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The Possible Negative Consequences of Underground EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 2041–2052, 2013 Natural Hazards Natural Hazards www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/2041/2013/ doi:10.5194/nhess-13-2041-2013 and Earth System and Earth System © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics The possible negative consequences of underground dam and Discussions Open Access Open Access reservoir construction and operation in coastal karstAtmospheric areas: Atmospheric Measurement Measurement an example of the hydro-electric power plant (HEPP)Techniques Ombla near Techniques Dubrovnik (Croatia) Discussions Open Access Open Access T. Roje-Bonacci and O. Bonacci Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy, Split University, 21000 Split, Matice hrvatske 15, Croatia Discussions Correspondence to: O. Bonacci ([email protected]) Open Access Received: 5 April 2013 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: 19 April 2013 Open Access Revised: 8 July 2013 – Accepted: 9 July 2013 – Published: 15 August 2013 Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Abstract. The Ombla Spring represents a typical abundant (7) conflict regarding internationally shared karst aquifers; coastal karst spring located in the vicinity of the town of (8) intensification of karst flash floods; (9) sea water intru- Open Access Dubrovnik (Croatia). Its outlet is at an altitude of 2.5 m sion in coastal karst aquifer; etc. Open Access above sea level (m a.s.l.) and the water from it immediately Earth System Earth System flows into the Adriatic Sea. The minimum and maximum Dynamics 3 −1 3 −1 Dynamics measured discharges are 3.96 m s and 117 m s , re- 1 Introduction Discussions spectively. The Trebišnjica River traverses through its catch- ment. The mean annual discharge, after the canalization of Natural as well as anthropogenic works in karst areas cause Open Access over 60 km of its watercourse with spray concrete (in the strong, sudden, hardly predictableGeoscientific and mostly dangerous pro- Geoscientific Open Access 3 −1 time span 1981–2011), is 24.05 m s . Before massive civil cesses with immeasurableInstrumentation consequences for the environment Instrumentation engineering work which took place during 1968–1980, the and social systems (e.g. Beck, 1984, 1989, 2005; Bonacci − mean annual discharge was 28.35 m3 s 1. There is a project and Jelin, 1988; Drew and Hötzl,Methods 1999; and Breznik, 1998; Mi- Methods and for construction of the hydro-electric power plant (HEPP) lanovic,´ 2000, 2002; BeckData and Herring, Systems 2001; Bonacci, 2004; Data Systems Ombla, which will exclusively use groundwater from the Waltham et al., 2005; Parise and Gunn, 2007; Bonacci et al., Discussions Open Access Ombla Spring karst aquifer. The underground dam will be 2009, etc.). Open Access Geoscientific constructed about 200 m behind the existing karst spring out- Karst is defined as a terrain,Geoscientific generally underlain by lime- flow in the karst massif, by injecting a grout curtain. The stone or dolomite, in which the topography is chiefly formed Model Development top of the grout curtain is planned to be at an altitude of by the dissolutionModel of rock, Development and which is characterized by Discussions 130 m a.s.l. This karst system is complex, sensitive, vulner- sinkholes, sinking streams, closed depressions, subterranean able and ecologically extremely valuable. The grout cur- drainage and caves. A wide range of closed surface depres- Open Access Open Access tain, as well as the HEPP Ombla development, could lead sions, a well-developed underground drainage system, and Hydrology and to extremely dangerous technical and environmental conse- strong interaction betweenHydrology the circulation and of surface water quences. In this paper some probable, negative consequences and groundwater typify karst.Earth System Earth System of the HEPP Ombla construction and development are ex- Diversity is considered the mainSciences feature of karstic sys- Sciences plained. The HEPP Ombla could result in many large and tems, which are known to change very fast and in a hardly hard-to-predict negative consequences which are specific for predictable manner over time and in space so that an in- Discussions Open Access this particular HEPP, for example (1) severe spring discharge vestigation of each specific system is required.Open Access In karst ter- change; (2) unpredictable regional groundwater redistribu- rains groundwater and surface water constitute a single dy- Ocean Science tion; (3) threatening of endemic fauna; (4) induced seis- namic system. The hydrocomplexityOcean Science of karst regions is enor- Discussions micity; (5) induced sinkholes; (6) occurrence of landslides; mous. The determination of catchment boundaries and the Open Access Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions 2042 T. Roje-Bonacci and O. Bonacci: Underground dam in coastal karst catchment area is the starting point in all hydrologic anal- yses and one of the essential pieces of information which serve as the basis for all hydrologic calculations. In karst terrains this is always a very complex task (Gunn, 2007). Groundwater exchanges with adjacent aquifers through un- derground piracy routes or via inflows from surface streams. Consequently, only in exceptional cases do surface (topo- graphic or orographic) and subsurface (hydrologic or hydro- geologic) catchment boundaries coincide. The problem is ad- ditionally complicated by the time-variant hydrologic bound- aries which are dependent on fluctuations of groundwater levels (GWLs) (Bonacci, 1987, 2002; Kresic and Stevanovic, 2010). Any kind of engineering action in a karst terrain presents numerous challenges to the engineer, including the unpre- dictable occurrence of cavities and well-developed hydraulic conduits which could lead to sinkhole development. The size and shape of a cavity in limestone depend on the interaction between the characteristics of geological structures, such as internal fractures or discontinuities, and water activity. Human intervention, especially the construction of dams and reservoirs realized by creating large grout curtains Figure 1 (Bonacci et al., 2009), as well as interbasin water transfers Fig. 1. Location map indicating the study area, the site of the Ombla through long tunnels and pipelines, can introduce instanta- Spring with its supposed catchment area, the Zaton Spring, the Tre- bišnjica River, the boundary limit between Croatia and Bosnia and neous and distinct changes in catchment areas and bound- Herzegovina, as well as the position of existing dams, reservoirs and aries, and, in turn, on the hydrological, hydrogeological and HEPPs. ecological regimes (limitation of energy flow, negative im- pacts on food cycle, blocking of convections between habi- tats and species, pollution of groundwater and underground The HEPP Ombla example, apart from being an interest- environment, etc.) (Bonacci, 2004). ing case study, can be valuable for many other karst areas In recent times there have been many high disturbances of- worldwide where engineering works and construction are ten caused by human activities in karsts. North et al. (2009) taking place, especially those based on grout curtains. This gave interregional comparison of karst disturbance in west- paper focuses on the critical issues and priorities needed22 to central Florida and southeast Italy, while van Beynen et address karst region risks and governance for disaster pre- al. (2012) discussed a sustainability index for karst environ- vention. ment. Both papers deal with indices for evaluating impacts and sustainability in karsts, and are therefore closely related to the issue dealt with here. 2 Short description of the natural characteristics of The project for construction of the hydro-electric power Ombla Spring and its catchment plant (HEPP) Ombla will exclusively use groundwater from Figure 1 represents a map of the study area, the site of the the Ombla Spring karst aquifer. The underground dam will Ombla Spring, with its supposed catchment area, the Zaton be constructed about 200 m behind the existing karst spring Spring, the Trebišnjica River, the boundary between Croatia outflow in the karst massif, by injection of a grout curtain. and Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the position of exist- The main goal of this paper is to encourage further de- ing dams, reservoirs and HEPPs. The photograph presented tailed interdisciplinary measurements and analyses in order in Fig. 2 shows the Ombla Spring from an areal view. to understand the possible negative consequences caused by The catchment area and boundaries shown in Fig. 1 have the construction and development of the HEPP Ombla. The been determined by using only geological data, without ade- intention of the paper is to identify potential problems and to quate hydrogeological data. The catchment area is estimated solve them before they occur in complex and poorly inves- to be about 600 km2 (Milanovic,´ 1996; Sever, 2003). Ac- tigated karst environments. The HEPP Ombla system is in- cording to the author’s investigations which were based on ternationally shared between Croatia
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