm; tarsus18.3 mm: p10 minusprimary Thisnotch would also emphasize the effect of Ann, Massachusettsin mid-November, and coverts3.0 mm (right), 2.8 mm (left); pri- morewhite m tall feathers,especially when anotherwas nettedalong the St. Lawrence in maryprojection 13.4 mm. Attenuon immedi- flashed.Well-developed examples of thisfea- Quebecin September;there are alsothree atelyattracted by bullywingbar (greater sec- tureare lacking among AMNH Cassin'sspec- springsight records of birdsbelieved to be ondarycoverts) and very smallbill: dark imens,so we suggestthat its presence may be Cassinõ:South Burlington, Vermont (Perkins uppermandible with pale horn tomturn; dull sufficientto identifya suspectbird as a Blue- 1997), plus Cap Tourmente,Quebec, and grey crown contrasting with greener headed,although it• absence(as in the Fire Chicago,Illinois (Hcindd 1996). Sibley back/rump;flanks washed olive; retained ter- [slandvireo) is only highly suggestiveof (2000) indicatesadditional vagrants from rialsand greater coverts. Cassin's. Alaska,Kansas, and . While there has been considerable recent Phillips (1991: 191) reportedwithout ßDiscussion discussionon the Internetabout field sepa- details or comment the occurrence of two Warbling-vireosare uncommonenough in ration of Cassinõand Blue-headedVireos, the vagrant Cassin'sVireo specimensin the fall on East Coast barrier beaches to warrant only publishedpaper is by Matt Heindd AMNH,one from New Jersey and one from closeinspection. This individual'stiny bill (1996). The pmntsnnted on the Fire Island New York. These records have been over- and buffywingbars attracted attention fol- bird are in line with his suggestedfield lookedby or unknownto mostauthors; once lowingthe paperby Voelkerand Rohwer marks, and after we sent him the photo- located,we thusexamined them closely (Fig- (1998) remarkingthat the presence of wing- graphsfor comment,he concurredwith our ures 12-13). Each bore the label notation barson anyfall warbling-vireo should imme- identificationas Cassin's.The photographs 'cassiniiARP 79" in Philfips'shandwriting. diatelysuggest Western. clearlydocument the absenceof contrast The Ncx• York skin (AMNH 763822) We followSibley and Monroe (1990) and betweenauricnlar and throat--regardedby Phillipscalled a "mummy."It is a badlyflat- Phillips(1991) in treatingNorth American Heindel (it; litt.) as "the singlebest mark" tened and desiccated HY found 27 December warbling-vireosas comprisingtwo biological separatingthe species--andthe absenceof 1958 at Great Neck, NassauConnty, Long species,a split based on differencesin genet- contrast between crown and back. Measure- Island.It wouldappear to havebccn dead for ics(Murray et al. 1994),song, (J. Barlow and ments are of little usc in the identification of sometime when found;it alsoseems dirty, B. McGillivray,unpubl.), and ecology (differ- skinsor birdsm thehand, owing to apprecia- w•thlittle or no yellowvisible anywhere and ing prebasicmolts; breeding Itohtat prefer- ble overlapin nearlyall mensuralcharacters mightprofit froin carefnl washing. Judging by ences;wintering areas; and responses to cow- throughoutthe "SolitaryVireo" complex. itsdull grayishhead, dull greenish-gra)back bird parasitism):English names for the two Multivariateanalyses might prove helpful but andrump, typically blurred auriculadthroat taxa come from the Seventh A.O.U. Cheer- havenot yet beendone. border,and absenceof largeinternal white list. Uupublishedstudies by J. Barlowand Cassin'sVireo brccdsalong the Pacific markingson theinner web of rO,the identifi- othersreport reproductiveisolation where Coastfrom Californiathrough Oregon and cation as Cassin'sis warranted. (The birds Easternand Western Warbling-Vireos meet in Washingtonto central British Columbia, breastis flattened and feathers are missing, so Alberta,although Phillips (1991)---based on thence east to southwcstern Alberta and color cannotbe reliablydetermined.) The single Alberta and Iexas specimenshe south to wcstern Montana and central Idaho, NewJersey skin (AMNH 417404,19 Novem- reportedwithout morphologicalilfforma- and winters from extreme southwestern ber 1933, Barnegat,Ocean County) is in tion•laimed that intergradation or

296 fIORTH AMERICAfi BIRDS hybridizationwas occurringsomewhere. nosticbill morphology--theSeptember 1998 After the precedinghad been written, Full detailsproposing two speciesof North bird resemblesWestern Warbfing-Vireo and examination of slides of handheld birds net- Americanwarbling-vireos still await formal differsfrom Eastern. The question of subspe- ted at the same Fire Island location in publication. cificdesignation is moresubtle. 1969-1973(Buckley 1974) revealed the pres- Phillips( 1991 ) recognizedfour subspecies Charactersfurther distinguishing brewsteri enceof a secondHY WesternWarbling-Vireo, in WesternWarbling-Vireo (see also Gardali fromswainsonii include the lollowing: with wornwing-bars and a slightlysmaller andBallard 2000), but onlythe two migra- ß Bill shorter still than in swainsonii(bills of bill, thathad been netted by PABin thepine toryraces, swainsonii (Pacific coast and Great four brewsteriexamined at AMNH averaged groveon 26 September1969 (Figure 17). Basinbreeders) and brewsteri (Rocky Moun- 7.1 ram, whereasthose of 13 swainsoniiaver- Althoughwingbars on fall-migrantwarbling- hainbreeders) were considered possibilities as aged7.5 ram; vireosare categorically diagnostic ofWestern. vagrantsto New York.Swainsonii occupies a ß Breakbetween grayish and greenish dorsal the subspecificidentity of this individual Pacificcoastal range analogousto that of areas occurs between crown and back in (i.e., swainsonii/brewsteri)is indeterminable Pacific-slopeFlycatcher and Cassin'sVireo, brewsteribu! betweenback and rump in because measurements were not taken and whereasbrewsteri's Rocky Mountain range swainsonii; becausevarious details of plumageare not parallels those of PlumbeDusVireo (V. ß Wing longerthan in swainsonii,similar to visiblein thephotograph. plumbens)and Cordilleran Flycatcher. gilvus(66-75 mm for brewste•ivs. 62-71 mm While both Fire Island swainsonii show Charactersdistinguishing Western War- forswainsonii: Pyle 1997a): obviousbuffy wingbars, the greater coverts o[ bling-Vireo(swainsoniiPorewsteri) fromEast- ß Taillonger than swainsonii, similar to giNus the1969 bird appear considerably more worn ern Warbling-Vireo(gilvus) include the fol- (49-56 mm for brewsterivs. 40-53 mm for thanthose of the 1998bird, suggesting the lowing: swainsonii:Pyle 1997a); and [ormerwas slightly older, had perhaps trav- ß HY swainsoniiPorewsteriretain juvenal ß Flankswashed grayish-olive vs. yellow- eled farther.or both. In contrast,the fresh, greatersecondary coverts during southbound olivein swainsoniiand yellow in gilvus. unworuwings of a southboundHY gilvus migration,whereas HY gilvusmolt these In nearlyall respects,the 1998vireo is closest (Figure16) aredevoid of contrastingleather feathersbefore migrating (Voelker and to brewsteri_This resemblance is particularly edgings,affording a useful comparison Rohwer1998). The retainedjuvenal greater strikingwith respectto bill sizebut is also betweenthe two species.Note alsothe ves- coverts of southbound HY swainsoniiPorew- evidentin plumagecharacters and in wing tigial plO on gilvus(similar in swainsonii), steriare recognizablenot only by virtueof andtail lengthwhen one considers the bird's slightlylonger than adjacent primary coverts; theirage and wear but also because their nar- age(HY). Thus,we allocateit to thattaxon. in PhiladelphiaVireo, which at times can row,discrete buffy tips produce a distinctbuffy wingbar. In con- trast,the freshly replaced greater covertsof southbound HY gilvus have indistinct pale margins whollylacking buffy tonesor conspicuous contrast with featherinteriors (Figure 16); ß Color contrastpresent on upperpartsbetween grayer ante- rior areas (head and back on swainsonii,head only on brew- stero and greener posterior areas(rump on swainsonil,back and rump on brewsteri).In gilvus,the upperpartsare more uniformlygrayish with a brown or olivetinge (Pyle 1997a; pers. ohs.); ß Uppermandible grayish and darker than the dusky horn colorshown by gilvus; ß Bill shorterthan gilvus(Pyle 1997a: 6.5-7.9, vs. 7.5-8.8); ß Bill lessdeep than gilvus (Pyle 1997a:3.3-3.8, vs. 3.6-4_1); ß Body size (wing and tail length) slightly smaller than gilvus(swainsonii) or similarto gilvus(brewsterO; and ß Flanks washed grayish- olive/yellow-olive(yellow in gilvus). In all criticalrespects--par- ticularlythe qualitativelydiag- nosticretention of buffywing- barsand the quantitatively diag- Figures7-10. HY Cassin's Vireo, sex unknown, FireIsland Ughthouse, Suffolk County, New York, 19 October 2001. Photo9raphs byPatrtckDoyle.

VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 3 297 Thus, the Fire Island chryseolamatches knownchryseola not only in plumagebut also in its significantlylonger wing (one- tailed t-test comparinga singleobservation with a samplemean: t = 1.9, df = 158, P < 0.05) and tail (t = 2.1, df = 68, P < 0.05), and slightlylonger bill (Phillipset al. 1964,Ober- holser and Kincaid 1974). Of all eastern North American yel- lowthroats,that with yellowestventral color is BahamaYellowthroat, G. restrata,at first blusha taxonone might expect more likely to occuron LongIsland than one from the Rio GrandeValley. However, unlike chryseola, restratais nonmigratoryand exceedingly sedentary--tothe extentof havingat least threesubspecies •n a speciesendemic to . And while there are at least two reportsfrom mainland (including one mistnettedthat escapedbe[ore being pho- tographedor measured[Stevenson and Figure11. Pattern of white on outermost rectfix (r6) in (a) an extreme Cassin's Vireo, (b) a •pical Blue-headed Vireo, Anderson1994: 595]), it is not generally and(c) an extreme Blue headed Vireo; from skins inAI•I•H collections. Phnto•araphs byP..4. B•ckley. regardedas havingoccurred on mainland North America. look remarkablysimilar, p10 is usually tril to bill tip: 8.4 ram;width at nostril2.9 Like the Fire Island bird, G. restrata is absent,but if presentis strikinglyshorter ram; depthat nostril3.3 ram; tarsus20.8 larger,longer-billed, and more extensively thanthe primary coverts. ram: weight11.6 gin. A large,long-billed yellowventrally than easternCommon Yel- The true extent of easternvagrancy in male yellowthroatstrikingly bright yellow lowthroats. Nevertheless, Bahama Yel- Western Warbling-Vireo is presently from chin to vent, slightlyduller in lower lowthroat differs from the Fire Island bird in unknown,perhaps because diagnostic fea- abdomen;back yellowish-green,lacking havinga moreextensively black forehead, in tureshave only recentl 5 beenworked out. At browntones; flanks with slightolive wash havinga grayishcrown (nominate rostrata), the moment(e.g., Phillips 1991), vagrant but lacking brown tones;forehead band and in its frontal band breadth and color swainsDrillhas been reported east of itsnormal extremelybroad and bright white with just a (narrowand grayin nominaterostmta, nar- rangeonly from kouisiana and Florida(one traceof yellowish radicallydifferent than rowand yellow in co•yi,and very narrow and specimeneach), whereas Rocky Mountain those of local Common Yellowthroats yellowin tanneri).Moreover, the FireIsland brewsteelwas unknown as a vagrantprior to (trichas). malewas below Ridgway's (1902) and Cur- thepresent bird. On theEast Coast, a Western son et al.'s (1994) measurementsfor male G. Warbling-Vireo(nominate swainsDrill; no ßDiscussion mst•atain wing andtarsus and was only 0.5 publishedage or sex) was identifiedby Thisyellowthroat stood apart from any we mm above the shortest tail. Ihus, the Fire Phillipsin a 29 October1956 keen Count); have ever seen in the East or netted at Fire Islandbird clearlydoes not [it BahamaYel- Floridatower kill (Phillips1991, Stevenson Island.Examination of the extensiveyel- lowthroatin plumageor measurements,but andAnderson 1994), and another (subspecies lowthroat series at the AMNH revealed no it matcheschoyscola exactly. Comparison of unclaimed)was taped singingin Miami, easternUnited States yellowthroats (brachi- the photographswith skinsof G. rostmtain Floridain April2001 (Pranty 2001); these are dactylus,t•ichas, tvphicola, ignota, or ma•i- the AMNH affirmed this conclusion. theonly additional eastern vagrants we kno• landica [auct.]--all subsumed in nominate SonoraYellowthroat (the vernacularname of. Thus,the Fire Island birds are not only the trichasbv Pyle1997a) evcn approaching this is from Oberholserand Kineaid 1974) breeds first two WesternWarbling-Vireos for New individual.Pertinently, of 400+in theAMNH in riparianhabitat from the southeastern York,but just the fourthand fifth in eastern labelednominate trichas, only four resembled quadrantof Arizona,through southern New North America. Two WesternWarbling- the subjectbird: all werefrom Mexicoand Mexicoand then alongthe Rio Grandein Vireosat Fire Islandwithin a narrowspan of were clearlymislabeled chryseola (AMNH extreme western Iexas, south into Mexico dates,several weeks later than the usual fall 707061, 707062, 707063, and 801580). throughnortheastern Sonora to Durangoand occurrenceof EasternWarbling-Vireos, sug- Averagemeasurements (mtn) of fiveMexi- Zacatecas.Partly resident(Phillips et al. gestsa migratorywindow, so we would not be can-breedingth•yseola (=melanops): wing 1964), it also winters from southernArizona surprisedif re-examination of museum speci- 59.9. tail 55.1, bill from nostril 8.4. width 2.8, east to southern Iexas as well as in Mexico mensand close attention to theplumages of depth 3.4, tarsus19.7; of four Mexican (A.O.U. 1957).However, hints that it might fall warbling-vireosadded th•s taxon to the "trichas"(=choyscola): wing 59.2, taft 55.2, notbe as "resident" as previously thought are listof anticipatedEast Coast vagrants. billfrom nostril 8.4, width 2.9, depth 3.6; and provided by Iexas specimenscollected of threeArizona choyscola: wing 57.0. tail beyondits known breeding range in Presidio s0,0, mt0r.,0 54.1, bill fromnostril 8.2, width 2.9, depth to the northwest and eastward to the central Geothl3pistrichas chryseola 3.2, tarsus,19.8. By contrast, 159 raale trichas andlou cr Iexascoast in VtctoriaCounty and bandedat FireIsland during May 1996-1999 CatncronCounty, respectively (Oberholser ßField data averagedwing 55.1 (SD * 2.0), and69 breed- and kincaid 1974). S• (by retainedjuvenal rectnces), male, 18 ing trichasfrom Rhode Island (1993-2000) Specieslimits in thelargely allopatric yel- May1997, in thepine grove (Figures 18-20). averagedtail 51.8(SD = 1.8),bill fromnostril lowthroats of the southwestern United States Biometrics:wing 58_9 ram; tail 55.5 ram; nos- 8.2, width 2.9, depth3.4, and tarsus20.2. andMexico remain to beconsidered critically

298 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS usinga varietyof techniques.However, given thepresumed sedentary nature of many'yel- lowthroatpopulations, it is not surprising thatthe solemolecular study' to date(Zink andKlicka 1990) found high levels of genetic differentiation.Using allozyme electrophore- s•s,they compared several yellowthroat taxa asfar apart as Minnesota, Baja California, and Peru,including chryseola. Results were tenta- tiveowing to smallsamples, but they did find higherlevels of partmomngof geneticvaria- tion among geographicsamples than expected,which they interpreted as generally supportingthe relatively' large number (12 -+ ) of yellowthroatsubspecies described to date. In anotherstudy; principal component analy- sis of Texasyellowthroat subspecies using wing,tail, culmen,and tarsus measurements foundspring male chryseola (n=4) setapart from the mainpoint-cloud (Coldren 1994), alsohinting at thistaxoh's distinctivehess. This is among the most unexpected vagrantsever to haveappeared in theNorth- east;its arrivalon a day'of a largeflight of trichasyellowthroats suggests its having mixed with them somewhere in winter. This is apparently'the first occurrenceof this taxonaway' from Mexico,Texas, New Mex- ico, and Arizona.

PINK-SIDEDJUNCO Junco(hyemalis?) mearnsi

ßField data SY (by retainedjuvenal remiges and rectri- ces),female, 2 May-2002, in the deciduous shrub-thicket(Figures 21-24). Biometrics: wing74.2 mm; tail 65.5 mm; nostril to tip 8.5 ram;width at nostril4.7 ram; depth at nostril 5.7 ram:tarsus 21.0 ram:primary projection 13.1mm; fat class2. Extremelylate migrant junco(latest northbound hyemalis captured at FireIsland 1996-1999 were singles on 21 Figures12,13. HY Cassin's 1/ireos inAMNH collections from(upper) Bamegat, Ocean County, New Jersey, 17November 1933, and 22 April) with pale bluish-grayhood: and(lower) Great Neck, Nassau County, New York, 27 December 1958. Photographs hyP.A. Buckley. loresblackish, contrasting with pale face; crownblue-gray; tinged with brown in center; proveddifficult locating likely' breeding-area atingflank prominence.As with "Solitary backbrown, tinged burly; with abrupt borders skinsfrom May for comparison.Still, we did Vireos,"at thisstage in ourknowledge meas- withrump and hood; tertials worn but retain- find threespring females from Wyoming, urementsare of little identificationhelp, ing somerufous edging; rump gray, tinged Colorado, and Montana that were at least owingto appreciable overlap in mostmensu- bluish;lower margin of bib convex, abrupt to near,if not in, their breedingareas. All of ral charactersof many'of theNorth American whitebelly; sides and flanks a strikingbuffy- theseare very close in plumageto the Fire junco taxa.Multivariate analyses involving cinnamontinged with pink and gray;this Islandfemale, and AMNH 38777 (4 May largesamples of breedingmaterial from the colorextending upward to createcontrasting 1894, Deer Lodge,Montana) is particularly' many'named populations might well prove wedgebetween bib and upperparts;tarsi so (Figure25). Althoughthis specimen's useful but theyremain to be done. vinaceous;r4 white patch small-medium side/flankcolor appears wider and possibly' The -and nomenclatureof the (Figure23); undertailcoverts white, tinged more intensethan the Fire Island female's, variousjunco populationshas long been buff;bill deeppink but discolored/stainedthis could be due to age (SY vs. ASY), wear, or complexand confused.For example,Pyle darkat tip_ artifactsof photography'or skin preparation. (1997),the most recent assayer ofjunco sub- Someskins were made by- merging the flanks species,cites several more recent sources dis- ßDiscussion medially;while others had their flanks pulled agreeingwith Miller(1941, author of thelast Examination of skins at the AMNH con- apartlaterally: In particular,two March 1917 monographictreatment of all the North firmedour originalidentification as Pink- skinsby Austin Paul Smith (lovely; as always) Americanjuncos), and therehas not beena sided,although because most mearnsi in the weremade up to spreadtheir flanks and sides completereview using modern molecular AMNH werewinter- or migration-taken,it up overtheir folded wings, thereby exagger- andmorphological techniques, application of

VOLUME 57 (2003) ß NUMBER 3 299 photographexamined by PAB/SSM);an AHY (definitive-basic) male at Riverdale, Bronx County,New York 26-31 December1999 (PAB,R.R. Veit et al.;Bulgid et al. 2000);and anotherAHY maleat KiptopekeState Park, NorthamptonCounty, Virginia 10 November 1999through at least29 January2000 (S. Hopkinset al.; Ilifi 2000a,2000b). The Fire Islandfemale was likely a fourthfrom this sameincursion, returning north after winter- ing undetectedsomewhere in the East,and thusis New Yorkgsecond (and the first sup- plementedby photographs).Subsequently, therewas also an SYfemale photographed in Saint-Celestin,Quebec 27 April 2002 (Michd Gossdin,pers. comm.); photograph exam- inedby PAB/SSM.We areaware of no other Pink-sidedJuntos with supportingdetails fromanywhere in theEast, although there are persistentrumors of a Marylandspecimen. It seemslikely that Pink-sidedJunco is some- sidedJunco" from the seventhA.O.U. what overlookedin the East,owing to per- Check-list(p. 626). ceived identification difficulties. Despitemuddied junco nomencla- ture, typicalPink-sided Juncos in the CONCLUSION RockyMountains are readflyseparable ]'hepredicted age (young birds) of East Coast in the field from variousOregon (ore- vagrantlandbirds is largelyaffirmed by these ganus)and Slate-colored Juncos. Identi- birds:the two speciesof vireowere HYs on ficationof vagrantshas been much more theirfirst southbound migration, and the yel- contentious,owing largely to misleading lowthroatand junco were each on theirfirst or erroneousdepictions of thistaxon in northboundmigration, in all likelihoodhav- manyfield guides.(Dunn [2002:438] ingwintered in theEast/Southeast after arriv- summarizesa long seriesof inaccurate ingas HY vagrantsthe previous fall. We were depictionsof mearnsiin variousfield unableto agethe sapsuckerbeyond "AHY" guides[albeit from his taxonomicand owingto the complexmolt patternsoften identificationperspective, which pre- exhibitedby woodpeckers and the absence of sumesw•despread hybridization and sophisticatedreference materials at thetime intergradationamong junco taxa,espe- of capture.Only the southboundadult fly- ciallymcarnsi and caniceps] and provides catcher(still only in its secondyear) defied full citations for all of them.) In our preciseexpectations as to age (but see opinion,even the most recent articles on below). the identification of mearnsi (Dunn ]'he adult sapsuckerin lateJune and SY 2002,Neal 2003) place disproportionate flycatcherin earlySeptember were neither significanceon somecharacters (partic- typicalsouthbound HY vagrantsnor obvious ularlythe extentof flankpigmentation, northboundmigrants. Both were probably which appearsto us rather variable summerwanderers---non-breeders straying among breeding specimens)at the beyondtheir normalbreeding distributions expenseof others(notably head/face until theywere detected at Fire Island.This pattern,which appearsboth uniform sortof phenomenonhas been described for Figures14,15. HYWestern Wabbling-Vireo, sexunknown, FireIsland andhighly distinctive). The Fire Island easternvagrants on California'sFarallon Lighthouse,Suffolk County, New York, 29 September 1998. Islands(DeSante and Ainley1980; P. Pyle, PhotographsbyS.S. Mitro. birdgpale blue-gray head with contrast- inglyblack lores readily distinguishes •t pcrs.comm.) and is supportedby breeding- evolvingspecies concepts, and diminished fromall otherjunto taxasave caniceps/dor- seasonrecords. during the course of ourown emphasison the taxonomicimplications of •alis--from which it clearly differedwith recent work at Fire Island, of two Western hybridization.With the lureping of all North respectto bib/bellycontrast, back color, and Kingbirds(Ty•annus verticalis; SSM, pers. Americanjuncos but Yellow-eyed (1. phaeono- othercharacters. Beyond head color and pat- obs.)and runny Eastern species not known to tus)into Dark-eyed(1. hyemalis) in thesixth tern, it was further distinguishablefrom breedlocally (e.g., July banding records of edition of the American Ornithologists' coastalOregon Juntos by its largersize and Blue-headedVireo, TennesseeWarbler [Ver- Union'sChecMist (1983), interest regrettably fromSlate-colored Juncos by its convexbib mirorepewgrina], Blackpoll Warbler [Den- but predictablywaned in perfectingidentifi- and flank color. &vicastriata], among others). cationtechniques for thevarious juncos and Duringthe winter of 1999-2000,there Fromdata in this paperand in Buckley in documentingtheir distributionsand were three other Pink-sidedJuncos on the (1974), it is apparentthat the immediate vagrancypatterns. Anticipating the eventual EastCoast: a HY (first-basic)likely male at vicinityof theLighthouse Tract at FireIsland re-recognitionof muhiplespecies ol juncos, Halifax, Nova Scotia,18 December1999- 27 hasproduced a striking array of vagrants. The we have used the vernacular name "Pink- February2000 (I.A. McLaren,pers. comm.; followinglong-distance vagrants were netted

300 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Fire Island in both northbound and south- boundmigration But if one looksonly at northboundlandbird migration (including wanderingby pre- and failedbreeders, and potentialrange-expanding overshoots) along the immediatecoast from only CapeMay, New Jersey to the Massachusetts-New Hampshireborder (defined here as including CapeMay southof the Canal,all of Block Island,all of Martha'sVineyard, and all of Nantucket,plus mainlandareas within two km of theshorefront), the list of speciesthat haveoccurred here in April,May, and June is startling:Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoidesfo•fi- catus;N J, NY, CT, RI, MA), White-tailedKite (Elanusleucurus; NJ, MA), MississippiKite (Ictiniamississippiensis; NJ,NY, CT, RI, MA), Swainsoh'sHawk (Buteoswainsoni; RI, MA), Eurasian Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus;MA), Band-tailedPigeon (Patagioenasfasciata; Figure16. HY Eastern Wachling-Vireo, sexunknown, Fire Island Ughthouse, Suffolk County, New York, 27 September 1969; MA), White-wingedDove (Zenaidaasiatica; notevestigial p10 characteristic ofwarbling-vireos vs.Philadelphia. Photograph byP.A. Buckley. NJ. NY, MA) Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus;MA), BurrowingOwl (Athenecunic- in 1969-1973 and 1995-2001: Williamsonõ Tickactivity, long-distance vagrants of these ularia;CT), kewis'sWoodpecker (Melanerpes Sapsucker,Cordilleran Flycatcher, Bell's Vireo speciesare beingfound there during peak lewis;/viA), Williamsoh'sSapsucker (NY), (V.bellii), Cassin's Vireo, Western Warbling- tick times.Additionally, normally arboreal- WesternWood-Pewee (Contopus sordidulus; Vireo,Sonora Yellowthroat, Western Ianager feedingspecies such as flycatchers MA), Say'sPhoebe (MA), Vermilion Fly- (Pirangaludoviciana), Slate-colored Fox Spar- and vireosroutinely feed near or on the catcher(Pyrocephalus rubinus; NJ, Rl), Ash- row (Passerellailiaca altivagans), Pink-sided groundon barrierreaches during migration throatedFlycatcher (NY, MA), Western King- Junco,and Bullock's Oriole (Icterus lmllockii). (pers.ohs.), thereby exposing themselves to bird(NJ. NY,/viA), Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus In addition,others have also been seen within ticksthey would otherwise never encounter. dominicensis;NJ), Scissor-tailedFlycatcher two km of Fire lslandLighthouse, some on Oneexample drives the point home well: on (NJ, NY,CT, RI, MA), Fork-tailedFlycatcher multipleoccasions: Say's Phoebe (Sayoruis 9 May 1997we removedan unfamiliartick (NJ, RI,/viA),Black-billed Magpie (NJ, NY), saya),Ash-throated Flycatcher (M¾iarchus froma just-arrivedYellow-throated Vireo (V. EurasianJackdaw (Corvusmonedula; RI), cinerascens),Western Kingbird, Scissor-tailed flavifrons)on Firelsland. The tickwas later Brown-chestedMartin (Prognetapera; MA), Flycatcher(Tyrannus ]mficatus), Fork-tailed identifiedby H.S. Ginsbergas a Gulf Coast CaveSwallow (Petrochelidon fulva; NJ, NY), Flycatcher(T. sayaria),Black-billed Magpie Tick (Amblyommamacu- (Pica americana), Northern Wheatear latum), a speciesnor- (Oenanthe oenanthe), Audubon's Warbler mallyfound only within (Dendroica coronata auduboni), Black- 160 km of the immediate throatedGray Warbler (D. nigrescens),Lark Gulf and Atlantic coasts Bunting(Calamospiza melanocorys), Harris's from Texas through Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula), Smith's Florida, , and Longspur(Calcarius pictus), Yellow-headed SouthCarolina. We pic- Blackbird(Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). ture it beingpicked up by and Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus an exhausted vireo feed- cyanocephalus).While similarlists might be ing on the groundafter generatedfor other heawly-workedcoastal havingjust crossedthe sitesalong the Atlantic Coast, this remains an Gulf of Mexico.In just impressiveagglomeration. sucha manneris long- More importantly,a generallyunappreci- distance transport of atedbiological outcome is that the Fire Island Lyme Diseaseand other LighthouseTract is a knownfocus [or Deer arthropod-bornediseases Ticksand LymeDisease. Our studiesshow easily and routinely that migrantscoming into the Lighthouse effected. Tractarrive with variablebut generallylow Another unexpected tickbody-burdens, recruit unexpectedly large findingof the long-term / numbersof DeerTicks while fattening at this bandingstudy has been importantstopover site, then depart for dis- theunappreciated impor- tant and varied destinations. Furthermore. a tance of coastal(espe- significantpercentage of the ticksexported ciallybarrier island) loca- thusare infectedwith LymeD•sease spiro- nonsas vagrantlandbird chetes.While such ground-feeding birds as concentrationpoints in juncosand Fox Sparrowsnormally occur at spring.The specieslisted Figwe17. HY Western Warbling-Vireo, sexunknown, Fire Island Ughthouse, FireIsland outside the seasonal peaks of Deer above were recorded at SuffolkCounty, New York, 26 September 1969. Photograph byP.A. Buckley.

VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 3 301 Rock Wren (Salpinctesobsoletus: MA), Bewick'sWren (Thyromanesbewickii; NJ), Northern Wheatear (NJ, NY, C•, MA), Mountain Bluebird(Sialia currucoides;MA), Fieldfare(Turdus pilaris; CT), Audubon's Warbler(MA, NJ, NY), Black-throatedGray Warbler(NJ, R1), Townsend'sWarbler (Den- droicatownsendi; NY, R1),Hermit Warbler (D occidentalis;CT), Swainsoh'sWarbler (Lim- nothylpisswainsonii; NJ, NY, MA), SonoraYel- lowthroat(NY), WesternTanager (NJ, MA), Bachman'sSparrow (Aimophila aestivalis; NY), Clay-coloredSparrow (Spizella pallida; NJ, NY, RI, MA), Lark Sparrow(Chondestes grammacus;NJ, NY, CT, MA), LarkBunting (NJ, NY, RI, MA), Le Conte'sSparrow (Ammodramusleconteii; NJ, MA), Slate-col- oredFox Sparrow (NY), Harris'sSparrow (NJ, MA), Golden-crownedSparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla:MA), Gray-headedJunco (J. h. caniceps;MA), Pink-sidedJunco (NY), Sm•th'sLongspur (NJ, CT), Chestnut-col- laredLongspur (Calcarius ornatus; NJ, NY, CT), Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheuticus melanocephalus;NJ,NY, CT), LazuliBunting (Passetinaamoenus; MA), PaintedBunting (P ciris;NJ, CT, R1,MA), WesternMeadowlark (Sturnellaneglecta; RI, MA), Brewer'sBlack- bird (MA), Yellow-headedBlackbird (NJ, NY, CT, MA), Bullock'sOriole (NY), Common Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs;MA), and EurasianSiskin (Carduelis spinus; MA). It is clear from Northeastern data that the imme- diate coastshould be considereda major locusfor vagrantlandbirds in springas well asfall, probably throughout the United States and Canada.

Acknowledgments Our workat Fire Islandhas been funded by theU.S. National Park Service and by theU.S. GeologicalSurvey. We especiallyacknowl- edgeCo-P1 Francine G. Buckleyfor innumer- ablecontributions above and beyond the call of duty,and much assistancein the field, often under execrable conditions. We thank Mary Foley and Nigel Shaw.USNPS, and Richardlachowski, USGS, for much help, personnelat FireIsland National Seashore for logisticassistance of variouskinds, Roland Duhaime, Environmental Data Center, URI, for map preparation,and Co-P1Howard Ginsbergfor tick identification.Max Balm- forth,Andy Bernick, Tom Brown, Ed Davis, JamieFischer, Hannah Gould, Joel Horman, Patricia Lindsay,Bill Marrs, RichardVeit, MeghahWalker, and severaldozen volun- teersprovided expert assistance in the fidd. For invaluableaid in trackingdown perti- nent informationof manykinds, we thank DavidAbbott, Keith Arnold,Margaret Bain, Michel Bertrand,Louis Bevier,Keith Bild- stein,Edward S. Brinkley,Steve Cardiff, Paul DeBenedictis, Ralph Browning, Joe Figures18-20. SY male Sonora Yellowthroat, FireIsland Lighthouse, Suffolk County, New York, 18 May 1997. œhotograpl•s byS.S. MRra. DiCostanzo, Bob Dickerman, Donna

302 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS Dirtmann,Charlie Ewell, Gary Felton,Dick Doug Causey,and Alison Pirie. Lastly,for 1983.American Ornithologists' Union Ferren, Kimball Garrett. Michel Gossdin. timelycritical photographic assistance we are Check-listof North American birds, Sixth MaryGustarson, Frank Haas, Greg Hanisek, especiallygrateful to PatrickDoyle, and we edition.Washington, DC, American Rick Heil, Matt Heindel, AnneJohnson, Ned appreciateand acknowledgethe contribu- Ornithologists'Union. Johnson,Kevin Karlson, Allan Keith, Paul tionsof PeterPyle, several anonymous refer- AmericanOrnithologists' Union [A.O.U.]. Lehman.Nick Letbaby,Tony Leukering. ees. and the editorial staff of N.A.B. in 1998.American Ornithologists' Unio• Larry Manfredi, Kevin McGowan, lan improvingthis paper. Check-listof NorthAmerican birds, Sev- McLaren, Scott Morr•cal, Dawd Muth, Ken enthedition. Washington, DC, American Parkes,Michael Patten,Mike Peterson,Dan Literaturecited Ornithologists'Union. Purrington,Peter Pyle, Martin Reid, Don AmericanOrnithologists' Union [A.O.U.]. Blom,E., M. O'Brien,B. Patresort,and E.J. Roberson,Ken Rosenberg,Will Russell, 1957.American Ornithologists' Union Scarpulla.1994. Thefall migration: Mid- MichaelSmith, and MarkSzantyr. For access Check-hstof North American birds, Fifth dleAtlantic Coast Region. Americm• Birds to and assistancein the AMNH collections we edition. Baltimore,American Ornitholo- 48: 95-98. thankJoel Cracraft,Alison Anders. and Paul gists'Union. Buckley,PA. 1959. Recentspecimens from Sweet,and in theMCZ, the lateRay Paynter, AmericanOrnithologists' Union [A.O.U.]. southernNew York and New Jersey affect-

Figures21-24. SY female Pink-sided Junco, Fire Island Ughthouse, Suffolk County, New York, 2May 2002. Photographs byS.$.6•ara.

VOLUME 57 (2003) NUMBER 3 303 andsome 1ook-alikes. Birding 35: 132-136. Oberholser,H. C., and E. B. Kincaid,Jr. 1974.Birds of Texas,Vol. I1. Austin, Uni- versityof Texas. Perkins,S. 1997.The spring migration: NewEngland Region. Field Notes 51: 844-847. Phillips,A. 1991. Tkeknown bi•ds of North and Middle America. Part I. Hirundinidac to Mimidae;Certhiidae. Denver. Colorado, privatelypublished. Philhps,A., J. Marshall,and G. Monson. 1964_The birds of Arizona. Tucson, Uni- versityof Arizona. Figure25. AHY female Pink-sided Junco, 4 May 1894, Deedodge, 6ranite County, Montana [AMNH 38777]. Prant%B. 2000. The springmigration: PhotogrophbyP. A. Buckley. FloridaRegion. Nol•h American Birds 55: 291-295. ingA.O.U. Check-list status. Auk 76: GreatPlains Region. North American Pyle,P 1997a.Identification guide to Nolth 517-520. Birds 54: 68-71. American birds. Part I. Columbidae to --. 1974. Recentspecimens of western Heindel, M. 19q6. 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